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89-592: Nueva Vizcaya State University is a public university in the Philippines. It is mandated to provide advanced instruction and professional training in agriculture, arts, science, technology, education and other related fields. It is also mandated to undertake research and extension services, and provide progressive leadership in its area of specialization. Its main campus is located in Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya , Philippines. Established in 1916, Nueva Vizcaya State University

178-502: A certain Bincatan and a certain Mamuric. All of them were Gaddangs . Their names are remembered today in major streets of the town. In 1754, the local government was formally organized. A Capitan del Pueblo was appointed as the chief executive. In 1982, the town became the seat of the new Diocese of Bayombong . From 1773 to 1792, Fray Juan Crespo constructed the brick St. Dominic's church,

267-517: A generation earlier. Spanish religious and military records tell us that residents burned their villages and the church, then removed to the foothills west of the Mallig River (several days' journey). A generation later, Gaddang returnees — at the invitation of Fray Pedro De Santo Tomas — reestablished communities at Bolo and Maquila, though the location was changed to the opposite side of the Cagayan from

356-494: A high-school curriculum was added, and the school was named Bayombong Rural School. In 1928, Father de Gryse started St. Mary's, a Catholic elementary school. In 1930, Bayombong Rural School was re-purposed as Nueva Vizcaya Rural High School (NVRHS), and in 1934 St. Mary's added a high-school department. During World War II , the Japanese invaded the Philippines and turned Bayombong into a hub for sexual slavery. A "comfort station"

445-565: A series of plagues, famines, and other disasters; it led to the Ming policy of Haijin ("isolation"), and a substantial increase in Wokou piracy in the Luzon Straits. Unsettled conditions continued for several hundred years, putting a halt to any nascent international trade and immigration in the Cagayan watershed. While Central Luzon and the southern islands enjoyed the results international commerce,

534-755: A situation which persists in the southern Cagayan and Magat valleys and foothills of the Cordillera. Decades of linguistic studies document considerable identity among the Gaddangic tongues, while revealing less intelligibility with Ibanag and Isneg. Early depictions of Filipinos were written by conquerors to serve administrative, evangelical, or military purposes. Writers ignored scientific rules of evidence, and may be unreliable about conditions. There are no native reporters whose work survives. Consequently, descriptions from this period are an overlay imposed by foreign invaders on indigenous cultures. As such, they promote

623-457: A strongly-differentiated continuity for each small group. The undeveloped social organization in the Cagayan area was why the seafaring trade networks of Srivijaya and Majapahit established no permanent stations during their thousand years. Neither were merchants of Tang and Song China attracted by undeveloped markets and the lack of industry in the area. In the 14th century the short-lived and ineffective Mongol Yuan dynasty collapsed in

712-574: Is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality. Gaddang people These proximate groups (speaking mutually-intelligible but phonetically varying dialects which include Gaddang , Ga'dang , Baliwon, Cauayeno , Majukayong, Katalangan, Itawit , and Yogad , as well as historically documented tongues such as that once spoken by

801-864: Is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the urban setting of the medium-sized town of Bayombong (population range of 10,000-49,999 inhabitants), Cagayan Valley. This institution has also branch campuses in the following location(s): Bambang. Officially accredited and/or recognized by the Commission on Higher Education, Philippines, Nueva Vizcaya State University (NSVU) is a medium-sized (uniRank enrollment range: 8,000-8,999 students) coeducational higher education institution. Nueva Vizcaya State University (NSVU) offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as pre-bachelor's degrees (i.e. certificates, diplomas, associate or foundation degrees), bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study. See

890-583: Is fairly vague about actions and customs of the native population. American businessman Frederic H. Sawyer lived in Central Luzon beginning in 1886. He compiled The Inhabitants of the Philippines from official, religious, and mercantile sources during the last years of the Spanish administration. Published in 1900, it was intended to be a resource for incoming Americans. His descriptions are meager and at best secondhand. In his section titled Gaddanes we recognize

979-698: Is located in the southeastern portion of the current barangays of La Torre North and South, where the Magat River flows. Prior to Spanish colonization, the town was inhabited by the Ifugaos and Gaddangs. Around 1718 there were tribal clashes between the Ifugaos, the Gaddangs and the Maalats from Isabela, with the Gaddangs gaining the upper hand and displacing the other tribes. Bayombong was formally founded on April 12, 1739, during

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1068-527: Is that a series of colonizing parties of Austronesian peoples arrived from 200 B.C. to 300 A.D. along the northern coasts of Luzon, where the river valleys were covered with a diverse flora and fauna. They found the Cagayan River bottoms sparsely occupied by long-established Negrito Aeta / Arta peoples, while the hills had become home to more-recently arrived Cordilleran people (thought to originate directly from Taiwan as late as 500 B.C. ) and possibly

1157-439: Is used to transport fresh water from wells constructed along riverbanks. When Spanish missionaries spotted the Gaddangs, they were forming long lines and carrying water-filled bamboo poles on their shoulders. When the friars asked about the bamboo water jugs, the carriers answered in unison with "Bayongyong." It was in 1739 when Spanish Augustinian Friars named the place "Bayumbung", which was later changed into Bayombong. Bayombong

1246-545: The 2000 Census of Population and Housing in the Philippines . In those administrative regions with the largest concentrations of indigenous residents, Region II (10.5% of the nationwide indigenous population, Cagayan Valley IPS were 23.5% of all Region II residents), and the Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR was home to 54.5% of all Philippine IPS, who comprised 11.9% of the CAR population). Gaddang and Yogad were among

1335-553: The 37th Infantry Division under Major General Robert S. Beightler . In 1947, the St. Mary's College (now St. Mary's University ) was established by the CICM near the elementary and high-schools of the same name. In 1956, NVRHS was converted into two programs: Nueva Vizcaya General Comprehensive High School and Nueva Vizcaya National Agricultural School. In 1964 the agricultural school became Nueva Vizcaya Agricultural College, then in 1973 became

1424-413: The Cagayan River and its tributaries, pushing up into the foothills. The Gaddang occupy lands remote from the mouth of the river, so they are likely to have been among the earliest to arrive. All descendent-members of this 500-year-long migration, however, share elements of language, genetics, practices, and beliefs. Ethnologists have recorded versions of a shared "epic" depicting describing the arrival of

1513-455: The Cagayan Valley from two directions, with Dominican missionaries continuing to open new missions southward in the name of Nueva Segovia (notably assisted by troops under the command of Capitan Fernando Berramontano), while Augustinian friars pushing north from Pangasinan following the trail of the Dasmarinas expedition founded a mission near Ituy by 1609. The seventeenth century began with

1602-536: The Irray of Tuguegarao) are depicted in cultural history and official literature today as a single people. Other distinctions are asserted between (a) Christian residents of the Isabela plains and Nueva Vizcaya valleys, and (b) formerly non-Christian residents in the nearby Cordillera mountains . Some reporters may exaggerate any of the differences, while others may completely ignore or gloss them over. The Gaddang have also in

1691-557: The Mallig Plains , and Chico which reaches the Cagayan just 30 miles from the sea) is cut-off from the rest of Luzon by mile-high forested mountain ranges joined at Balete Pass near Baguio . If one travels south from the mouth of the Cagayan River and along its largest tributary (the Magat ), the mountains become a dominant, brooding presence. The terraced Cordilleras close in from

1780-642: The Philippine–American War , General Fernando Canon surrendered his 300-man battalion, plus 139 Spanish and 14 American prisoners, to 2nd Lt. James N. Munro's 53 men of the 4th Cavalry. Included in the release were William Rynders and Orrison Woodbury, captured with the rest of Lt. Gillmore's men during the Siege of Baler . In 1916, the American administration started a farm settlement school in Bayombong. In 1918,

1869-821: The census of 1939 , the pagan Gadang numbered approximately 2,000, of whom some 1,400 lived in the outskirts of Kalinga and Bontok subprovinces... and some 600 were residing in the municipal districts of Antatet , Dalig , and the barrios of Gamu and Tumauini. Dalig is ordinarily said to be the place of origin of the Christianized Gadang. The same census records 14,964 Christians who spoke the Gadang language. Of these 6,790 were in Nueva Vizcaya, and 8,174 in Isabela. Among these, there were certainly some 3,000 to 4,000 who were not naturales but Ilocano, Ibanag, or Yogad who, because of infiltration, intermarriage, and daily contact with

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1958-532: The lone congressional district of the province of Nueva Vizcaya , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and most of the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. The council also includes three ex-officio, non-partisan members representing key sectors of

2047-835: The principales and none of the Manila oligarchy, but the action in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela made them proximate to the agonies of the rebellion. Perhaps the earliest official reference to the Gaddang during the American Occupation directs the reader to "Igorot". The writers said of the "non-Christian" mountain tribes: Under the Igorot, we may recognize various subgroup designations, such as Gaddang, Dadayag, or Mayoyao. These groups are not separated by tribal organization... since tribal organization does not exist among these people. but they are divided solely by slight differences of dialect. Among

2136-530: The province of Nueva Vizcaya , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 67,714 people. Bayombong is the most populous town and seat of the Provincial Capitol of Nueva Vizcaya. The name Bayombong emanated from the Gaddang word “ Bayongyong ” which means the confluence of two or more rivers. It has been reported that a certain tribe arrived and tried to invade the place, which caused

2225-471: The 1543 expedition of Villalobos . Using the reports of these expeditions, augmented by archeological data, scientific estimates of the Philippines population at the time of Legazpi's arrival run from slightly more than one million to nearly 1.7 million. Even allowing for inefficiencies in early Spanish census methodology, data supports a claim that – over a mere quarter-century – military action and disease caused major population decline (40% or more) among

2314-481: The 1814 resumption of royal supremacy in government. Royal reform and re-organization of the Cagayan government and economy began with the creation of Nueva Vizcaya province in 1839. In 1865, Isabela province was created from parts of Cagayan and Nueva Vizcaya. The new administrations further opened Cagayan Valley lands to large-scale agricultural concerns funded by Spanish, Chinese, and wealthy Central Luzon investors, attracting more workers from all over Luzon. But

2403-439: The 83 groups identified as IPs. Material specifically relevant to the Gaddang (even when semi-distinct groups like Cauayeno and Yogad are included) over the past millennium is meagre. Important parts of the Gaddang story is lost today due to colonial suppression, ravages of armed conflict, careless or disinterested record-keeping and maintenance during inconstant administrations, and lack of documentary abilities and interest among

2492-740: The Aguinaldo revolution, the main actions of the insurgents in the Cagayan Valley area were incursions by irregular Tagalog forces led by Major (later Colonel) Simeon Villa (Aguinaldo's personal physician, appointed the military commander of Katipunan troops in Isabela), Major Delfin, Colonel Leyba, and members of the family of Gov. Dismas Guzman who were accused of robbery, torture, and killing of Spanish government functionaries, Catholic priests and their adherents, for which several officers were later tried and convicted. This characterization has been disputed by

2581-493: The American Justice James Henderson Blount , who served as U.S. District Judge in the Cagayan region 1901–1905. Regardless of the truth of the accusations and counter-accusations we may be certain that in the area from Ilagan to Bayombong inhabited by Gaddang people violence by outsiders and local-officials for and against Spanish-government adherents inevitably affected the daily lives of those living in

2670-495: The Cagayan River for Christianed groups; and western Isabela, along the edges of Kalinga and Bontoc, in the towns of Antatet , Dalig , and the barrios of Gamu and Tumauini for the non-Christian communities. The 1960 census reports that there were 25,000 Gaddang and that 10% or about 2,500 of these were non-Christian. In April 2004, the National Statistics Office published a "Special Release" outlining results of

2759-483: The Cagayan coast) initiated Spanish interest in the valley. Carrión established the alcalderia of Nueva Segovia in 1585. The natives immediately commenced what the Spanish considered anti-government revolts which flared up from the 1580s through the 1640s. At least a dozen "rebellions" were documented in Northern and Central Luzon from the 1600s through the 1800s, actions that indicate continuing antipathy between

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2848-730: The Christian population of the rest of the Archipelago. It is made up of converts from two of the mountain Igorot tribes, who still have numerous pagan representative in this province and Isabela. These are the Isnay and Gaddang. In 1632 the Spaniard established a mission in this valley, named Ituy and led to the establishment of Aritao , Dupax , and Bambang , inhabited by the Christianized Isnay, and of Bayombong , Bagabag , and Ibung , inhabited by

2937-781: The Christianized Gaddang. The population, however, has not greatly multiplied, the remainder of the Christianized population being made up of Ilocano immigrants. The problematic but influential D. C. Worcester arrived in the Philippines as a zoology student in 1887, he was subsequently the only member of both the Schurman Commission and the Taft Commission . He travelled extensively in Benguet, Bontoc, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya, codified and reviewed early attempts to catalogue

3026-536: The Cordilleran highlands to suppress a new wave of headhunting. During the Spanish period, education was entirely a function of the Church; its purpose was to convert indigenes to Catholicism. Although the throne decreed instruction was to be in Spanish, most friars found it easier to work in local tongues. This practice had the dual effect of maintaining local dialects/languages while suppressing Spanish literacy (minimizing

3115-534: The Cordilleras killed Father Esteban Marin in 1601; subsequently, they waged a guerrilla resistance after Captain Mateo de Aranada burned their villages. The mountaineers accepted the fleeing Gaddang as allies against the Spanish. Although the Gaddang refused to grow rice in terraces (preferring to continue their swidden economy), they learned to build tree-homes and hunt in the local style. Many Gaddang eventually returned to

3204-559: The Gadang, learned the language of the aborigines. The 1960 Philippine Census reported 6,086 Gaddang in the province of Isabela, 1,907 in what was then Mountain Province, and 5,299 in Nueva Vizcaya. Using this data, Mary Christine Abriza wrote: The Gaddang are found in northern Nueva Vizcaya, especially Bayombong , Solano , and Bagabag on the western bank of the Magat River , and Santiago , Angadanan , Cauayan , and Reina Mercedes on

3293-425: The Gaddang are fewer than ten percent. Today's Gaddang identity has survived invasion, colonialism, suppression, assimilation, and nationalism. Prior to use of a Filipino "national-language" or the official use of English dating from the early 1900s (even before the 1863 decree requiring Spanish in official life), 17th century Dominicans promulgated Ibanag as the sole medium for communication and education throughout

3382-568: The Gaddang in the sights of the Spanish advance for land and mineral wealth. The Gaddang entered written history in 1598 after the Dominicans managed to get permission from Guiab (a local headman) to found their mission of San Pablo Apostol in Pilitan (now a barangay of Tumauini ), then the mission of St. Ferdinand in the Gaddang community of Abuatan, Bolo (now the rural barangay of Bangag, Ilagan City ), in 1608 – thirty years (and thirty leagues) from

3471-404: The Gaddang language " is divided into many dialects ", and that all groups have a " marked intonation while speaking ". He enumerated the Christian group as 16,240 Gaddang-speakers and 5,000 Yogad-speakers . Some Pagan Gaddang spoke Maddukayang/Majukayang (or Kalibungan) – a group totalling 8,480 souls. There were also 2,000 whose language was Katalangan (an Aeta group farming the foothills of

3560-524: The Magat valley was not operated with the comprehensive encomienda organization (and the military force that accompanied it) seen in the Nueva Segovia missions. The 1747 census, however, enumerates 470 native residents (meaning adult male Christians) in Bayombong and 213 from Bagabag, all said to be Gaddang or Yogad, in a re-established mission now called Paniqui. With more than 680 households (3,000–4,500 people),

3649-571: The Nueva Vizcaya State Institute of Technology. Presently, the school is the Nueva Vizcaya State University . The terrain is mountainous dominated by steep hills and mountains encompassing an area of 36.44% of its total land area. The percentage which is level to gently sloping consists of 32.03% of the total area, rolling to hilly consists of 8.09%, while the remaining 23.44% consists of very steep mountains. The town

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3738-555: The Philippines identifies populations of Gaddang (including Baliwon, Majukayong, and iYogad) in Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and Mountain Provinces. The Cagayan Valley is physically divided from the rest of Luzon; Cagayan Valley cultures and languages are separated from other Luzon cultures and languages by social geography. The homelands of the Kapampangan (2.7 million speakers) and Pangasinan (1. 8 million) lie south of

3827-405: The Philippines, sharing one-quarter percent of the nation's land with Ifugao, Ilokano and others. As a people, Gaddang have no record of expansionism, they created no unique religion or set of beliefs, nor produced any notable government. The Gaddang identity is their language and their place. {{{annotations}}} The Cagayan Valley (with tributaries Magat , Ilagan , Mallig and Siffu of

3916-625: The Sierra Madre in San Mariano , described in 1860 by naturalist Carl Semper ), and another 2,000 speaking "Iraya." ). A 1959 article by Fr. Godfrey Lambrecht, CICM is prefaced: (The Gaddang) are the naturales of the towns of Bayombong, Solano, and Bagabag, towns built near the western bank of the Magat river (a tributary of...the Cagayan River) and of the towns of Santiago (Carig), Angadanan , Cauayan, and Reyna Mercedes ... According to

4005-624: The U.S. government considered as insurrection . Aguinaldo's forces were driven out of Manila in February 1899 and retreated through Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and eventually (in October) to Bayombong. After a month, though, Republic headquarters left Nueva Vizcaya on its final journey which would end in Palanan, Isabela, (captured by Philippine Scouts recruited from Pampanga ) in March 1901. Gaddangs made few or none of

4094-532: The Valley. The Provincial Chapter of the Dominicans decreed in 1607: "Praecipientes ut omni studio et diligentia dent operam, ut linguam de Ibanag loquantur Yndi omnes, et in illa dictis indis ministrare studeant." In the area inhabited by Irraya-speakers (along the river from Tuguegaro to Ilagan ) this policy helped Ibanag to supersede the local languages. But most Gaddang language-variants (including Yogad and Cauayan) continued to remain vital and distinct from Ibanag,

4183-420: The acquisition of individual social and political power, and suppressing national identity) among rural natives. The Education Decree of 1863 changed this, requiring primary education (and establishment of schools in each municipality) while requiring the use of Spanish language for instruction. Implementation in remote areas of Northern Luzon, however, had not materially begun by the revolution of 1898. Early in

4272-647: The area. The Philippines became a United States possession with the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War in 1898. The First Philippine Republic (primarily Manila-based illustrados and the principales who supported them) objected to the American claim to dispose of Philippine land-holdings throughout the islands, which voided grants made to Spain and the church by indigenes, but also eliminated communal ancestral holdings. What Filipino nationalists regarded as continuing their struggle for independence,

4361-472: The collective population. Extant historical data are largely concerned with specific places and events (property-records, parish vital statistics, &c.), or describe critical developments that affected large areas and populations. That said, such records do provide context and continuity for understanding the sporadic appearances of Gaddang peoples in the records. Archeologists working in Peñablanca date

4450-728: The community. These members comprise the Indigenous Peoples' Mandatory Representative, the President of the Liga ng mga Barangay, and the President of the SK Municipal Federation. Together, they play a crucial role in the Sangguniang Bayan, contributing diverse perspectives and ensuring comprehensive representation in local governance. The Schools Division of Nueva Vizcaya governs the town's public education system. The division office

4539-404: The convent, and the cemetery next to the church, and started the octagonal tower. By 1829, Fray Juan Molano finished the tower. In 1880 the church building was damaged in an earthquake, while in 1987, a fire destroyed the church and convent. During the 1990 Luzon earthquake , the church belfry collapsed. In 1789, the title of the chief executive was changed to Gobernadorcillo . In 1893, the title

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4628-523: The extended family group (according to Turner ), and may disappear beyond the limits of a single settlement. Such societies are typically suspicious of and hostile towards outsiders, and require members to relocate in the face of population pressure. The Indo-Malay arrived in separate small groups during this half-millennium, undoubtedly speaking varying dialects; time and separation have indubitably promoted further linguistic fragmentation and realignment. Over generations they moved inland into valleys along

4717-521: The fact that nowhere in the Philippines do we encounter large political bodies or units, we have a superlative number of designations for what are practically identical people...For example, among the powerful and numerous Igorot of Northern Luzon, the sole political body is in the independent community. Under normal conditions, the town across the valley is an enemy and seeks the heads of its neighbors...Sometimes three or four different terms have been applied by different towns to identical peoples. So, there

4806-570: The fierce, mysterious Ilongot in the Caraballos. Unlike the Aeta hunter-gatherers or Cordilleran terrace-farmers , the Indo-Malay colonists of this period practiced swidden farming , and primitive littoral/riparian economies – collective communities that favor low population-density, frequent relocation, and limited social ties. Without trade, the structure for such economies is rarely developed beyond

4895-588: The first Catholic mass celebrated in the region, officiated by Father Pedro Freire in a makeshift chapel at the foot of the Bangan Hill. Bayombong came under the administration of Dominican friars as a part of the Paniqui mission a few months after its founding. The pueblo census of 1747 records 470 residents. The names of those considered to be founding fathers of Bayombong were Ramon Cabauatan, Jacinto Gadingan, Vicente Saquing, Ignacio Abuag, Mariano Danao, Domingo Bayaua,

4984-582: The first Spanish settlements in the Cagayan region. Missions sent south from Nueva Segovia continued to prosper and expand southward, eventually reaching the Diffun area (southern Isabela and Quirino) by 1702. Letters from the Dominican Provincial Jose Herrera to Ferdinand VI explicitly report that military activity was financed by, and considered an integral part of, the missions. Forced introduction of new crops and farming practices alienated

5073-421: The forest were replaced by roads. Ranchos, towns, and missions sprang into existence New skills and social distinctions suddenly appeared, while old manners and folkways got forced into disuse within a single generation. In the Cagayan and nearby areas most immediately affecting the Gaddang, early expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo in 1572, and Juan Pablo de Carrión (who drove-away Japanese pirates infesting

5162-460: The forms of government and administrative provisions which they are authorized to prescribe, the commission should bear in mind that the government which they are establishing is designed not for our satisfaction, or for the expression of our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace and prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands, and the measures adopted should be made to conform to their customs, their habits, and even their prejudices, to

5251-516: The heroes Biwag and Malana (in some versions from Sumatra), their adventures with magic bukarot , and depictions of riverside life, among the Cagayan Valley populations including the Gaddang. Other cultural similarities include familial collectivism , the dearth of endogamous practices, and a marked indifference to, or failure to understand intergenerational conservation of assets. These socially-flexible behaviors tend to foster immediate survival, but do relatively little to establish and maintain

5340-403: The indigenes, as did collection of tithes, shares, and tribute. 1608 saw the assassination of Pilitan encomediero Luis Enriquez for his severe treatment of the Gaddang. In 1621, residents of Bolo led by Felipe Catabay and Gabriel Dayag commenced a Gaddang (or Irraya) Revolt against the severe Church requisitions of labor and supplies, as Magalat had rebelled against Crown tribute at Tuguegarao

5429-406: The indigenous peoples in The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon ; he collects "Calauas, Catanganes, Dadayags, Iraya, Kalibugan, Nabayuganes, and Yogades" into a single group of non-Christian "Kalingas" (an Ibanag term for 'wild men' – not the present ethnic group) with whom the lowland ("Christian") Gaddang are also identified. "Members of the first governing commission were instructed “In all

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5518-444: The initial business of these new provincial governments was dealing with head-hunting incursions that started in the early 1830s and continued into the early years of American rule. Tribesmen from Mayoyao, Silipan, and Kiangan ambushed travellers and even attacked towns from Ilagan to Bayombong, taking nearly 300 lives. More than 100 of the victims were Gaddang residents of Bagabag, Lumabang , and Bayombong. After Dominican Fr. Juan Rubio

5607-418: The interests of church, crown, and the business of the local governing apparatus, while failing to comprehend or accurately portray native concepts. In 1902, the US Commissioner for Non-Christian Tribes wrote: One impression that has gained a foothold in regard to tribes of the Philippines I believe to be erroneous, and that is as to the number of distinct types or races and multiplicity of tribes. Owing to

5696-463: The isolated Cagayan peoples were sequestered until the arrival of the militarily-advanced Spanish adventurers of the 1500s. The initial recorded census of Filipinos was conducted by the Spanish, based on tribute collection from Luzon to Mindanao in 1591 (26 years after Legazpi established the Spanish colonial administration); it found nearly 630,000 native individuals. Prior to Legazpi, the islands had been visited by Magellan's 1521 expedition and

5785-425: The late-1700s rebellion of Dabo against the royal tobacco monopoly; it was suppressed in 1785 by forces dispatched from Ilagan by Governor Basco, equipped with firearms. Ilagan City was by then the tobacco industry's financing and warehousing center for the Valley, while the product was shipped from Aparri. Tobacco requires intense cultivation, and Cagayan natives were considered too few and too primitive to provide

5874-410: The mountains between the Cagayan and the enormous Tagalog -speaking population of Central Luzon – and are themselves barred from the valley by the diverse Igorot / Ilongot peoples of the Cordilleras and Caraballos. East of the valley, Kasiguranin farmers and various "negrito" Aeta hunter-gatherers inhabit a few small communities in the Sierra and along the seashore; many Ilongot peoples live east of

5963-482: The native's usufruct system of barely organized barangay communities farming temporary patches in the forest. The indigenes saw church and crown demanding enormous tributes of labor and goods without any apparent recompense; the invaders considered natives to be property and their culture meaningless. Evanescent woodland hamlets and tiny, exclusive societies stood in the way of Spanish plans for economic exploitation – commercial agriculture in particular. Trails through

6052-506: The natives. Arrival of the Spanish (with their arms and diseases) was obviously a cataclysmic event. (Compare the dislocation modern roads and agricultural technology during the late 20th century brought to tiny highlands Gaddang communities ). There is no doubt the Spanish occupation imposed an entirely incomprehensible social and economic order from that which had previously existed in the Cagayan valley. Missions and encomienda -ranching introduced concepts of land tenure sophisticated beyond

6141-491: The needed labor. Workers from the western coastal provinces of Ilocos and Pangasinan were imported for the work. Today, descendants of those 18th and 19th-century immigrants (notably the Ilokano ) outnumber by 7:1 descendants of the aboriginal Gaddang, Ibanag , and other Cagayan valley peoples. In the final century of Spain's rule of the islands saw the administration of the Philippines separated from that of Spain's American possessions, opening Manila to international trade, and

6230-489: The occupiers and native populations. Resistance notwithstanding, Spanish religious/military force established encomienda grants as far south as Tubigarao by 1591; in the same year Luis Pérez Dasmariñas (son of then-governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas ) led an expedition north over the Caraballo mountains into what is now Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela. In 1595-6 the Diocese of Nueva Segovia was decreed, and Dominican missionaries arrived. The Catholic Church forcefully proselytized

6319-479: The original village. Authorities claimed the Gaddang Revolt effectively over with the first mass held by the Augustinians on 12 April 1639 in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, the so-called "final-stronghold" of the Gaddangs. This protest/revolt created a distinction between the "Christianized" and "non-Christian" Gaddang. Bolo-area Gaddang sought refuge with mountain tribes who had consistently refused to abandon traditional beliefs and practices for Catholicism. The Igorots of

6408-454: The outbreak of the first tribal war in the area. The site was renamed “Bayumbung” as a sign of the Gaddangs ' first victory in fighting for their private domains. The Gaddang phrase "Bayongyong," which denotes the confluence of two prominent rivers, is where the name Bayombong originated. According to a different interpretation, "bayongyong" refers to a bamboo pole approximately 2 meters long that

6497-746: The pagan residents of the highlands. The residents of Bayombong, Bambang, Dupax, and Aritao, however, are called Italones , while their like in Isabela are the Irayas and the Catalanganes . These very terms are shown on military maps used by General Otis and his staff during the Philippine–American War . In 1917, respected University of the Philippines ethnologist/anthropologist H. Otley Beyer reported 21,240 Christian Gaddang ("civilized and enjoying complete self-government") and 12,480 Pagan Gaddang ("semi-sedentary agricultural groups enjoying partial self-government). In this text, Beyer specifically notes that

6586-480: The past implemented a variety of social mechanisms that incorporate individuals born to linguistically different peoples. The Gaddang are Indigenous to a compact geographic area; the theatre for their story is an area smaller than three-quarters of a million hectares (extreme distances: Bayombong to Ilagan = 120 km , Echague to Natonin = 70 km ). The living population collectively comprises less than one-twentieth of one percent (.0005) of inhabitants of

6675-435: The practices of these Igorot peoples was headhunting . The Census also catalogues populations of the Cagayan lowlands, with theories about the origins of the inhabitants, saying: Ilokano have also migrated still further south into the secluded valley of the upper Magat, which constitutes the beautiful but isolated province of Nueva Vizcaya. The bulk of the population here, however, differs very decidedly from nearly all of

6764-648: The presence of humans in the Cagayan Valley as early as one-half million years ago. Around 2000 B.C., Taiwanese nephrite (jade) was being worked along the north coast of Luzon and in the Batanes , particularly at the Nagsabaran site in Claveria , although this international industry had moved to Palawan by 500 CE. Subsequent prehistory of Luzon is subject to significant disagreements on origins and timing ; genetic studies were inconclusive as of 2021 . Generally agreed, however,

6853-709: The residents of the northern area of Central Luzon. Many Gaddang settled the Ilocano-speaking north Aurora and Baler which is located in Central Luzon. The Gaddang language has similarities to those of the Itawes and Malaueg settled at the more distant mouths of the Matalag and Chico rivers, as well as the more numerous Ibanag and Isneg of the valley. Evidence is that Gaddang occupied this vast protected valley jointly with culturally-similar neighbors for many hundred years. Even among this half-million indigenes, however,

6942-400: The same family names as were written down more than four hundred years ago. At the end of the Spanish period, Fr. Julian Malumbres was writing his Historia de Nueva-Vizcaya y Provincia Montanõsa (published after the American takeover), which carefully details the doings of the individual priests, administrators, and military persons throughout the several hundred years of the occupation. He

7031-570: The substantial size of these two Magat Valley Gaddang towns (100 kilometers from what is now Ilagan City) is an argument for more than a century's existence of a major native population in the area. By 1789, the Dominican Fr. Francisco Antolin made estimates of the Cordilleran population; his numbers of Gaddang in Paniqui are ten thousand, with another four thousand in the Cauayan region. The Gaddang are mentioned in Spanish records again in connection with

7120-583: The uniRank degree levels and areas of study matrix below for further details. This 108 years old higher-education institution has a selective admission policy based on entrance examinations. International applicants are eligible to apply for enrollment. NSVU also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, housing, sport facilities and/or activities, financial aids and/or scholarships, study abroad and exchange programs, online courses and distance learning opportunities, as well as administrative services. Since 2008,

7209-488: The university has its own radio station called 96.5 UFM (DWNS 96.5 MHz). This article about a Philippine institution of higher education is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bayombong Bayombong , officially the Municipality of Bayombong ( Gaddang : Ili na Bayombong ; Ilocano : Ili ti Bayombong ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Bayombong ), is a 1st class municipality and capital of

7298-446: The valley, however, accepting Spain and the Church to follow the developing lowlands-farming lifestyle, taking advantage of material benefits not available to residents of the hills. Heading north over the mountains, the Ituy mission initially baptized Isinay and Ilongot; thirty years later services were also being held for Gaddang in Bayombong. By the 1640s, though, that mission was defunct –

7387-462: The valley, particularly Aurora. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, many Ilokano (now 8,000,000 worldwide) left their homes on the crowded northwest coast to labor on Cagayan Valley plantations, 19th to early 20th centuries for the Ilokano settlers to Central Luzon; today's Ilokano-speakers in the Cagayan valley outnumber the original peoples several times over and Ilokano speakers make up the majority of

7476-742: The west, the darker reaches of northern Sierra Madre arise in the east, meeting at the river sources in the Caraballo Mountains . Once covered in continuous rainforest, today the valley-floor is a patchwork of intensive agriculture and mid-size civic centers surrounded by hamlets and small villages. Even remote locations in the surrounding mountains now have permanent farm-establishments, all-weather roads, cell-phone towers, mines, and regular markets. Often, native forest-flora has vanished, and any uncultivated areas sprout invasive cogon or other weeds. The International Fund for Agricultural Development in its 2012 study on Indigenous People's Issues in

7565-534: Was built by the Japanese in the town, where young girls and teenagers were forced to become sex slaves called " comfort women ", and routinely gang-raped, brutalized, humiliated, and murdered by Japanese soldiers for entertainment. During the Philippines campaign of 1945, Japanese Army barracks located in Bayombong became the target of U.S. bombing runs. The town was finally liberated on June 9, 1945 by U.S. forces of

7654-561: Was changed to Capitan Municipal . During the revolutionary government in 1898, the Presidente Local was chief executive of the town but this was again changed to Mayor in 1937 as per provision of the Commonwealth Constitution . Bayombong became the provincial capital of Nueva Vizcaya in 1856, when the old capital of Camarag (now Echague) became part of the newly-established province of Isabela. On November 28, 1899, during

7743-460: Was decapitated on his way to Camarag , Governor Oscariz of Nueva Vizcaya led a force of more than 340 soldiers and armed civilians against the Mayoyao, burning crops and three of their villages. The Mayoyao sued for peace, and afterward, Oscariz led his troops through the hills as far as Angadanan . By 1868, however, the governors of Lepanto, Bontoc, and Isabela provinces repeated the expedition through

7832-722: Was founded at the juncture of the Calocool and Magat Rivers, and has grown to incorporate the Pan-Philippine Highway . Bayombong is 265 kilometres (165 mi) from Manila . Bayombong is politically subdivided into 25 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Ilocano , Bontoc , Gaddang , Ifugao , Isinay , Tagalog, and English are used always in Bayombong's schools, markets, and places of worship but in public schools they also use Ilocano. Poverty incidence of Bayombong Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Bayombong, belonging to

7921-414: Was no "Gaddang people" prior to the Spanish incursion; merely inhabitants of evanescent forest hamlets having tenuous relationships to people in similar settlements. Customs and language might be shared with neighbors, or they might not – the Spanish visitors created whole peoples from such tiny gatherings. Nonetheless, we find the folk named long ago as Gaddang still residing in the same locales and using

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