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50-607: In the early 18th Century, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was included in Kazan Governorate , from 1708–1714, and 1717–1719. The Reform of Peter the Great formed the newly governorate from 1714 to 1779. in the Reign of Catherine the Great , the governorate was reorganized to the Viceroyalty until 1796. In 1929 the governorate was disestablished, as a result of the new administrative reform, where

100-563: A new congress of Soviets as soon as the conditions are created for its proper convocation. On November 8, at the evening session of the congress, Lenin proposed to dissolve the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, choosing instead the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and forming a temporary workers' and peasants' government – the Council of People's Commissars . Among

150-641: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kazan Governorate Kazan Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of the Tsardom of Russia , the Russian Empire , and the Russian SFSR from 1708 to 1920, with its capital in Kazan . Kazan Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on December 29 [ O.S. December 18], 1708, by Tsar Peter

200-539: Is authorized and does not have the right to take the initiative to convene a congress. Nevertheless, the Northern Regional Congress, convened in violation of all the rules established for regional conventions and representing random and randomly chosen Councils, has the right to do so. The Socialist Revolutionary and Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee accused the Bolsheviks of frauds in organizing

250-687: The Penza Governorate . After the accession to the throne of Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Penza Governorate was restored to its previous area. In connection with the Zemstvo reform, in 1865, the institute of local government introduced the Zemstvo in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate. The Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was among the 17 regions recognized as seriously affected during

300-904: The famine of 1891–1892 . After the October Revolution of 1917 , the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate became part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) formed in 1918. In 1922, the Governorate included the Varnavinsky and Vetluzhsky districts of the Kostroma Governorate, the Kurmyshsky district of the Simbirsk Governorate, and a small part of the Tambov Governorate. By a decree of

350-542: The 101 members of the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee were 62 Bolsheviks and 29 Left Social Revolutionaries. Although the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries secured a majority in advance, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also represented a fraction of the Menshevik Internationalists close to the Bolsheviks, Ukrainian socialists, there was one representative of

400-466: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee convene the All-Russian Congress of Soviets at least twice a year (Statute 26 of Article III). Additional sessions could be called by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee or on the request of local Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected by a full Congress, with no more than 200 individuals. It was completely subordinate to

450-721: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, jointly with the executive committee of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies, initiated the convening of a Democratic Conference , as opposed to the August Moscow State Conference . In a telegram inviting representatives of parties and public organizations to take part in the meeting signed by the Chairmen of the Central Executive Committees Nikolay Chkheidze and Nikolay Avksentiev , it

500-766: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On the eve of the Second Congress, the Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet organized the First Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, in which Petrograd was included, with the participation of representatives of the Baltic Fleet. The congress, which took place on October 24–26 in Petrograd, was characterized by a sharp predominance of radical socialists – the Bolsheviks and

550-546: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets to which it presented the reports on its activity, general policy, and other inquiries. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee formed the Council of People's Commissars for general administrative affairs of the republic and departments (called People's Commissariats) for the management of separate branches of administration. Deputies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee worked in

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600-539: The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was not a governing body, and its chairman Nikolai Chkheidze was not the head of the Russian state. The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 320 deputies. It included 123 Mensheviks , 119 Social Revolutionaries , 58 Bolsheviks , 13 United Social Democrats, 7 others, which roughly corresponded to the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition of

650-523: The Congress of the Northern Region to be the highest authority, but delegates adopted a resolution that the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets should decide the issue of power. The Northern Regional Committee, elected at the congress of 11 Bolsheviks and 6 left-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, launched a stormy activity to prepare the Second All-Russian Congress. This activity took place against

700-716: The Congress. The functions of the Collegiate or the Presidium were not declared in the Constitution, but presumably they were supposed to be purely supervisory or revisionary bodies. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee gave a general direction for the policies of the Worker-Peasant government and all bodies of the Soviet power in the country. It united and coordinated activities for legislation and administration as well as supervised

750-513: The Council of Trade Unions, the Union of Factory and Factory Committees, Vikzhel, the Union of Postal and Telegraph Workers and Employees, provided and only after re-election of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and organizations that have not been re-elected in the last three months. On November 28, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, elected by the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets, merged with

800-610: The Governorate was abolished, and the Governorate again merged with the Kazan Governorate. On May 29, 1719, as a result of the Second Peter I's reform , the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate has recreated again. It included 3 provinces: Alatyr, Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod, and 7 cities. In the course of Catherine II's administrative reform on September 5, 1779, the Nizhny Novgorod Viceroyalty was established, which included

850-623: The Great 's edict on the lands of the Khanates of Kazan , Sibir , and Astrakhan , with addition of some lands from the Nogai Horde . These were the areas historically governed by the Kazan Palace's Prikaz . As with the rest of the governorates, neither the borders nor internal subdivisions of Kazan Governorate were defined; instead, the territory was defined as a set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. In 1717, Astrakhan Governorate

900-567: The Left Socialist Revolutionaries. The Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik All-Russian Central Executive Committee refused to recognize the legality of this congress, accusing the Bolsheviks of violating the procedures for electing delegates. On the other hand, the leadership of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), and first of all Lenin personally, considered the possibility of declaring

950-867: The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on January 14, 1929, the Governorates were completely abolished. On the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was formed, which also included the territories of the abolished Vyatka Governorate and small sections of the Vladimir and Kostroma governorates. 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E  /  56.3269°N 44.0075°E  / 56.3269; 44.0075 This article about government in Russia

1000-464: The Second All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies was held, like the First Congress, separately from the Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. In advance declaring the Second Congress of Soviets illegal, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, however, agreed to convene it, postponing only the opening date of the Congress from October 20 (NS: November 2) to October 25 (NS: November 7) of 1917. The congress opened on November 7 at 10:40 pm, at

1050-576: The Second Congress failed and regards it as a private meeting of the Bolshevik delegates. The decisions of this congress, as illegal, are declared by the Central Executive Committee as optional for local Soviets and all army committees. The Central Executive Committee calls on the Soviets and army organizations to rally around him to defend the revolution. The Central Executive Committee will convene

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1100-471: The Soviet system at that time, artificially overstating the number of delegates from those Soviets where they had the majority. As a result, for example, 10% of the Congress delegates were Latvians, which did not correspond to their share in the population. The peasant majority of the country's population, which supported primarily the Social Revolutionaries, was not represented at all at the Congress;

1150-577: The actions of the Provisional Government, welcomed the appointment of Social Revolutionary Aleksandr Kerensky as minister-chairman of the government and decided to recognize unlimited powers for the government. Until August 1917, All-Russian Central Executive Committee sat in the Tauride Palace , after which it moved to Smolny . In early September, after the liquidation of the Kornilov revolt,

1200-488: The area of the governorate comprised 55,900 square versts , its population was estimated at 2.85 million (38.9% Russians , 31.2% Tatars , 22.8% Chuvash , 5.1% Mari , 1.2% Mordva ). There were 7,272 settlements, including 13 towns: Kazan, Arsk , Sviyazhsk , Kozmodemyansk, Laishev , Mamadysh , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , Yadrin ; and two posads : Mariinsky Posad and Troitsky Posad . The governorate

1250-684: The backdrop of the reluctance of the Mensheviks and right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries to convene this Congress as a matter of fact which predetermined the will of the Constituent Assembly on the question of power in the country. Particularly strong was the opposition of the Right Socialist Revolutionary permanent bodies of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies. Richard Pipes also indicates that

1300-727: The chairman of the Presidium of the Moscow Council, Lev Trotsky – the chairman of the Petrograd Council. Soldiers' committees, primarily the Northern and Western fronts, the Petrograd garrison and Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet went over to the Bolsheviks. At the Second Congress of the Deputies of the Baltic Fleet, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet

1350-426: The course of the regional reform of Peter I in 1708, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, was included in the Kazan Governorate . In January 1714, a new Nizhny Novgorod Governorate separated from the northwestern part of the Kazan Governorate. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, including the cities of Alatyr , Arzamas , Balakhna , Vasilsursk , Gorokhovets , Kurmysh , Yuryevets , Yadrin with adjacent territories. In 1717,

1400-532: The delegates to the First Congress of Soviets. The Menshevik Nikolay Chkheidze became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. After the July events , representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee took part in the work of the commission on the establishment of order in Petrograd, established by the Provisional Government . The All-Russian Central Executive Committee supported

1450-693: The departments or executed special assignments of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. State budgets (for the RSFSR as a whole and for each of the republic's administrative divisions) were decided jointly by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The first All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets , held in Petrograd , June 3–24 1917. The first Central Executive Committee of

1500-445: The elections for the Second Congress; in violation of electoral procedures, the Bolsheviks organized the election of soldiers' delegates not from army-level army committees, but from regimental, divisional, and corps-level, mainly pro-Bolshevik soldier-level committees, and the Bolsheviks launched re-election and army committees. In addition, the Bolsheviks took full advantage of the chaos and disproportionate representation that existed in

1550-494: The endorsement of the Soviet Constitution, declarations of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and central bodies of the Soviet power. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee reviewed and adopted the projects of decrees and other propositions introduced by the Council of People's Commissars and separate departments as well as issued its own decrees and instructions. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee summoned

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1600-570: The executive committee (108 people) elected at the Extraordinary All-Russian Peasants' Congress, after which the left Socialist Revolutionaries agreed to join the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic and form a coalition with the Bolsheviks. It was composed of 62 Bolsheviks , 29 Left SRs , and 10 Mensheviks and Right SRs The chairman of the second All-Russian Central Executive Committee

1650-400: The former Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, as well as parts of the previously formed Ryazan and Vladimir viceroyalties , and a part of the Kazan Governorate. On December 12, 1796, under Paul I , the Nizhny Novgorod Viceroyalty was renamed a Governorate. In October 1797, the area of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was increased at the expense of the territories received during the partition of

1700-583: The governorate was again reorganized to the Oblast . The governorate's administrative center was seated in Nizhny Novgorod and consisted of eleven uezds . Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was bordered by the following governorates: the Vladimir Governorate to the west, Kostroma and Vyatka governorates to the north, Kazan and Simbirsk governorates to the east, and Penza and Tambov governorates to

1750-442: The height of the armed uprising that began in Petrograd . The peasant councils and all the soldier-level committees of the army refused to participate in the activities of the congress. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the Bolshevik's actions as an "illegal coup". The old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also condemned the Bolsheviks, saying that The Central Executive Committee considers

1800-439: The initiative of the regional Congress of Soviets to convene the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was itself illegal and not coordinated with the old Soviet bodies. According to the procedures that existed at that time, only the All-Russian Central Executive Committee – the permanent body of the previous Congress – was entitled to convene a new All-Russian Congress of Soviets. However, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

1850-409: The powers of the commissars of the former (Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik) composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the army and on the ground were declared discontinued. On November 14, 1917, the new All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the terms of an agreement with other parties", in which it explicitly indicated that it considers the "agreement of

1900-420: The radical faction of the maximalist Socialist Revolutionaries. Representatives of moderate socialists did not join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee because of their boycott. Lev Kamenev became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. On November 9, the Congress issued an appeal to the local Soviets with a call to "rally around the new composition of the Central Executive Committee",

1950-401: The socialist parties desirable". The terms of such an agreement were set forth as follows: 1. Recognition of the program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace, and both projects on workers' control. 2. Recognition of the need for a ruthless struggle against counter-revolution (Kerensky, Kornilov and Kaledin). 3. Recognition of the Second All-Russian Congress as

2000-450: The sole source of power. 4. The government is responsible to the Central Executive Committee. 5. Addition of the Central Executive Committee, except for organizations that are not members of the Council, by representatives from Councils of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies not represented in it; proportional representation of the workers' and soldiers' deputies who left the congress, all-Russian professional organizations, such as:

2050-414: The south. The area of the governorate was 48,421 km (18,695 sq mi) in 1847, 51,252 km (19,789 sq mi) in 1905, and 81,458 km (31,451 sq mi) in 1926. The Oka and Volga rivers divided the governorate into two parts that differed significantly in relief, geological structure, soils, and vegetation: the northern was a lowland, and the southern was an upland. In

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2100-632: Was Lev Kamenev , who directed the day-to-day work of the committee and had a tie-breaking vote. Following the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution , the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . On December 30, 1922, the Soviet Union was formed. It comprised the Russian SFSR and other communist-controlled Soviet republics. Mikhail Kalinin retained his position as chairman of

2150-412: Was (June – November 1917) a permanent body formed by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (held from June 16 to July 7, 1917 in Petrograd ), then became the supreme governing body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets from 1917 to 1937. In 1937, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee

2200-664: Was accompanied by the ousting of moderate socialists that had previously dominated them, especially the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, from these authorities. By the beginning of November, the Bolsheviks occupied up to 90% of the seats in the Petrograd Soviet, up to 60% in Moscow, the majority of the seats in the 80 local Soviets of large industrial cities. In September, the Bolshevik Viktor Nogin became

2250-498: Was elected. "Bolshevization" of soldiers' committees, starting from the bottom, reached the committees of the regimental level. At the same time, the Army Committees until November 1917 remained Socialist Revolutionary–Menshevik. Having received an absolute majority of seats in the Petrograd Council, the Bolsheviks began active work in winning the upcoming Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and, accordingly, its permanent body,

2300-845: Was finally abolished during the Bolshevik administrative reform (see Idel-Ural State ). Thereupon its Eastern part was proclaimed the Tatar ASSR , while the Western part was eventually divided between Chuvashia and Mari El . Kazan Governorate consisted of the following uyezds (administrative centres in parentheses): 55°47′27″N 49°06′52″E  /  55.7908°N 49.1144°E  / 55.7908; 49.1144 All-Russian Central Executive Committee The All-Russian Central Executive Committee ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет (ВЦИК) , romanized :  Vserossijskij Tsentraĺný Ispolniteĺný Komitet (VTsIK) )

2350-411: Was of the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik composition, and he was not going to convene a new Congress. The old Central Executive Committee declared that, in connection with violations, the Second Congress would be only an illegal "private meeting of individual Soviets". On October 19, the official Soviet newspaper Izvestia noted that No other committee [except the All-Russian Central Executive Committee]

2400-515: Was replaced with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR . At formation, its full name was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies . Later it was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', Red Army, and Cossack Deputies ( Russian : Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет Советов рабочих, крестьянских, красноармейских и казачьих депутатов ). The 1918 Russian Constitution required that

2450-439: Was said that "a congress of all organized Democracy of Russia in Petrograd would create a strong revolutionary government capable of uniting all revolutionary Russia to repel external to enemies and for the suppression of any attempts on conquered freedom". The All-Russian Central Executive Committee tried to counteract the process of Bolshevization of Soviets , which began in August, which intensified in September–October 1917 and

2500-691: Was separated from Kazan Governorate; in 1719— Nizhny Novgorod ; in 1744— Orenburg ; in 1781— Vyatka , Simbirsk , and Ufa Governorates were separated. Under Catherine the Great (1781–1796) Kazan was the center of a namestnichestvo ( viceroyalty ), with Kazan, Penza , and Saratov Governorates as its integral parts. At first the governorate was divided into lots ( доли , doli ), then into provinces ( провинции , provintsii ) in 1719, and into uyezds ( уезды ) in 1775. Prior to 1796, there were Kazan, Kozmodemyansk , Laishev , Mamadysh , Sviyazhsk , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , and Yadrin uyezds. In 1913,

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