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82-576: From this idea, Harold Covington founded the organization the Northwest Front in the 1990s, which is now inactive. Harold Covington died at the age of 68 on July 14, 2018, and his death marked the end of the Northwest Front organization and website. Several reasons have been given as to why activists have chosen to turn this area into a future white homeland: it is farther removed from Black , Jewish and other minority locations than other areas of

164-603: A white supremacist theologian from Michigan . In the early 1980s, the latter introduced the idea of a territorial separation in the Northwest in his seminar Birth of a Nation , where he urged whites to leave the American multicultural areas and "go in peace" to this region where they would remain a majority. In July 1986, the Aryan Nations Congress was organized around the theme of the "Northwest Territorial Imperative", and

246-518: A broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber ancestry, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans alike. Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus

328-591: A contractor for The Pentagon , and he also claims to have served in Iraq and Afghanistan . Nazzaro owned a security contracting firm, Omega Solutions International LLC. He is a white supremacist and a supporter of the Northwest Territorial Imperative , which proposes the creation of "a separatist ethnostate in the Pacific north-west". Die Trying , a Jack Reacher novel featuring a militia trying to implement

410-462: A father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian . In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish". Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men. The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture. The men interpreted

492-639: A history of discrimination. These descendants of the Zanj have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of these communities identify as both black and Arab. Afro-Iranians are people of black African ancestry residing in Iran. During

574-477: A slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa people of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically, people of Nilotic ancestry). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government

656-468: Is a white supremacist , neo-Nazi political organization founded by William Luther Pierce in 1974 and based in Mill Point , West Virginia . Membership in 2002 was estimated at 2,500 with an annual income of $ 1 million. Membership declined after Pierce's death in 2002, and after a split in its ranks in 2005, became largely defunct. The National Alliance was reorganized from an earlier group called

738-478: Is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin , which won numerous awards. During

820-800: Is reported that African immigrants in Turkey regularly face economic and social challenges, notably racism and opposition to immigration by locals. The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan . Members are descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa . Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants , slaves or mercenaries. The Siddi population is currently estimated at 270,000–350,000 individuals, living mostly in Karnataka , Gujarat , and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan. In

902-632: Is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the aborigines that they encountered in the Philippines . The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang , although this term actually refers to a specific group. They have dark skin, often curly-hair and Asiatic facial characteristics, and are stockily built. Negritos in

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984-538: Is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations. It is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians , though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever. Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures. Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing

1066-768: The AP Stylebook , changed their guides to capitalize the 'b' in 'black', following the 2020 murder of George Floyd , an African American . The ASA Style Guide says that the 'b' should not be capitalized. Some perceive the term 'black' as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation . Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa , some dating from prehistoric communities. Others descend from migrants via

1148-665: The Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan , these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry. Negritos , are a collection of various, often unrelated peoples, who were once considered a single distinct population of closely related groups, but genetic studies showed that they descended from

1230-490: The National Youth Alliance (NYA), which in turn was formed out of the remains of the youth wing of Governor George Wallace 's 1968 presidential campaign . The NYA broke into factions as a result of infighting, and William Luther Pierce , a former physics associate-professor and author of the white supremacist novels The Turner Diaries and Hunter , gained control of the largest remnant and relaunched it as

1312-718: The Negev town of Dimona . Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea , particularly the Niger-Congo -speaking Nuba groups of

1394-526: The Netherlands who are of Black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry. They tend to be from the former and present Dutch overseas territories of Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and Suriname . The Netherlands also has sizable Cape Verdean and other African communities. As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Black-African immigrant background living in Portugal . They mainly live in

1476-585: The Qajar dynasty , many wealthy households imported black African women and children as slaves to perform domestic work. This slave labor was drawn exclusively from the Zanj, who were Bantu -speaking peoples that lived along the African Great Lakes , in an area roughly comprising modern-day Tanzania , Mozambique and Malawi . About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel , amounting to just over 2% of

1558-450: The Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex ), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to

1640-712: The Ruby Ridge incident . David Lane , proponent of the Fourteen Words , endorsed a form of the Northwest Territorial Imperative advocating domestic terrorism to carve out "white living space" in the Mountain States . Rinaldo Nazzaro - The Base , uses the pseudonyms Norman Spear and Roman Wolf. Nazzaro used to work for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as an analyst and he also used to work as

1722-762: The Southall Black Sisters , which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association , which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin". As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia . Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many black Africans. This extended beyond

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1804-670: The Western Cape ). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid . The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce

1886-532: The White Order of Thule , Aryan Nations and Northwestern Imperative. The defunct Oregon-based white power skinhead organization Volksfront advocated for the Imperative, and Harold Covington founded the Northwest Front to promote white migration to the region. The Northwest Territorial Imperative was the motivation for Randy Weaver and his family to move to Idaho in the early 1980s; they were later involved in

1968-587: The İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work. Apart from the historical Afro-Turk presence Turkey also hosts a sizeable immigrant black population since the end of the 1990s. The community is composed mostly of modern immigrants from Ghana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Senegal. According to official figures 1.5 million Africans live in Turkey and around 25% of them are located in Istanbul . Other studies state

2050-624: The 1859 constitution of Oregon explicitly stated that "no free negro, mulatto or Chinaman" could reside, vote, hold contract, or make business in the state. In his view, the Northwest Imperative project would be in line with the "high racist ideals" of the original settlers. The primary proponents of a separatist white homeland in America were Richard Butler (1918–2004), the leader of the Idaho -based Aryan Nations , and Robert E. Miles (1925–1992),

2132-508: The ANC ( African National Congress )". In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after

2214-722: The Alliance had declined to fewer than 800 and the paid staff was down to only ten people. By 2012, the Alliance reportedly consisted of fewer than 100 members, with no paid staff other than Gliebe. The following year, it was revealed that the Alliance's property in Mill Point, West Virginia, had been put up for sale. The end of the National Alliance as a "membership organization" was confirmed by Gliebe in September 2013. In 2014, Will Williams became head of an organization which calls itself

2296-423: The Alliance's executive committee and most of its unit coordinators supported the action. Gliebe refused, claiming that the Alliance operated under the " Leadership Principle " and stating that he would not yield to any coup . Strom formed a new group called National Vanguard . In January 2008, Strom pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child pornography in exchange for the other charges to be dropped. He

2378-588: The Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practicing Arab apartheid. In the Sahara , the native Tuareg Berber populations kept " negro " slaves. Most of these captives were of Nilo-Saharan extraction, and were either purchased by

2460-689: The British Labour Party politician Jo Cox , was connected to the National Alliance. Before the death of Pierce, the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Federal Bureau of Investigation called the National Alliance the best-financed and best-organized white nationalist organization of its kind in the United States. In 2002, the National Alliance was estimated to have 2,500 members, with an annual income of $ 1 million. In 2004, Harry Robert McCorkill of New Brunswick, Canada, attempted to will his entire estate (valued at almost $ 250,000) to

2542-558: The Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was of those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush and, hence, those who migrated between 1948 and 1970 are known as the Windrush generation . The preferred official umbrella term is "black, Asian and minority ethnic" ( BAME ), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism , as in

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2624-524: The European colonialists acquired control of territory, they generally pushed the mixed-race and African populations into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the white-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black , White , Asian (mostly Indian ), and Coloured . The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European ancestry (with some Malay ancestry, especially in

2706-573: The Horn of Africa and then sold off to slave merchants. The earliest representation of this tradition dates from a seventh or eighth century BC inscription belonging to the Kingdom of Damat . These captives and others of analogous morphology were distinguished as tsalim barya (dark-skinned slave) in contrast with the Afroasiatic-speaking nobles or saba qayh ("red men") or light-skinned slave; while on

2788-556: The National Alliance (NA). However, a rival faction disputes the claim that this group is maintaining continuity with the original Alliance which was founded by Pierce. The Williams led NA has since been embroiled in several legal issues. In 2015, an accountant was hired to audit the NA's books by Williams. According to a lawsuit which was filed by a former Baltimore attorney against the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), there

2870-517: The National Alliance in 1974. William Pierce was arrested in 1995 on charges of assaulting a female staff member on the grounds of the Mill Point headquarters. Twenty years later, Will Williams was also arrested for assault of a female staff member while serving as chairman of the National Alliance. The Order was an offshoot of the National Alliance and modeled themselves after a similar group depicted in The Turner Diaries . Timothy McVeigh

2952-480: The National Alliance upon his death. However, in 2014, the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick invalidated his will on the ground that the National Alliance was a criminal organization which was formed and existed for the purposes of spreading hate speech and inciting violence against non-whites . In the past, the organization ran a white power record label which was called Resistance Records. In 2002, it released

3034-539: The Northwest Territorial Imperative Black people Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color -based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion . Not all people considered "black" have dark skin ; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world , the term "black"

3116-528: The Pacific Northwest. In 1983, he delivered a speech before the National Alliance , a white supremacist organization which was led by William Luther Pierce , calling the "yeoman farmers and independent truckers" to rally behind his project. Mathews received the only standing ovation at the conference. The idea has been endorsed by various organizations including White Aryan Resistance , Wotansvolk ,

3198-599: The Philippines frequently face discrimination. Because of their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they are marginalized and live in poverty, unable to find employment. While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France , it is estimated that there are about 2.5 – 5 million black people residing there. As of 2020, there are approximately one million black people living in Germany. Afro-Dutch are residents of

3280-761: The Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc . Due to the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. In 1878, that community consisted of about 100 people. Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement . While originally related to skin colour ,

3362-652: The State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world , including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America . He claims that darker-toned Arabs, much like darker-toned Latin Americans , consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese ( Sudanese Arab ) woman and

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3444-542: The Tuareg nobles from slave markets in the Western Sudan or taken during raids. Their origin is denoted via the Ahaggar Berber word Ibenheren (sing. Ébenher ), which alludes to slaves that only spoke a Nilo-Saharan language. These slaves were also sometimes known by the borrowed Songhay term Bella . Similarly, the Sahrawi indigenous peoples of the Western Sahara observed a class system consisting of high castes and low castes. Outside of these traditional tribal boundaries were "Negro" slaves, who were drawn from

3526-420: The United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with " person of color ", a general term for non-European peoples. While the term "person of color" is commonly used and accepted in the United States , the near-sounding term " colored person " is considered highly offensive, except in South Africa, where it is a descriptor for a person of mixed race . In other regions such as Australasia , settlers applied

3608-427: The United States are; it is geographically remote, making it harder for the federal government to uproot activists; its "wide open spaces" appeal to those who believe in the right to hunt and fish without any government regulations; and it would also give them access to seaports and Canada. The formation of such a " White homeland " also involves the expulsion, euphemized as the " repatriation ", of all non-Whites from

3690-408: The United States, they are also called "black Asians" or "Blasians". Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict. In the medieval Arab world, the ethnic designation of "Black" encompassed not only Zanj , or Africans, but also communities like Zutt , Sindis and Indians from the Indian subcontinent . Historians estimate that between

3772-456: The adjective "black" to the indigenous population. It was universally regarded as highly offensive in Australia until the 1960s and 70s. "Black" was generally not used as a noun, but rather as an adjective qualifying some other descriptor (e.g. "black ****"). As desegregation progressed after the 1967 referendum, some Aboriginals adopted the term, following the American fashion, but it remains problematic. Several American style guides, including

3854-407: The advent of Islam in 650 CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million black Africans (known as the Zanj) were enslaved by east African slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Slavery in Saudi Arabia and slavery in Yemen

3936-441: The apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks. In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared

4018-432: The case responded: "Mr. Strom, you pled guilty to charges that now you're saying you're innocent. I prefer people plead not guilty than put it on me." Shortly after the attempted coup by Strom, Gliebe resigned as chairman of the Alliance and briefly appointed Shaun Walker as his successor. However, following Walker's arrest in June 2006, Gliebe again assumed leadership of the organization. By that year, paid membership for

4100-451: The classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the " pencil test " was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families. Sandra Laing

4182-655: The country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under

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4264-423: The country, and it was generally rejected by Southern extremists. The project was also advertised by the Aryan Nations Church under the name "White Aryan Bastion". A secondary supporter was Robert Jay Mathews (1953–1984), who lived in Metaline Falls, Washington , and advocated further colonization of the area. Fearing the " extinction of the white race ", he endorsed the creation of a "White American Bastion" in

4346-444: The end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits. Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language , as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa . They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names. " Afro-Asians " or "African-Asians" are persons of mixed sub-Saharan African and Asian ancestry. In

4428-412: The father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal , the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free. Some mixed-race children succeeded their respective fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of

4510-426: The former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea . Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain . According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were more than a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from

4592-468: The half-castes belong neither to the aboriginal nor to the whites, yet, on the whole, they have more leaning towards the former; ... One thing is certain and that is that the white population as a whole will never mix with half-castes... the best and kindest thing is to place them on reserves along with the natives, train them in the same schools and encourage them to marry amongst themselves. National Alliance (United States) The National Alliance

4674-402: The historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black soldiers, called his Black Guard . According to Carlos Moore , resident scholar at Brazil's University of

4756-416: The insane and destructive values of the Establishment." His solution of setting aside the northwestern states (10% of the contiguous US territory) for a white nation was endorsed by the Knights of the KKK from Tuscumbia and key activists moved to the area. Different from fighting within a homeland like in the Deep South though, the imperative required a large migration of white supremacists from throughout

4838-418: The lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or " half-caste " individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Baldwin Spencer states that:

4920-400: The majority of Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı , Dolapdere , Kumkapı , Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence. Most of the African immigrants in Turkey come to Turkey to further migrate to Europe. Immigrants from Eastern Africa are usually refugees, meanwhile Western and Central African immigration is reported to be economically driven. It

5002-425: The nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel , most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia . In addition, Israel is home to more than 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are ancestry of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in

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5084-409: The organization. A series of power struggles began almost immediately, with high-ranking members either resigning or being fired. A boycott of the National Alliance's Resistance Records label resulted in a steep drop-off in generated funds. In April 2005, prominent Alliance member Kevin Alfred Strom , then editor of National Vanguard magazine, issued a declaration calling for Gliebe to step down;

5166-589: The other hand, western racial category standards do not differentiate between saba qayh ("red men"—light-skinned) or saba tiqur ("black men"—dark-skinned) Horn Africans (of either Afroasiatic-speaking, Nilotic-speaking or Bantu origin) thus considering all of them as "black people" (and in some case "negro") according to Western society's notion of race. In South Africa , the period of colonisation resulted in many unions and marriages between European and Africans ( Bantu peoples of South Africa and Khoisans ) from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As

5248-434: The reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed . Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. In

5330-494: The regions of Lisbon , Porto , Coimbra . As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens . The term " Moors " has been used in Europe in

5412-434: The robberies to the National Alliance. He was charged with attempting to detonate a series of pipe bombs in order to divert attention from a future robbery. German fugitive Hendrik Moebus was captured near the National Alliance compound, at which he is believed to been hiding, in August 2000. Following Pierce's death from cancer in 2002, the Alliance's board of directors appointed Erich Gliebe to succeed him as chairman of

5494-403: The same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples , and consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. They inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia , and are now confined primarily to Southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands of India. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito

5576-428: The sentence and the appellate court affirmed the conviction. Williams was banned from the NA compound in West Virginia pursuant to a court order stemming from his 2015 arrest. In 2018, NA filed an $ 850,000 claim against the estate of John McLaughlin, a former NA director who had filed suit against the organization. The purpose of this legal action was for McLaughlin's "tortious breach of fidiciary duties." The claim

5658-547: The southern Nuba Mountains ; some are illegal immigrants. Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire , tens of thousands of Zanj captives were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul , which gave rise to the Afro-Turk population in present-day Turkey . Some of their ancestry remained in situ , and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other black slaves were transported to Crete , from where they or their descendants later reached

5740-424: The surrounding areas. In Ethiopia and Somalia , the slave classes mainly consisted of captured peoples from the Sudanese-Ethiopian and Kenyan-Somali international borders or other surrounding areas of Nilotic and Bantu peoples who were collectively known as Shanqella and Adone (both analogues to "negro" in an English-speaking context). Some of these slaves were captured during territorial conflicts in

5822-413: The term is used today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation. Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over

5904-555: The territory which is proposed by the Cascadia independence movement , and the two movements share similar flags, but they claim to have no ties to each other. The Oregon black exclusion laws of 1844, an attempt to expel all African Americans from the state, are cited as an early example of such a racist project in the region. White supremacist journalist Derek Stenzel, the Portland -based editor of Northwestern Initiative, emphasized that

5986-509: The territory. The project is variously called "Northwest Imperative", "White American Bastion", "White Aryan Republic", "White Aryan Bastion", "White Christian Republic", or the "10% solution" by its promoters. White supremacist leaders Robert E. Miles , Robert Jay Mathews and Richard Butler were originally the main promoters of the idea. The territory which is proposed by the Northwest Territorial Imperative overlaps with

6068-486: Was a confrontation between the accountant and Williams. The lawsuit further claims that after the accountant left the NA headquarters he released documents that he had scanned to the SPLC. In December 2015, Williams was arrested and charged with battery after he allegedly hit and strangled a female employee on the grounds of the Mill Point compound. He was convicted, briefly incarcerated, and placed on probation. He appealed

6150-573: Was abolished in 1962, slavery in Dubai in 1963, and slavery in Oman in 1970. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of black African slaves from forced labor

6232-432: Was accused of "deftly manipulating Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing . Sudanese Arabs are also black people in that they are culturally and linguistically Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nilo-Saharan , Nubian , and Cushitic ancestry; their skin tone and appearance resembles that of other black people. American University economist George Ayittey accused

6314-468: Was attended by over 200 Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi leaders, as well as 4,000–5,000 racist activists. During the Congress, Miles declared that the project could be achieved "by White nationalists moving to the area, buying land together or adjacent to each other and having families consisting of five or ten children [...] We will win the Northwest by out-breeding our opponents and keeping our children away from

6396-484: Was denied by the Circuit Court of Piatt County, Illinois . Williams claims that the National Alliance "(is) back. We are definitely back". He also said in a letter to a newspaper sent from Laurel Bloomery, Tennessee (allegedly the NA's headquarters) that "(The National Alliance does) not appreciate being called 'haters' or being associated with some 'hate movement'." Thomas Mair, later to be convicted of murdering

6478-795: Was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον, which is the Greek word for "black". Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies , the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore's day, Moors were black by definition..." Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West / Central African ancestry. Today, they mainly come from Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Ghana , Gambia , Mali , Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from

6560-450: Was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system . As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people ( Afro-Iraqis ), and they attest to

6642-579: Was in possession of a copy of The Turner Diaries at the time of his arrest following the Oklahoma City Bombing . McVeigh bought copies of the book (published by the National Alliance), sold them at gun shows, and otherwise distributed them. In 1997, two National Alliance members were charged with committing bank robberies in Florida and Connecticut. One of them admitted to channeling funds from

6724-467: Was sentenced to 23 months in prison on April 23, 2008. Strom told the court before being sentenced that he was "not a pedophile" and was "in fact the precise opposite of what has been characterized in this case", saying he had been "unwillingly" possessing 10 images of child pornography and that those came from an online forum he had visited which had been "flooded with spam", which included "sleazy, tragic" pictures of children that he deleted. The judge of

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