The Nine Saints were a group of missionaries who were important in the initial growth of Christianity in what is now Ethiopia during the late 5th century. The names of the Nine Saints are:
71-578: Rugare Rukuni and Erna Oliver identify the Nine Saints as Jewish Christians , and attribute the Judaic character of Ethiopian Christianity, in part, to their influence. Although frequently described as coming from Syria , only two or three actually came from that province; according to Paul B. Henze , others have been traced to Constantinople , Anatolia , and even Rome . The Ethiopian historian Taddesse Tamrat speculates that they may have been connected with
142-573: A Pharisaic movement within the syncretistic Hellenistic world of the first century AD, which was dominated by Roman law and Greek culture. Hellenistic culture had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in the Land of Israel and in the Diaspora . The inroads into Judaism gave rise to Hellenistic Judaism in the Jewish diaspora which sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within
213-450: A decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles. According to Burton L. Mack the early Christian communities started with "Jesus movements", new religious movements centering on a human teacher called Jesus. A number of these "Jesus movements" can be discerned in early Christian writings. According to Mack, within these Jesus-movements developed within 25 years the belief that Jesus was
284-605: A growing number of charismatic religious leaders contributing to what would become the Mishnah of Rabbinic Judaism ; the ministry of Jesus would lead to the emergence of the first Jewish Christian community. The gospels contain strong condemnations of the Pharisees, though there is a clear influence of Hillel 's interpretation of the Torah in the Gospel sayings. Belief in the resurrection of
355-433: A matter of "inference" both a bodily resurrection and later bodily appearances of Jesus are far better explanations for the empty tomb and the 'meetings' and the rise of Christianity than are any other theories. Rejecting the visionary theories, Wright notes that visions of the dead were always associated with spirits and ghosts, and never with bodily resurrection. Thus, Wright argues, a mere vision of Jesus would never lead to
426-485: A new Jewish sect , one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts . The self-perception, beliefs, customs, and traditions of the Jewish followers of Jesus, Jesus's disciples and first followers, were grounded in first-century Judaism. According to New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman , a number of early Christianities existed in the first century AD, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including proto-orthodoxy , Marcionites, Gnostics and
497-537: A nutshell, was a Jewish apocalyptic proclamation with a seriously Christian twist." Jewish%E2%80%93Christian gospels The Jewish–Christian Gospels were gospels of a Jewish Christian character quoted by Clement of Alexandria , Origen , Eusebius , Epiphanius , Jerome and probably Didymus the Blind . All five call the gospel they know the " Gospel of the Hebrews ", but most modern scholars have concluded that
568-506: A period of one to three years in the early 1st century. His ministry of teaching, healing the sick and disabled and performing various miracles , culminated in his crucifixion at the hands of the Roman authorities in Jerusalem. After his death, he appeared to his followers, resurrected from death. After forty days he ascended to Heaven, but his followers believed he would soon return to usher in
639-648: Is known from fragments preserved chiefly by Clement, Origen and Jerome, and shows a high regard for James, the brother of Jesus and head of the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem. The Gospel of the Nazarenes (a modern scholarly name) has been deduced from references in Jerome and Origen. It seems to have much in common with the canonical Gospel of Matthew , and would have been written in Palestinian Aramaic in
710-822: Is narrated by the twelve apostles . It began with the Baptism of Jesus (presumably because the Ebionites denied the Virgin Birth ) and included a narrative of the Last Supper . It is thought to have been a gospel harmony based on the Synoptic Gospels composed in Greek in the first half of the 2nd century, and it possibly originated in the Transjordan region (the home of the Ebionites). It
781-401: Is nevertheless not derived from pagan sources, and Hengel rejects the idea of influence from "Hellenistic mystery cults or a Gnostic redeemer myth". According to Margaret Baker, Christian trinitarian theology derived from pre-Christian Palestinian beliefs about angels. These beliefs revolved around the idea that there was a High God and several Sons of God , one of which was Yahweh . Yahweh
SECTION 10
#1732844966848852-565: Is probably the same as the lost Gospel of the Twelve , or Gospel of the Apostles, referred to by Origen and Jerome, respectively. The Gospel of the Hebrews presented traditions of Christ's pre-existence, coming into the world, baptism and temptation, with some of his sayings. It was probably composed in Greek in the first half of the 2nd century and used among Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in Egypt. It
923-526: The Cynic philosopher, the Jewish Messiah, and the prophet of social change, but there are overlapping attributes among the various portraits, and scholars who differ on some attributes may agree on others. For instance, both EP Sanders and Maurice Casey agree that Jesus was also a charismatic healer in addition to an apocalyptic prophet. Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established
994-505: The Kingdom of God and fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment . Proponents of higher criticism claim that regardless of how one interprets the mission of Jesus , he must be understood in context as a 1st-century Middle Eastern Jew. There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in
1065-399: The Torah and observance of Jewish holy days . According to Larry Hurtado , "the christology and devotional stance that Paul affirmed (and shared with others in the early Jesus-movement) was… a distinctive expression within a variegated body of Jewish messianic hopes." According to Dunn, Paul presents, in his epistles , a Hellenised Christianity. According to Ehrman, "Paul's message, in
1136-721: The apocalyptic literature of the 2nd century BC to 1st century BC, promising a future "anointed" leader or messiah to restore the Israelite " Kingdom of God ", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. This corresponded with the Maccabean Revolt directed against the Seleucid Empire . Following the fall of the Hasmonean kingdom, it was directed against the Roman administration of Judea Province , which, according to Josephus , began with
1207-467: The confession of Jesus as Christ with continued observance of the Torah and adherence to Jewish traditions such as Sabbath observance , Jewish calendar , Jewish laws and customs , circumcision , kosher diet and synagogue attendance, and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest followers of Jesus. The Jerusalem Church was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which James
1278-417: The empty tomb and burial of Jesus along with the resurrection itself. While Conservative Christian scholars argue in favor of a real, concrete, material resurrection of a transformed body, secular and Liberal Christian scholars typically argue in favor of more naturalistic explanations, such as the vision theory . Other scholars such as Craig L. Blomberg argue that there are sufficient arguments for
1349-524: The strictness of adherence to the Jewish Law, the more conservative view of James the Just became more widely accepted than the more liberal position of Peter, who soon lost influence. According to Dunn, this was not an "usurpation of power," but a consequence of Peter's involvement in missionary activities. According to Eusebius ' Church History 4.5.3–4: the first 15 Christian Bishops of Jerusalem were "of
1420-517: The Israelite " Kingdom of God ", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. According to Shaye J.D. Cohen , the fact that Jesus did not establish an independent Israel, combined with his death at the hands of the Romans, caused many Jews to reject him as the Messiah. Jews at that time were expecting a military leader as a Messiah, such as Bar Kokhba . Psalm 2 was another source of Jewish messianism, which
1491-462: The Jewish followers of Jesus) referred to themselves as followers of "The Way" ( ἡ ὁδός : hė hodós ), probably coming from John 14:6 , "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me." According to Acts 11:26 , the term "Christian" ( Greek : Χριστιανός ) was first used in reference to Jesus's disciples in the city of Antioch , meaning "followers of Christ", by
SECTION 20
#17328449668481562-574: The Jewish followers of Jesus. According to theologian James D. G. Dunn , four types of early Christianity can be discerned: Jewish Christianity, Hellenistic Christianity, Apocalyptic Christianity , and early Catholicism . The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes . Jesus was Jewish , preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, Jewish Christians, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with
1633-513: The Jewish–Christian gospels is found in Schneemelcher 's New Testament Apocrypha ; Schneemelcher, following Hans Waitz , groups the extant sayings into three lost gospels: The Gospel of the Ebionites is the name given by modern scholars to a proposed lost gospel thought to lie behind fragments quoted by Epiphanius in his Panarion . Epiphanius quotes a fragment which states the gospel
1704-509: The Just , the brother of Jesus, and Peter were leaders. Paul was in contact with this community. Legitimised by Jesus' appearance , Peter was the first leader of the Jerusalem ekklēsia . He was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James the Just, "the Brother of the Lord," which may explain why the early texts contain scarce information about Peter. According to Lüdemann, in the discussions about
1775-468: The Messiah while rejecting his divinity , while other strands of Christian thought regard Jesus to be a "fully divine figure", a "high Christology". How soon the earthly Jesus was regarded to be the incarnation of God is a matter of scholarly debate. Philippians 2 : 5–11 contains the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being: 5 Have this mind in you, which
1846-464: The Messiah, and had risen from death. According to Erhman, the gospels show a development from a "low Christology" towards a "high Christology". Yet, a "high Christology" seems to have been part of Christian traditions a few years after his death, and over a decade before the writing of the Pauline epistles, which are the oldest Christian writings. According to Martin Hengel, as summarized by Jeremy Bouma,
1917-466: The accounts of a historical Jesus who was crucified under the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea , though there is no consensus on the reliability of the Gospels. His remaining disciples later believed that he was resurrected. Five portraits of the historical Jesus are supported by mainstream scholars, namely the apocalyptic prophet , the charismatic healer,
1988-577: The addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah." Conversely, Margaret Barker argues that early Christianity has roots in pre- Babylonian exile Israelite religion . The Expositor's Greek Testament interprets John 4:23 as being critical of Judaism and Samaritanism . John Elliott also characterizes early Christianity as an 'Israelite sect' or a 'renewal movement within Israel', where followers were called 'Galileans', 'Nazarenes' or members of 'the Way' by
2059-469: The anti- Monophysite and anti- Miaphysite persecutions that followed the Council of Chalcedon , which adopted Dyophysitism . Their activities spread Christianity beyond "a narrow corridor between Adulis and Aksum along the caravan routes." Besides converting the local inhabitants to Christianity, they also founded a number of monastic houses that followed the rule of Saint Pachomius : Abba Aftse founded
2130-539: The belief that he would soon return and fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment . 1 Corinthians 15:3-9 gives an early testimony, which was delivered to Paul, of the atonement of Jesus and the appearances of the risen Christ to "Cephas and the twelve", and to "James [...] and all the apostles", possibly reflecting a fusion of two early Christian groups: 3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to
2201-426: The beliefs and traditions of first century Judaism. Critical scholars disagree on the historicity of many biblical narratives concerning the life of Jesus. Many such narratives have been classed as legendary or constructed from earlier traditions, such as the birth stories of Jesus. A mainstream historical view is that while the gospels include many legendary elements, these are religious elaborations added to
Nine Saints - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-524: The canonical gospels. There are good reasons for thinking that there must have been at least two Jewish–Christian gospels, since there are two differing accounts of the baptism and good evidence that some fragments were originally in Aramaic and others in Greek. Most modern scholars have concluded that there was one Jewish–Christian gospel in Aramaic/Hebrew and at least another one in Greek. Some have argued that
2343-723: The circumcision". The Romans destroyed the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem in year 135 during the Bar Kokhba revolt , but it is traditionally believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in Pella in the Decapolis . The Pauline epistles incorporate creeds , or confessions of faith, of a belief in an exalted Christ that predate Paul, and give essential information on
2414-490: The culture and language of Hellenism . Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BC, and became a notable religio licita after the Roman conquest of Greece , Anatolia , Syria , Judea , and Egypt , until its decline in the 3rd century parallel to the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity . According to Burton Mack and a minority of commentators, the Christian vision of Jesus' death for
2485-424: The dead in the messianic age was a core Pharisaic doctrine. Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set Christians apart from Jews was their faith in Christ as the resurrected messiah. While Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah, Judaism can be said to hold to a concept of multiple messiahs. The two most relevant are the Messiah ben Joseph and
2556-429: The dead was at hand. These specific beliefs were compatible with Second Temple Judaism. According to N.T. Wright , "there is substantial unanimity among the early Christian writers (first and second century) that Jesus had been bodily raised from the dead," "with (as the early Christians in their different ways affirmed) a 'transphysical' body, both the same and yet in some mysterious way transformed," reasoning that as
2627-509: The designations "Jewish believers in Jesus" and "Jewish followers of Jesus" better reflect the original context. Jewish Christians drifted apart from mainstream Judaism. Their form of Judaism eventually became a minority strand within Judaism, and it had almost disappeared by the fifth century. Jewish–Christian gospels are lost except for fragments, so there is a considerable amount of uncertainty about
2698-491: The faith of the early Jerusalem Church around James, brother of Jesus . This group venerated the risen Christ, who had appeared to several persons, as in Philippians 2 :6–11, the Christ hymn, which portrays Jesus as an incarnated and subsequently exalted heavenly being. Early Christians regarded Jesus to be the Messiah, the promised king who would restore the Jewish kingdom and independence. Jewish messianism has its root in
2769-507: The first half of the 2nd century for use by Nazarenes in the neighborhood of Beroea near Aleppo in Syria. The sources for the Jewish–Christian gospels are the early church fathers of the late 2nd to the early 5th centuries – Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Eusebius, Didymus the Blind, Epiphanius and Jerome. Not all of them were aware that there were different Jewish Christian communities with varying theologies, or that some of them (or at least one)
2840-556: The five early church historians are not quoting the same work. As none of the works survive to this day, attempts have been made to reconstruct them from the references in the Church Fathers . The majority of scholars believe that there existed one gospel in Aramaic/Hebrew and at least two in Greek, although a minority argue that there were only two, in Aramaic/Hebrew and in Greek. In the standard edition of Schneemelcher , he creates three different Jewish–Christian gospels by dividing up
2911-723: The formation of the Zealots and Sicarii during the Census of Quirinius (6 AD), although full-scale open revolt did not occur until the First Jewish–Roman War in 66 AD. According to the New Testament, people reported that they encountered Jesus after his crucifixion . They believed that he had been resurrected (belief in the resurrection of the dead in the Messianic Age was a core Pharisaic doctrine), and his resurrection provided
Nine Saints - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-544: The gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings. Scholars often draw a distinction between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith , and two different accounts can be found in this regard. Traditional scholarship on the subject stood on traditional theology. It emphasized Paul , and de-emphasized James and the Jewish grounding of early belief in Jesus. Modern scholarship sees Jesus and his Jewish followers as grounded in
3053-438: The historicity of the resurrection. According to Geza Vermes , the concept of resurrection formed "the initial stage of the belief in his exaltation", which is "the apogee of the triumphant Christ". The focal concern of the early communities is the expected return of Jesus, and the entry of the believers into the kingdom of God with a transformed body. Proponents of the vision theory argue that cognitive dissonance influenced
3124-408: The hymn contains a contrast with the sins of Adam and his disobedience. Dunn further notes that the hymn may be seen as a three-stage Christology, starting with "an earlier stage of mythic pre-history or pre-existence," but regards the humility-exaltation contrast to be the main theme. This belief in the incarnated and exalted Christ was part of Christian tradition a few years after his death and over
3195-451: The inspiration for resurrection belief. According to Bart Ehrman , the resurrection appearances were a denial response to his disciples' sudden disillusionment following Jesus' death. According to Ehrman, some of his followers claimed to have seen him alive again, resulting in a multitude of stories which convinced others that Jesus had risen from death and was exalted to Heaven. According to Paula Fredriksen , Jesus's impact on his followers
3266-411: The late Second Temple period (first century AD). These Jews believed that Jesus was the prophesied Messiah and they continued their adherence to Jewish law . Jewish Christianity is the foundation of Early Christianity , which later developed into Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox Christianity. Christianity started with Jewish eschatological expectations, and it developed into
3337-427: The letters of Paul already contain a fully developed Christology, shortly after the death of Jesus, including references to his pre-existence. According to Hengel, the Gospel of John shows a development which builds on this early high Christology, fusing it with Jewish wisdom traditions , in which Wisdom was personified and descended into the world. While this "Logos Christology" is recognizable for Greek metaphysics, it
3408-415: The modern imagination, and there are no "accounts of others who were born to virgin mothers and who died as an atonement for sin and then were raised from the dead." According to Ehrman, a central question in the research on Jesus and early Christianity is how a human came to be deified in a relatively short time. Jewish Christians like the Ebionites had an Adoptionist Christology and regarded Jesus as
3479-518: The monastery at Yeha ; Abba Alef the northernmost establishment at Bi'isa on the south bank of the Mareb River ; the foundation of the important monastery of Debre Damo is attributed to Abba Aragawi ; Abba Liqanos and Abba Pantelewon are credited with establishing Pentalewon Monastery in Axum ; Abba Garima founded Abba Garima Monastery north of Adwa ; Abba Guba the one at Madara; Abba Tsahma
3550-460: The name which is above every name; 10 that in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of [things] in heaven and [things] on earth and [things] under the earth, 11 and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. According to Dunn, the background of this hymn has been strongly debated. Some see it as influenced by a Greek worldview while others have argued for Jewish influences. According to Dunn,
3621-461: The native inhabitants of 1st century Judea. Jewish Christians were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity . In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who believed that Jesus was the Jewish messiah . As Christianity grew and developed, Jewish Christians became only one strand of the early Christian community , characterised by combining
SECTION 50
#17328449668483692-479: The non-Jewish inhabitants of Antioch. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός ) was by Ignatius of Antioch , around 100 AD. The term "Jewish Christian" appears in modern historical texts contrasting Christians of Jewish origin with gentile Christians, both in discussion of the New Testament church and the second and following centuries . Christianity arose as
3763-467: The oldest surviving Ethiopian manuscript of any kind. Giustino de Jacobis (Roman Catholic), Nine Saints • Armenian Apostolic liturgical calendar , Coptic calendar , Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar • [REDACTED] Category:Ethiopian saints Jewish Christians Jewish Christians were the followers of a Jewish religious sect that emerged in Judea during
3834-528: The one at Sedenya ; and Abba Yem'ata founded the southernmost one of the group in the Gar'alta , noted for its Abuna Yemata Guh church named after him. Recent radiocarbon dating supports the tradition of Saint Abba Garima 's arrival at the Abba Garima Monastery in 494. The Garima Gospels , which Garima is said to have written, is now regarded as "the world's earliest illustrated Christian manuscript" and
3905-409: The origin of this idea is commonly traced to Jewish beliefs, a view against which Stanley E. Porter objected. According to Porter, Jewish and subsequent Christian thought were influenced by Greek thoughts, where "assumptions regarding resurrection" can be found, which were probably adopted by Paul. According to Ehrman, most of the alleged parallels between Jesus and the pagan savior-gods only exist in
3976-526: The redemption of mankind was only possible in a Hellenised milieu. During the early first century AD, there were many competing Jewish sects in the Holy Land and those that became Rabbinic Judaism and Proto-orthodox Christianity were but two of these. There were Pharisees , Sadducees , and Zealots , but also other less influential sects, including the Essenes . The first century BC and first century AD saw
4047-405: The references in the church fathers. Schneemelcher uses the following working names for the three proposed gospels: The reconstructed texts of the gospels are usually categorized under New Testament apocrypha . The relationship between the Jewish–Christian gospels and a hypothetical original Hebrew Gospel remains a speculation. The Jewish–Christian gospels are known through quotations in
4118-423: The resurrection of Jesus. The New Testament accounts do not describe the resurrection itself, but rather accounts of appearances of Jesus. Jesus is described as the " firstborn from the dead ", prōtotokos , the first to be raised from the dead, thereby acquiring the "special status of the firstborn as the preeminent son and heir". Scholars debate on the historicity of specific details of these narratives such as
4189-400: The resurrection of the flesh was, as we have seen, not unknown to certain parts of Judaism in antiquity", but Paul rejected the idea of bodily resurrection, and it also can't be found within the strands of Jewish thought in which he was formed. According to Porter, Hayes and Tombs, the Jewish tradition emphasizes a continued spiritual existence rather than a bodily resurrection. Nevertheless,
4260-578: The scriptures which were used by this group of Christians. While previous scholarship viewed the First Jewish–Roman War and the destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70 as the main events, more recent scholarship tends to argue that the Bar Kochba Revolt was the main factor in the separation. The split was a long-term process, in which the boundaries were not clear-cut. Early Jewish Christians (i.e.
4331-517: The scriptures; 4 and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures; 5 and that he appeared to Cephas; then to the twelve; 6 then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain until now, but some are fallen asleep; 7 then he appeared to James; then to all the apostles; 8 and last of all, as to the [child] untimely born, he appeared to me also. The later canonical gospels provide more detailed narratives about
SECTION 60
#17328449668484402-447: The traditional Messiah ben David. Some scholars have argued that the idea of two messiahs, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, was normative to ancient Judaism, predating Jesus. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both. Jewish messianism has its root in the apocalyptic literature of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE, promising a future "anointed" leader or Messiah to resurrect
4473-423: The unprecedented belief that Jesus was a physically resurrected corpse; at most, he would be perceived as an exalted martyr standing at the right hand of God. According to Johan Leman, the resurrection must be understood as a sense of presence of Jesus even after his death, especially during the ritual meals which were continued after his death. His early followers regarded him as a righteous man and prophet, who
4544-553: The works of the early Church Fathers Clement of Alexandria , Origen , Eusebius , Epiphanius , Jerome and probably Didymus the Blind . These all assumed that only one Jewish Christian gospel existed, although in various versions and languages, which they attributed to well-known sects such as the Ebionites and Nazarenes . The majority of critical scholars have rejected this view and identify at least two and possibly three separate Jewish–Christian gospels. The standard collection of
4615-448: The worship of Jesus as the result of his earthly ministry , his crucifixion , and the post-crucifixion experiences of his followers. Modern scholars are engaged in an ongoing debate about the proper designation of Jesus' first followers. Many modern scholars believe that the term Jewish Christians is anachronistic given the fact that there is no consensus about the date of the birth of Christianity. Some modern scholars have suggested that
4686-449: Was Aramaic -speaking while others knew only Greek; as a result they frequently confused one gospel with another, and all with a supposed Hebrew version of the Gospel of Matthew . This confusion has created uncertainty for modern scholars. There is agreement that the fragments cannot be traced back to a Hebrew/Aramaic version or revision of Matthew's gospel, as most of them have no parallel in
4757-467: Was also in Christ Jesus: 6 who, existing in the form of God, counted not the being on an equality with God a thing to be grasped, 7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men; 8 and being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, becoming obedient [even] unto death, yea, the death of the cross. 9 Wherefore also God highly exalted him, and gave unto him
4828-478: Was believed to manifest as an angel, human being or a Davidic king, which led some 1st century Palestinians to believe that Jesus was the Son of God, Messiah and Lord. The Book of Acts reports that the early followers continued daily Temple attendance and traditional Jewish home prayer. Other passages in the New Testament gospels reflect a similar observance of traditional Jewish piety such as fasting , reverence for
4899-426: Was prompted by Pompey 's conquest of Jerusalem in 63 BCE . Early Christians cited this chapter to claim that Jesus was the messiah and the son of god and negate Caesar 's claim to the latter. According to Christian denominations, the bodily resurrection of Jesus after his death is the pivotal event of Jesus' life and death, as described in the gospels and the epistles. According to the gospels, Jesus preached for
4970-457: Was so great that they could not accept the failure implicit in his death. According to Fredriksen, before his death Jesus created amongst his believers such certainty that the Kingdom of God and the resurrection of the dead was at hand, that with few exceptions (John 20: 24–29) when they saw him shortly after his execution, they had no doubt that he had been resurrected, and the general resurrection of
5041-462: Was therefore resurrected and exalted. In time, Messianistic, Isaiahic , apocalyptic and eschatological expectations were blended in the experience and understanding of Jesus, who came to be expected to return to earth. A point of debate is how Christians came to believe in a bodily resurrection, which was "a comparatively recent development within Judaism." According to Dag Øistein Endsjø, "The notion of
#847152