28-459: [REDACTED] Look up nob in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nob may refer to: People [ edit ] NoB (born 1964), Japanese singer Nobuo Yamada Nob Yoshigahara (1936–2004), Japanese puzzle-maker Places [ edit ] Nob, Israel , a place in the vicinity of Jerusalem Nob Hill, San Francisco , a neighborhood in
56-400: A closely related lineage to the baculoviruses. Typically, the initial infection occurs when a susceptible host insect feeds on plants that are contaminated with the occluded form of the virus. The protein matrix dissolves in the alkaline environment of the host midgut (stomach), releasing ODVs that then fuse to the columnar epithelial cell membranes of the host intestine and are taken into
84-625: A man's penis , typically used as an insult in the UK and Ireland See also [ edit ] Knob (disambiguation) NOB (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nob . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nob&oldid=1259939011 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
112-559: A place in the vicinity of Jerusalem Nob Hill, San Francisco , a neighborhood in the California city Other uses [ edit ] Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond , the Dutch Underwater Federation Newell's Old Boys , Argentine football team Non-occluded baculovirus , a genus of virus "One for his nob", a score in cribbage A person of social standing (cf. nobility / nabob ) Derogatory term for
140-622: A restricted range of hosts they can infect that is typically restricted to a limited number of closely related insect species. Because baculoviruses are not harmful to humans, they are considered a safe option for use in research applications. They are also used as biological agents as in the case of the Indian mealmoth , a grain-feeding pest. However, in the scope of biosafety, it must be considered that baculoviruses are harmful, if not lethal to insect populations, as described above. Therefore, their usage should preferably occur in controlled settings limiting
168-585: A robust method for producing recombinant glycoproteins or membrane proteins. In the early 1990s, a system was developed by Monsanto that allows for easy and fast generation of recombinant baculoviruses . Baculovirus-produced proteins have been in use since 2007 as vaccines against human papillomavirus infection , successfully protecting against cervical cancer. Baculovirus-produced proteins are currently under study as therapeutic cancer vaccines with several immunologic advantages over proteins derived from mammalian sources. Lymantria dispar (commonly known as
196-435: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages nob [REDACTED] Look up nob in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nob may refer to: People [ edit ] NoB (born 1964), Japanese singer Nobuo Yamada Nob Yoshigahara (1936–2004), Japanese puzzle-maker Places [ edit ] Nob, Israel ,
224-525: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Baculovirus Baculoviridae is a family of viruses . Arthropods , among the most studied being Lepidoptera , Hymenoptera and Diptera , serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are
252-571: Is produced in the late phase, the ODV form is produced in the very late phase, acquiring the envelope from host cell nucleus and embedded in the matrix of occlusion body protein. These occlusion bodies are released when cells lyse to further spread baculovirus infection to next host. The extensive lysis of cells frequently causes the host insect to literally disintegrate, thus the reason for the historic name "wilting disease". The complete ODV-polyhedrin particles are resistant to heat and light inactivation, whereas
280-419: Is unable to infect humans in the way it does insects, because human stomachs are acid-based and NPV requires an alkaline digestive system in order to replicate. It is possible for the virus crystals to enter human cells, but not to replicate to the point of causing illness. The most studied baculovirus is Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). The virus was originally isolated from
308-539: The alfalfa looper (a lepidopteran) and contains a 134 kbp genome with 154 open reading frames . The major capsid protein VP39 together with some minor proteins forms the nucleocapsid (21 nm x 260 nm) that encloses the DNA with p6.9 protein. BV acquires its envelope from the cell membrane and requires a glycoprotein, gp64, to be able to spread systemic infection. This protein forms structures called peplomers on one end of
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#1732844556700336-592: The AcMNPV genome. The NAE is an internal cis -element within the ac83 gene. The nucleocapsid assembly is not dependent on the ac83 protein product. During periods of evolution, the baculoviral envelope glycoproteins have undergone changes. Ld130, also known as baculovirus F-protein from Lymantria dispar (LdMNPV) is suggested to be an ancestral envelope fusion protein which has been replaced by non-orthologous gene replacement with gp64 in AcMNPV, Bombyx mori (BmNPV) and Orgyia pseudotsugata (OpMNPV) while they still retain
364-521: The California city Other uses [ edit ] Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond , the Dutch Underwater Federation Newell's Old Boys , Argentine football team Non-occluded baculovirus , a genus of virus "One for his nob", a score in cribbage A person of social standing (cf. nobility / nabob ) Derogatory term for a man's penis , typically used as an insult in the UK and Ireland See also [ edit ] Knob (disambiguation) NOB (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
392-521: The application of Baculovirus heliothis . In 1975, the United States Environmental Protection Agency registered the B. heliothis preparations. NPV preparations have also been used commercially against pests such as Trichoplusia (under the biotrol-VTN brand name) and the cotton leafworm (under the biotrol-VSE brand name). Baculoviruses are incapable of replicating within the cells of mammals and plants. They have
420-449: The budded virus particle, but is not found on ODVs (although several other proteins are only associated with the ODV form). Some differences also exist in the lipid composition of the viral envelope of the two forms. While the BV envelope consists of phosphatidylserine, ODV contains phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A nucleocapsid assembly-essential element (NAE) was identified in
448-505: The cell in endosomes . Nucleocapsids escape from the endosomes and are transported to nucleus. This step is possibly mediated by actin filaments. Viral transcription and replication occur in the cell nucleus and new BV particles are budded out from the basolateral side to spread the infection systemically. During budding, BV acquires a loosely fitting host cell membrane with expressed and displayed viral glycoproteins . After baculovirus infection, three distinct phases occur: While BV
476-529: The dissemination into the environment. The name of this family has been derived from the Latin word baculus , meaning "stick". The family has been divided into four genera: Alphabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses), Betabaculovirus (lepidopteran-specific granuloviruses), Gammabaculovirus (hymenopteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses), and Deltabaculovirus (dipteran-specific nucleopolyhedroviruses). Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)
504-415: The infection cycle with a maximal rate of synthesis occurring in 24–26 h after infection. Trimerization with intermolecular cysteine-bonds seems to be a crucial step for protein transport to cell surface, since only 33% of synthesized protein reaches cell surface, as monomeric gp64 is degraded within the cells. Gp64 is essential for efficient budding of the virion and for the cell-to-cell transmission during
532-538: The infection cycle, as well as viral entry, i.e. causing viral trophism and endosome-mediated uptake to the cell. The major function of the gp64 envelope protein is to cause the pH-mediated envelope fusion to the endosome. Although gp64 has variety of essential functions, it has been reported that gp64-null baculoviruses can be substituted with other viral glycoproteins such as Ld130, G-protein of Vesicular stomatitis virus. These substitutions will result in functional virons. Baculovirus expression in insect cells represents
560-457: The ld130 gene. Gp64 is a homotrimeric membrane glycoprotein that is polarly present on the rod-shaped virion. It consists of 512 amino acids (aa) with four glycosylation sites at asparagine residues and has a N-terminal signal sequence (20 aa), oligomerization and fusion domain and a hydrophobic transmembrane domain near the C-terminus (7 aa). It is produced in both early and late phases of
588-484: The literature from as early as the 16th century in reports of "wilting disease" infecting silkworm larvae. Starting in the 1940s, the viruses were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Since the 1990s, they have been employed to produce complex eukaryotic proteins in insect cell cultures (see Sf21 , High Five cells ). These recombinant proteins have been used in research and as vaccines in both human and veterinary medical treatments (for example,
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#1732844556700616-531: The most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies , and mosquitoes . Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells. Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Baculoviruses contain a circular , double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome ranging from 80 to 180 kbp . The earliest records of baculoviruses can be found in
644-406: The most widely used vaccine for prevention of H5N1 avian influenza in chickens was produced in a baculovirus expression vector). More recently, baculoviruses were found to transduce mammalian cells with a suitable promoter. The baculovirus lifecycle involves two distinct forms of virus. Occlusion-derived virus (ODV) is present in a protein matrix ( polyhedrin or granulin ) and is responsible for
672-436: The naked BV virion is more sensitive to environment. When infecting a caterpillar, the advanced stages of infection cause the host to feed without resting, and then to climb to the higher parts of trees, including exposed places they would normally avoid due to the risk of predators. This is an advantage for the virus since (when the host dissolves) it can drip down onto leaves, which will be consumed by new hosts. The virus
700-540: The primary infection of the host, while the budded virus (BV) is released from the infected host cells later during the secondary infection . Baculoviruses have very species-specific tropisms among the invertebrates with over 700 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies and mosquitoes. Reports of baculovirus infections of shrimp and beetles (e.g. Oryctes rhinocerus ) were found to be nudiviruses,
728-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nob . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nob&oldid=1259939011 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
756-451: The spongy moth), a serious pest of forest trees, has been successfully contained by releasing spongy moth baculovirus (NPV) preparations. Certain species of sawfly ( Neodiprion sertifer , N. lecontei , N. pratti pratti , etc.), have also been successfully controlled by NPV treatments specific to them. Members of the genus Heliothis —cosmopolitan insects that attack at least 30 food- and fibre-yielding crop plants—have been controlled by
784-466: Was once listed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as a subgenus of Eubaculovirinae , but the term now refers to 35 species of the family Baculoviridae , mostly alphabaculoviruses , but also one deltabaculovirus and two gammabaculoviruses . The polyhedral capsid from which the virus gets its name is an extremely stable protein crystal that protects the virus in
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