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49-614: Preparation for construction began in 1957, soon after the transfer of Crimea to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954. The main project works took place in three stages between 1961 and 1971. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket ( Komsomolskaya putyovka ) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 volunteer workers. Ukraine shut down

98-514: A factor of 1.5 from 2013 by 2016. The reported rapid growth in agricultural production in Crimea is due to the fact that, with the help of subsidies in the order of 2–3 billion rubles a year from the budget of the Russian Federation, agricultural producers in Crimea were able to increase their fleet of agricultural machinery. These official statistics contrast with reports of a massive shrinkage in

147-463: A political scientist and the great-granddaughter of Nikita Khrushchev , said of his motivation, "it was somewhat symbolic, somewhat trying to reshuffle the centralized system and also, full disclosure, Nikita Khrushchev was very fond of Ukraine, so I think to some degree it was also a personal gesture toward his favorite republic. He was ethnically Russian, but he really felt great affinity with Ukraine." Sergei Khrushchev , Khrushchev's son, claimed that

196-461: A poster commemorating the event proclaimed. Other reasons given were the integration of the economies of Ukraine and Crimea and the idea that Crimea was a natural extension of the Ukrainian steppes . There was also a desire to repopulate parts of Crimea with Slavic peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians, after the peninsula was subject to large-scale deportations of Crimean Tatars to Central Asia by

245-556: A significant portion of the Kakhovka Dam was destroyed releasing a large amount of water downstream. The Kakhovka Reservoir was the source of water for the canal. According to Christopher Binnie, a water engineer specializing in dams and water resources development, "Pumping for water supply to the Crimea could restart fairly soon." Sergey Aksyonov said that by installing pumps on the Dnieper River, up to 40 m/sec could be supplied to

294-457: Is elevated by four pump stations to a height of over 100 m (330 ft) to energize its continued downstream flow. In Crimea, numerous smaller canals branch off the main channel, including the Razdolne rice canal, Azov rice canal, Krasnohvardiiske distribution canal, Uniting canal, and Saky canal. Through these, water is also supplied to the city of Simferopol . The idea to construct the canal

343-620: Is one of the 25 regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , a territory recognised by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea . It is situated in the north-eastern part of the republic. The administrative centre of the raion is the urban-type settlement of Nyzhniohirskyi . Population: 45,092 ( 2014 Census ) . In July 2020, Ukraine conducted an administrative reform throughout its de jure territory. This included Crimea, which

392-467: The 300th anniversary of the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav , called the "Reunification of Ukraine with Russia" in the Soviet Union. It was also attributed to Communist Party first secretary Nikita Khrushchev , although the person who signed the document was Chairman Kliment Voroshilov , the Soviet Union's de jure head of state . The transfer had taken place on the basis of "the integral character of

441-774: The Constitution of the Soviet Union . The text of the document signed by Russian Deputy Prosecutor General Sabir Kekhlerov stated: "Neither the Constitution of the RSFSR nor the Constitution of the USSR [and, by extension, of the UkSSR] empowers the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to consider changes in the constitutional legal status of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, which are members of

490-550: The Council of Europe in the field of constitutional law ) issued an opinion in 2014, concluding that the referendum was illegal under the Ukrainian constitution and that "circumstances in Crimea did not allow the holding of a referendum in line with European democratic standards." Nyzhnohirskyi Raion Nyzhniohirskyi Raion ( Ukrainian : Нижньогірський район , Russian : Нижнегорский район , Crimean Tatar : Seyitler rayonı )

539-844: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union issued a decree transferring the Crimean Oblast from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The documents which are now housed at the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) do confirm that the move was originally approved by the Presidium (Politburo) of the Communist Party of

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588-922: The Russian Empire , the Crimean Peninsula was independent under the Crimean Khanate . The Muslim Turkic Crimean Tatars were under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, while also bordering the Russian Empire. In 1774, following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74 , the Russian and Ottoman empires agreed to refrain from interfering with the Crimean Khanate through the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca . In 1783, following

637-712: The 1937 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR. Sevastopol became a closed city due to its importance as the port of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978. Mark Kramer professor of Cold War Studies at Harvard University countered that new sources have emerged showing that the republic parliaments of both the Russian SFSR and the Ukrainian SSR had given their consent to

686-485: The 2014 Revolution of Dignity , the territories of Sevastopol and Crimea were seized by the Russian Federation ; the annexation was formalized following a referendum in which 96% of the Crimean population is reported to have voted "Yes." This move was denounced by the Ukrainian government and disregarded by most UN states, which continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine. The Venice Commission (an advisory body of

735-544: The Crimean border. This began a severe water crisis in Crimea  [ uk ] . The reduction caused the peninsula's agricultural harvest, which is heavily dependent on irrigation, to fail in 2014. Crimean water sources were connected to the North Crimean Canal to replace the former Ukrainian sources. The objective was to restore irrigation and urban supplies to the Kerch Peninsula and to smaller communities on

784-651: The Germans by Crimean Tatars during World War II, all Crimean Tatars were deported by the Soviet regime and the peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet plan to gain access to the Dardanelles and acquire territory in Turkey , where the Tatars had Turkic ethnic kin, or to remove minorities from

833-553: The Kakhovka Reservoir just for large canals was estimated at 900 m/sec. 46°45′52″N 33°23′41″E  /  46.76444°N 33.39472°E  / 46.76444; 33.39472 Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union In 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR . The territory had been recognized within

882-629: The Prime Minister Georgii Malenkov through winning support of the First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party Oleksiy Kyrychenko . Kramer believed that the transfer also aimed to greatly increase the number of ethnic Russians in the Ukrainian SSR which itself was going through problems integrating previous Polish territory due to organized Ukrainian nationalist resistance. Nina Khrushcheva ,

931-732: The Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. Taking into account the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet decrees: To approve the joint presentation of the Presidium of the Russian SFSR Supreme Soviet and the Presidium of the Ukrainian SSR Supreme Soviet on

980-474: The Soviet Union (CPSU) on 25 January 1954, paving the way for the authorizing resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union three weeks later. According to the Soviet Constitution (article 18), the borders of a republic within the Soviet Union could not be re-drawn without the agreement of the republic in question. The transfer was approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of

1029-546: The Soviet Union as having "close ties" to the Ukrainian SSR, and the transfer commemorated the Union of Russia and Ukraine Tercentenary . Amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Ukrainian SSR seceded from the Soviet Union and Ukraine continued to exercise sovereignty over the territory as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea . Russia did not dispute the Ukrainian administration of Crimea for just over two decades, but retracted this stance on 18 March 2014, when Crimea

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1078-542: The Soviet Union was mostly a fiction". On 27 June 2015, after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation accepted the request of the leader of A Just Russia party, Sergey Mironov , to evaluate the legitimacy of 1954 transfer of Crimea and stated that the transfer violated both the Constitution of the Russian SFSR  [ Wikidata ] and

1127-432: The Soviet Union's border regions. Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to the harsh exile conditions. The deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 150,000 hectares (360,000 acres) of land. The autonomous republic without its titled nationality was downgraded to an oblast within the Russian SFSR on 30 June 1945. On 19 February 1954,

1176-470: The Soviet Union. The constitutional change (articles 22 and 23) to accommodate the transfer was made several days after the decree issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. The decree was first announced, on the front page of Pravda , on 27 February 1954. The full text of the decree was: On April 26, 1954 The decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet transferring the Crimea Oblast from

1225-528: The Soviet postal service released a commemorative post stamp where the North Crimean Canal was categorized as one of the Great Construction Projects of Communism . Construction of the canal and irrigation systems began in 1957 and was carried out in several stages. The first stage opened in October 1963, carrying water as far as Krasnoperekopsk in the north. In 1965 the canal was completed as far as

1274-513: The Soviet regime in 1944. The transfer increased the ethnic Russian population of Ukraine by almost a million people. Prominent Russian politicians such as Alexander Rutskoy considered the transfer to be controversial. In January 1992, the Supreme Soviet of Russia questioned the constitutionality of the transfer, accusing Nikita Khrushchev of treason against the Russian people and said that

1323-516: The area under cultivation in Crimea, from 130,000 hectares in 2013 to just 14,000 in 2017, and an empty canal and a nearly dry reservoir resulting in widespread water shortages, with water only being available for three to five hours a day in 2021. That same year, the New York Times cited senior American officials as stating that securing Crimea's water supply could be an objective of a possible incursion by Russia into Ukraine. On 24 February 2022,

1372-453: The canal in 2014 soon after Russia annexed Crimea . Russia restored the flow of water in March 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . A 2015 study found that the canal had been providing 85% of Crimea's water prior to the 2014 shutdown. Of the water from the canal, 72% went to agriculture and 10% to industry, while water for drinking and other public uses made up 18%. The canal begins at

1421-467: The canal, and that this would improve the situation. The normal flow rate of water in the North Crimean Canal seems to be subject to some disagreement, but according to the Ukrainian State Agency for Water Resources the normal water flow rate in the head of the canal is 82 m/sec. Concurring roughly with this is Agribusiness Global (90 m/sec), so the proposed rate by pumping would result in half

1470-468: The canal, which translates to a flow rate of 42.7 m/sec during 2013, according to this source. If 1/3 of the water entering the North Crimean Canal was distributed in Kherson, as indicated by the 2023 study, and 1,346.35 million m arrived in Crimea, then this indicates a water flow into the canal during 2013 of 64 m/sec. The average flow in the Dnieper River is about 1,670 m/sec. The amount of water flowing past

1519-467: The city of Dzhankoi in the center of Crimea. In 1971 the city of Kerch was reached. In December 1976 the canal was officially put into operation. After the Maidan revolution and the subsequent Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014, Ukrainian authorities greatly reduced the volume of water flowing to the peninsula by means of damming the canal south of Kalanchak , about 10 miles (16 km) north of

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1568-706: The city of Tavriisk , where it draws from the Kakhovka Reservoir fed by the Dnieper river, and runs for 402.6 km (250.2 mi) in a generally southeasterly direction, terminating at the small village of Zelnyi Yar ( Lenine Raion ). From there, a pipeline carries water to supply the city of Kerch at the eastern extreme of the Crimean Peninsula. Seven water reservoirs lie along the main canal – they are Mizhhirne , Feodosiiske , Frontove , Leninske , Samarlynske , Starokrymske and Stantsiine ( Kerchenske ). Water flows by gravity from Tavriisk to Dzhankoi , where it

1617-513: The decision was due to the building of a hydro-electric dam on the Dnieper River and the consequent desire for all the administration to be under one body. Since Sevastopol in Crimea was the site of the Black Sea Fleet , a quintessential element of Soviet and then of Russian foreign policy, the transfer had the intended effect of binding Ukraine inexorably to Russia, "Eternally Together", as

1666-462: The east coast of Crimea. In 2014, a reservoir was built to store water of the rivers of Eastern Crimea near the village of Novoivanovka, Nyzhnohirskyi Raion . The North Crimean Canal is connected with the Novoivanovka reservoir. According to official Russian statistics, the Crimean agricultural industry fully overcame the consequences of the blocking of the North Crimean Canal and crop yields grew by

1715-508: The economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's union with Russia (also known in the Soviet Union as the Pereiaslav Agreement ). Mark Kramer, professor of Cold War Studies at Harvard University , also claimed that the transfer was partly to help Khruschev's then-precarious political position against

1764-475: The first day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russian troops advancing from Crimea established control over the North Crimean Canal. The Head of the Republic of Crimea, Sergey Aksyonov , told local authorities to prepare the canal to receive water. Two days later, Russian forces used explosives to destroy the dam that had been blocking the flow since 2014, and water supply resumed. On the morning of 6 June 2023,

1813-491: The increasing decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate . Crimea was transferred between various internal administrations within Russia. It was governed by 14 administrations during its time in the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, up to its transfer to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954. Throughout its time in the Soviet Union, Crimea underwent a population change. Because of alleged collaboration with

1862-703: The intake point of the North Crimean Canal is regulated by the five reservoirs upstream on the Dnieper River, all controlled by Ukraine. Two major canals take in water upstream from the North Crimean Canal, from what was originally the Kakhovka Reservoir: the Kakhovsky Canal and the Dnieper-Kryvyi Rih canal. Also taking water from the former Kakhovka Reservoir were various minor irrigation systems, freshwater fish farms, and systems supplying water to cities such as Zaporizhzhia. The total withdrawal of water from

1911-462: The normal rate. Water flows through the North Crimean Canal by gravity until it reaches the Dzhankoi district, where it meets the first of a series of pumping stations that must pump it uphill. The first pumping station has a capacity of about 70 m/sec. According to First Deputy Prime Minister of Russian-annexed Crimea, Rustam Temirgaliyev in 2014, the normal flow of water through the North Crimean Canal

1960-484: The transfer of Crimea and so had complied with Article 18 of the Soviet Constitution which stated that "the territory of a Union Republic may not be altered without its consent.", with the proceedings of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium meeting indicate that both the Russian SFSR and the Ukrainian SSR had given their consent via their republic parliaments, although Kramer also said that the "legal system in

2009-515: The transfer of the Crimea Province from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. Consequently, amendments were made to the republican constitutions of Russia and Ukraine. On 2 June 1954 the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted amendments to the Russian Constitution of 1937 , which, among other things, excluded Crimea from list of subdivisions enumerated in article 14, and on 17 June 1954, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine added Crimea to article 18 of

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2058-410: The transfer was illegitimate. Alexander Rutskoy , the former Vice President of Russia, said that this was a “harebrained scheme”, and that those who signed the document must have been suffering from sunstroke or hangovers. There was confusion about the status of Sevastopol and whether it was a part of the transfer as it had a degree of independence from the Crimean Oblast and never formally ratified

2107-546: The transfer, although it was later mentioned as Ukrainian territory in the Soviet Constitution and the Belavezha Accords between Ukraine and Russia. In 1994, a Russian nationalist administration under Yuriy Meshkov took over in Crimea with the promise to return Crimea to Russia, although these plans were later shelved. In a 1997 treaty between the Russian Federation and Ukraine , Russia recognized Ukraine's borders, and accepted Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea. After

2156-473: The union republics. In view of the above, the decision adopted in 1954 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and the Soviet on the transfer of the Crimean region of the RSFSR to the UkSSR did not correspond to the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR or the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the USSR." The transfer of the Crimean oblast to Ukraine has been described as a "symbolic gesture", marking

2205-441: Was 50 m/sec. A number of other sources also report this figure. Euromaidan Press reports 294 m/sec as does another source. On the high end is a source reporting 380 m/sec, with 80 m/sec of this going to Kherson and the remainder going to Crimea. According to a 2023 study, in the early 1990s annual water flows into the canal from the reservoir reached 3.5 km, but a more economical use of water reduced this to 1.5 km, of which 0.5 km

2254-570: Was annexed by Russia after coming under Russian military occupation . The Soviet-era transfer of Crimea has remained a topic of contention between the two countries in light of the Russo-Ukrainian War , as the Russian government has stated that the Ukrainians must recognize Russia's sovereignty over the territory as part of any negotiated settlement to end the Russian invasion of Ukraine , which began in 2022. Prior to being incorporated into

2303-404: Was at the time occupied by Russia , and is still ongoing as of October 2023. Crimea was reorganized from 14 raions and 11 municipalities into 10 raions, with municipalities abolished altogether. Nyzhnohirskyi Raion was abolished, and its territories to become a part of Bilohirsk Raion , but this has not yet been implemented due to the ongoing Russian occupation. The population of the district

2352-765: Was raised in the 19th century, particularly by the Russian-Finnish botanist Christian von Steven . It was not until after World War II when the decision was adopted in September 1950 by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Government of the Soviet Union . The decision was to build the Kakhovka Hydro Electric Station , South Ukrainian and North Crimean canals. In 1951

2401-529: Was used in the Kherson region and 1 km in Crimea. In 2014, after the annexation of Crimea, this was reduced to 0.5 km, according to the study. 1.5 km is the amount of water that would result from a flow of 47.5 m/sec for one year. According to a 2017 study in a Russian journal, in 2013, the total water intake of Crimea amounted to 1,553.78 million m, of which 86.65% came from the North Crimean Canal, 8.78% from local runoff, 4.41% from underground water, and 0.16% from seawater. This means that 1,346.35 million m came from

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