Imperial China
34-671: The North-West Youth Association , also known as the Northwest Youth League , was a far-right anti-communist South Korean paramilitary group active during the Cold War . It is most well known for committing widespread atrocities during the South Korean government-led suppression of the Jeju Uprising . The North-West Youth Association was established on November 30, 1946, by refugees escaping Soviet-occupied North Korea . Murals in
68-439: A developmental state , pro- business , opposition to trade unions , strong national defense , anti-communism , pro- communitarianism , pro-United States and pro-European in foreign relations, pay attention on North Korean defectors, sanctions and human rights, and recently free trade , economic liberalism , and neoliberalism . Starting from the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee , South Korean conservatism has been influenced from
102-459: A "citadel of conservatism" in South Korea. The southeastern region of the country, once collectively known as Gyeongsang , is where Daegu is found and this entire region is known for being particularly conservative, as can be seen in modern election results. Following the success of Lee Myung-bak in the 2007 presidential election , some viewed it as a return to conservatism in South Korea after
136-528: A concept of "Ideals of the East" was embraced in some nationalist circles, because it challenged the West and offered the possibility of Japanese leadership in a new Asia . Some attribute the economic success of East and Southeast Asian nations in the 1960s to 1980s to "Asian values" — a third-way , Asian political model that was an alternative to totalitarianism and liberal democracy . Japan's economic miracle under
170-457: A decade of rule under progressive presidents, although an analysis by David C. Kang let him to argue that it was a turn towards centrism among the populace, given Lee's pragmatic business-minded tendencies, rather than traditional "arch-conservatism" of candidate Lee Hoi-chang . For instance, Lee pursued a more constructive and realistic foreign policy relationship with China in contrast to what more strident anti-communists would prefer, indicating
204-409: A means by which nondemocratic leaders justify repression and human rights violations of political opponents. Various definitions of Asian values have been put forth. Generally, the phrase alludes to influences by Confucianism , in particular, filial piety or loyalty towards the family, corporation, and nation; the forgoing of personal freedom for the sake of society's stability and prosperity;
238-508: A powerful force, especially during the dictatorships of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-Hwan . Conservatism in South Korea Defunct Conservatism ( Korean : 보수주의 ; Hanja : 保守主義 ; RR : bosujuui ) in South Korea is a political and social philosophy characterized by Korean culture and from Confucianism . South Korean conservative parties largely believe in stances such as
272-459: A strong conservative bias reacting against North Korea's political ideologies, similar to political views seen in 1950. The term liberal democracy as used by South Korean conservatives has a different connotation than in the Anglosphere , as its reflects the anti-communism and state-guided economic develop of the pre-1987 era. In 2020, People Power Party 's leader Kim Chong-in apologized for
306-572: Is a political ideology that attempts to define elements of society, culture and history common to the nations of Southeast and East Asia , particularly values of commonality and collectivism for social unity and economic good — contrasting with perceived European ideals of the universal rights of all individuals. The concept was advocated, particularly in the 1990s, by then- Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad and former Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew among other Asian leaders. The concept of Asian values has been regarded as
340-419: Is a labor-intensive practice that requires cooperation among many people. However, the results of the study are controversial due to very small sample sizes for some units of analysis, questionable measurement instruments and model misspecification. Using an improved measure of individualism-collectivism, the authors of a replication study found that the conclusion of the 2015 article claiming to show evidence for
374-459: Is a split between moderates and hardliners among conservatives, with the former emphasizing issues related to North Korean defectors and identifying themselves as liberals , while the latter takes up the traditional aggressive emphasis on anti-communism and pro-Americanism . Before democratisation in 1987, South Korean conservatives were characterised not only by anti-communism, but also authoritarianism and developmentalism . After 1987, there
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#1732852005145408-556: Is fervently anti-communist . South Korean conservatives oppose warming relations with North Korea , and therefore wish to strengthen the US-ROK alliance in order to improve South Korean security, in contrast to South Korean progressives who prefer détente with North Korea through the Sunshine Policy along with either maintaining the US-ROK alliance as is or softening it. However, there
442-471: The 1955 System , where the Liberal Democratic Party has been the dominant Japanese party nearly continuously in power since 1955, is used as an example of the success of this political model. The concept of "Asian values" was also evident in the planning of the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. The popularity of the concept has not persist. Some speculate it might have contributed to
476-482: The East Asia Summit . He partly defended Asian values by placing emphasis on co-operation over competition. In East Timor , the idea of "Asian values", or "Timorese values", that diverged from the internationally understood idea of democracy emerged following the 2012 East Timorese presidential election . This election saw the incumbent José Ramos-Horta , a member of what was seen as an older generation linked to
510-784: The Gwangju Uprising . But some conservative citizen groups such as the Korean Council for Restoration National Identity and American and Korean Friendship National Council protested at UNESCO headquarters in Paris in May 2011 to prevent inscribing the records of the Gwangju Uprising in the Memory of the World Register , and to petition for "reconsidering identifying North Korean Special Forces as
544-597: The National Security Act . Because of this, conservatives are less likely to solely prioritise ethnic nationalism , with their nationalism being a mixture of it with civic nationalism , making them more receptive to multiculturalism and immigration than liberals. Modern conservatives are generally against LGBT rights and feminist activism . The anti-communist tendencies of South Korean conservatives has led to perceptions by progressives and liberals that conservatives foster McCarthyist -like red scares among
578-616: The military dictatorships of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan . In domestic policy , South Korean conservatism has a strong elitist streak and promotes rapid modernization and social stability. Since the mid-to-late 2010s, conservatives with right-wing populist tendencies have become more prominent in the public sphere. Unlike conservatives in the United States, conservatives in South Korea often define themselves as liberals . Both groups fervently denounce socialism and refer to themselves as anti-socialists . They are distinct from
612-438: The "primacy of group interests over individual interests" which "support the total group effort necessary to develop rapidly". He described the difference between Asian values and Western values as such: "The main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy". In Japan ,
646-513: The Jeju April 3 Peace Park Museum state that North-West Youth Association members fought Soviets and Korean communists because “members of their family had been imprisoned, raped or murdered in North Korea, and that their property had been confiscated.” The Association conducted vigilante justice against suspected communists with no legal basis. The Association was supported by Syngman Rhee ,
680-739: The North-West Youth Association, and 14% by rebels. Survivors give accounts of torture used against children and mass murder. This created deep resentment in Jeju residents. What began as an anti-communist movement, quickly became a force to crush anyone who opposed President Rhee and the Korea Democratic Party . A decade after the Korean War , Rhee was forced into exile after the April Revolution in South Korea. Anti-communism remained
714-497: The West, the study of Asian values was seen as a way to understand Asia and foster a closer relationship with the region. Proponents claim the concept helped reconcile Islam , Confucianism and Hinduism in Singapore and Malaysia , and was unifying because it was different to the philosophy of the West. Lee Kuan Yew maintained that, more than economics or politics, a nation's culture determines its fate, describing Asian values as
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#1732852005145748-492: The ardent, anti-communist, US-backed autocrat of South Korea . A communist uprising in Jeju occurred from 1948 to 1949, followed by a violent suppression campaign. According to Bruce Cumings , the Association was brutal towards the residents of Jeju Island , exercising more authority than the police. Between 14,000 and 30,000 people were killed during the Jeju uprising. 86% by security forces and paramilitary groups including
782-627: The concept of unified geographical regional identity at the time of its popularity in the 20th century was not strictly limited to Asia. Asian values gained popularity in the People's Republic of China , the Republic of China (under the Kuomintang ), Malaysia (under Mahathir Mohamad ), Singapore (under Lee Kuan Yew ), Indonesia , South Korea and in Japan (perhaps as early as the pre World War II era). In
816-406: The former shifted from radical politics to supporting the likes of social democracy and welfare expansion , whereas the latter emphasised neoliberal values such as "freedom, capabilities, and competition of individuals". The large city of Daegu , although a site of radical politics in the earlier postwar era, was transformed under the rule of Daegu-born Park Chung-hee and today has been called
850-654: The general liberals in South Korea . South Korea's conservative philosophy is derived in part from the traditional East Asian values of communitarianism and Confucian social conservatism , along with modern influences such as economic neoliberalism , leading to support for economic liberalism and opposition to welfare states . However, given the influence of the Park Chung-hee era on conservative's thinking, they also advocate for certain forms of economic interventionism which they think critical to maintain this system. They are also more likely to support upholding
884-684: The introduction of democracy, eliminated in the first round. Ramos-Horta would, however, go on to win the presidency again a decade later, following a campaign aimed at addressing global issues affecting East Timor. "Asian values" continues to be discussed in academia with reference to the question of the universality of human rights , as opposed to a position of cultural relativism . A number of criticisms of Asian values have been made. Kim Dae-jung (former President of South Korea ), Amartya Kumar Sen (Indian economist, philosopher, and Nobel laureate) and Yu Ying-shih (Chinese-born American historian and sinologist) have argued that "Asian values" and
918-441: The modern unpracticality of demonising China, even among conservative heads of state. During the campaigning seasons, Lee's aides also worked to present his approach as being "neither left nor right". Jeong Tae-heon, a professor of Korean history at Korea University has expressed concerns that disputes over the term Jayuminjujuui ( Korean : 자유민주주의 ; lit. "liberal democracy" or "free and democracy") reflect
952-572: The overriding cultural diversity found in Asia. In 2001, Mark R. Thompson argued that the popularity of the concept waned after the 1997 Asian financial crisis , when it became evident that Asia lacked any coherent regional institutional mechanism to deal with the crisis. The authors of a study published in 2015 claimed that rice versus wheat agriculture explain differences in analytic thinking, "implicit individualism" and innovation between various Chinese provinces. Compared to wheat farming, rice farming
986-1225: The perpetrators of the GDM. The political party that once were ruling party are in bold . KIP is the exception for being a ruling party during Provisional Governmental era. The Chojoongdong media cartel wields the largest political influence in the South Korean political scene through newspaper and other print publications. The three media cartels have been criticized for fabricating stories against North Korea to support conservative rhetoric. Asian values Republic of China (before 1949) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong Republic of China (Taiwan) Overseas Former Defunct Defunct Defunct Asian values
1020-438: The protection thereof by cultural relativism is doublespeak for suppressing freedom of speech and human rights , which are framed by proponents as " Western values " inapplicable to Asian society. Randall Peerenboom noted that many scholars "are in general agreement that some Asian governments use the rhetoric of Asian values for self-serving ends." Amartya Sen argues these so-called Asian values cannot operate because of
1054-610: The public. This includes an incident before the 1996 Legislative elections, where conservative lawmakers were arrested for secretly meeting with North Korean agents in Beijing to seek North's help in manipulating the outcome of the election in exchange for payoffs. The North fired artillery into the Join Security Zone on the DMZ, which caused panic among South Korean electorates, benefiting the conservative party. Conservatism in South Korea
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1088-636: The pursuit of academic and technological excellence; and, a strong work ethic together with thrift . Supporters of Chinese-style authoritarian governments claim that Asian values are more appropriate for the region than Western democracy with its emphasis on individual freedoms. "Asian values" were codified and promoted in the Bangkok Declaration of 1993 , which re-emphasized the principles of sovereignty, self-determination , and non-interference in civil and political rights. They included: Historically, there has been no shared "Asian" identity, and
1122-631: The religious, social, cultural and economic changes occurring in Asia in that time — for example, the Asian financial crisis and the collapse of the Suharto regime in Indonesia may have been successfully counteracted by liberal democracy. In 2006, Jusuf Kalla , the vice-president of Indonesia, linked Asian values with the proposed East Asian Free Trade Agreement and the East Asian Community arising from
1156-506: Was a trend in conservatism towards rebranding as the New Right and focusing on economic neoliberalism . In addition, conservatives adapted to the new democratic environment by increasing the number of conservative activist groups and online presence. Following 1987, the South Korean public became less interested in issues such as class and politics than in the past, and thus, overall, both progressives and conservatives shifted their messaging;
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