Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas of New Zealand for statistical purposes (they have no administrative or legal basis). The urban areas comprise cities , towns and other conurbations (an aggregation of urban settlements) of a thousand people or more. In combination, the urban areas of the country constitute New Zealand 's urban population. As of June 2024, the urban population made up 84.3% of New Zealand's total population.
41-519: Time in New Zealand is divided by law into two standard time zones . The main islands use New Zealand Standard Time (NZST), 12 hours in advance of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) / military M (Mike), while the outlying Chatham Islands use Chatham Standard Time (CHAST), 12 hours 45 minutes in advance of UTC / military M^ (Mike-Three). During summer months – from the last Sunday in September until
82-484: A comprehensive survey was undertaken by the Department of Internal Affairs. Public attitudes towards NZDT (New Zealand Daylight Time) and its effects on work, recreation and particular groups of people in society were surveyed. The survey indicated that 76.2% of the population wanted NZDT either continued or extended. The survey also concluded that opinion on the topic differed little between sexes, and that support for NZDT
123-466: A meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. Cleveland Abbe advocated standard time to better coordinate international weather observations and resultant weather forecasts , which had been coordinated using local solar time . In 1879 he recommended four time zones across the contiguous United States , based upon Greenwich Mean Time . The General Time Convention (renamed
164-423: A population of 200 to 999 people or at least 40 dwellings. While these do not fit the standard international definition of an urban population, they serve to distinguish between true rural dwellers and those in rural settlements or towns. There are 402 rural settlements which combined have a population of 159,800 (3.0% of the total population). In 2023, Stats NZ updated the 2018 standard for geographical areas with
205-602: A standard time for the whole country. The director of the Geological Survey, James Hector , selected New Zealand time to be at the meridian 172°30′E. This was very close to the country's mean longitude and exactly 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. It came into effect on 2 November 1868. For over fifty years, the Colonial Time Service Observatory in Wellington, determined
246-447: A standard time to be observed nationally, and was the first country to do so, about fifteen years before any other. Chatham Island was 45 minutes ahead of mainland New Zealand [twelve hours and fifteen minutes ahead of Coordinated Universal Time]. It was based on longitude 172° 30′ East of Greenwich , 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT). In 1941, during
287-525: A trial period of extended NZDT to be held from the second Sunday in October 1989 to the third Sunday in March 1990. The Minister invited the public to write to him with their views on the five-week extension. The Daylight Time Order 1990 declared that NZDT would run from 02:00 NZST on the first Sunday in October to 03:00 NZDT on the third Sunday in March. On 30 April 2007 the government announced that it had extended
328-412: Is the synchronization of clocks within a geographical region to a single time standard, rather than a local mean time standard. Generally, standard time agrees with the local mean time at some meridian that passes through the region, often near the centre of the region. Historically, standard time was established during the 19th century to aid weather forecasting and train travel. Applied globally in
369-572: The American Railway Association in 1891), an organization of US railroads charged with coordinating schedules and operating standards, became increasingly concerned that if the US government adopted a standard time scheme it would be disadvantageous to its member railroads. William F. Allen, the Convention secretary, argued that North American railroads should adopt a five-zone standard, similar to
410-585: The Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere , with one Prime Meridian replacing the various prime meridians that had previously been used. During the 19th century, scheduled steamships and trains required time standardisation in the industrialized world. A standardised time system was first used by British railways on 1 December 1847, when they switched from local mean time, which varied from place to place, to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It
451-947: The University of Pittsburgh 's Allegheny Observatory (then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania , located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ). Instituted in 1869, the Allegheny Observatory's service is believed to have been the first regular and systematic system of time distribution to railroads and cities as well as the origin of the modern standard time system. By 1870 the Allegheny Time service extended over 2,500 miles with 300 telegraph offices receiving time signals. However, almost all railroads out of New York ran on New York time, and railroads west from Chicago mostly used Chicago time, but between Chicago and Pittsburgh/Buffalo
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#1732855048669492-568: The governor-general to declare by Order in Council a period when daylight saving time is to be observed. This was a one-hour shift (on top of the earlier half-hour shift) from the first Sunday in November to the last Sunday in February, promptly changed the next year by The New Zealand Time Order 1975 which fixed the period of observance from the last Sunday in October to the first Sunday in March. In 1985
533-566: The 1883 west end of the railroad at Wallula Jct ; the Union Pacific Railway was at the other extreme, with only two time zones between Omaha and Ogden. In 1870, Charles F. Dowd proposed four time zones based on the meridian through Washington, DC for North American railroads. In 1872 he revised his proposal to base it on the Greenwich meridian . Sandford Fleming , a Scottish-born Canadian engineer, proposed worldwide Standard Time at
574-405: The 20th century, the geographical regions became time zones . The standard time in each time zone has come to be defined as an offset from Universal Time . A further offset is applied for part of the year in regions with daylight saving time . The adoption of standard time, because of the inseparable correspondence between longitude and time , solidified the concept of halving the globe into
615-561: The 90th meridian. Although most railroads adopted the new system as scheduled, some did so early on October 7 and others late on December 2. The Intercolonial Railway serving the Canadian maritime provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia just east of Maine decided not to adopt Intercolonial Time based on the 60th meridian west of Greenwich, instead adopting Eastern Time, so only four time zones were actually adopted by U.S./Canadian railroads in 1883. Major American observatories, including
656-625: The Allegheny Observatory, the United States Naval Observatory , the Harvard College Observatory , and the Yale University Observatory , agreed to provide telegraphic time signals at noon Eastern Time. Standard time was not enacted into US law until the 1918 Standard Time Act established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of
697-583: The Netherlands, introduction of the railways made it desirable to create a standard time. On 1 May 1909, Amsterdam Time or Dutch Time was introduced. Before that, time was measured in different cities; in the east of the country, this was a few minutes earlier than in the west. After that, all parts of the country had the same local time—that of the Wester Tower in Amsterdam (Westertoren/4°53'01.95" E). This time
738-658: The New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992 (NZSAC92) in 2018. There are four classes of urban area under SSGA18: Each urban area consists of one or more level-2 statistical areas (SA2s). Urban areas under SSGA18 do not cross territorial authority boundaries, with one exception ( Richmond , which lies in the Tasman District but includes the Daelyn SA2 area from neighbouring Nelson City). Statistics New Zealand also defines rural settlements with
779-571: The New Zealand dependency of Tokelau moved its time zone forward by 24 hours, by skipping 30 December to be in the UTC+13:00 time zone, the same zone as New Zealand daylight saving. Starting in 1909, a member of Parliament, Sir Thomas Kay Sidey annually put forward a bill to advance the clocks an hour from September to the following March and the Summer Time Act 1927 succeeded. In 1927, clocks were advanced by an hour from first Sunday in November to
820-813: The Pacific Ocean, both on the other side of the International Date Line : The New Zealand dependency of Tokelau is in the UTC+13:00 time zone or Military M' (Mike Prime) and does not observe daylight saving time. Clocks in Tokelau are set to the same time as or 1 hour ahead of New Zealand: at noon on Thursday in New Zealand, it is 12:00 or 13:00 on Thursday in Tokelau. The Ross Dependency , McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica maintain NZST/NZDT. Standard time Standard time
861-589: The Second World War, clocks were advanced half an hour, to reduce electric power use making New Zealand 12 hours ahead of GMT. This change was made permanent from 1946 by the Standard Time Act 1945 , at which the time at the 180°E meridian was made the basis for New Zealand Time. NZST remained half an hour ahead of NZMT, and the Chatham Islands 45 minutes ahead of NZST. In the late 1940s the atomic clock
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#1732855048669902-560: The arrangement presumably makes real time communications with New Zealand more practical, particularly in dealing with offices. The other countries in the Realm of New Zealand – Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau – do not maintain DST. Two of them are on the other side of the International Date Line and have 22–24 hours time difference to New Zealand. The following table lists recent and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in
943-411: The clock to be moved an hour and forty minutes forward. This time was kept in summer and winter throughout 1941 and 1942. It was only in November 1942 that a different Winter time was introduced, and the time was adjusted one hour backwards. This lasted for only three years; after the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945, Summer time was abolished for over thirty years, so during those years, standard time
984-463: The correct time each morning. At 9 a.m. each day, it was transmitted by Morse code to post offices and railway stations around the country. In 1920, radio time signals began broadcasting, greatly increasing the accuracy of the time nationwide. Urban areas of New Zealand The current standard for urban areas is the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18), which replaced
1025-523: The daylight saving period from 24 to 27 weeks. From September 2007, daylight saving is now observed from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April. From 30 April 2007, DST begins at 02:00 NZST on the last Sunday in September each year, and ends at 03:00 NZDT (or 02:00 NZST as defined in the 1974 Act) on the first Sunday in April. New Zealand time, including DST, is used by several Antarctic bases that are supplied from New Zealand. This results in
1066-464: The establishment of "New Zealand time". In 1868, the Telegraph Department adopted " Wellington time" as the standard time across all their offices so that opening and closing times could be synchronised. The Post Office, which usually shared the same building, followed suit. However, protests that time was being dictated by one government department, led to a resolution in parliament to establish
1107-490: The first Sunday in April – daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT) is 13 hours ahead of UTC, and Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) 13 hours 45 minutes ahead. New Zealand's associated states – the Cook Islands and Niue – and the dependent territory of Tokelau use several different time zones at their own discretion. On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted
1148-409: The first Sunday in March. This proved unpopular, so the Summer Time Act 1928 revised this to a half -hour shift from 14 October 1928 (second Sunday) to 17 March 1929 (third Sunday), then the Summer Time Act 1929 permanently fixed this half-hour shift to run from the second Sunday in October to the third Sunday in March every year. In 1933, the period was extended from the first Sunday in September to
1189-402: The last Sunday in April. This continued until the Second World War, when emergency regulations in 1941 extended daylight saving to cover the whole year with annual re-applications until the Standard Time Act 1945 made the abandonment of NZMT permanent in 1946, so that 180° becomes the base longitude and what was called NZ Summer Time (NZST) became NZ Standard Time. The Time Act 1974 empowered
1230-634: The law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was re-established nationally during World War II. In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalising the use of Coordinated Universal Time as the basis of standard time, and the role of the Secretary of Commerce (effectively, the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) and the Secretary of the Navy (effectively, the U.S. Naval Observatory ) in interpreting standard time. In 1999, standard time
1271-754: The main islands of New Zealand: New Zealand standard time is maintained by the Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), part of New Zealand Government . New Zealand standard time is based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC is kept within 200 nanoseconds of the international atomic time scale maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris. It is disseminated by various means, including time pips broadcast on Radio New Zealand , speaking clock and Network Time Protocol . There are two associated states of New Zealand in
Time in New Zealand - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-630: The new NZ Statistical standard for geographic areas 2023. While similar, the new standard has added a new geographical area (SA3), has upgraded Wanaka to a medium urban area, seven rural settlements to small urban areas and has created thirteen new rural settlements. The following shows the urban areas as classified under SSGA18 (adjusted according to SSGA23 update). Under the New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992 (NZSAC92), there are three classes of urban area: The population figures shown are Statistics New Zealand's resident population estimates at June 2018. For rankings in various criteria see
1353-499: The norm was Columbus time, even on railroads such as the PFtW&;C and LS&MS , which did not run through Columbus. The Santa Fe Railroad used Jefferson City (Missouri) time all the way to its west end at Deming, New Mexico , as did the east–west lines across Texas; Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads used San Francisco time all the way to El Paso . The Northern Pacific Railroad had seven time zones between St. Paul and
1394-512: The oddity that the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station sets its clocks an hour further ahead during the southern summer, when the sun is constantly above the horizon, than in the southern winter, when the sun is constantly below the horizon. The extreme geographic position of the base means that no possible adjustment of the daily activity cycle can have any effect on the amount of sunlight received during those activities. However,
1435-617: The one in use today, to avoid government action. On October 11, 1883, the heads of the major railroads met in Chicago at the Grand Pacific Hotel and agreed to adopt Allen's proposed system. The members agreed that on Sunday, November 18, 1883, all United States and Canadian railroads would readjust their clocks and watches to reflect the new five-zone system on a telegraph signal from the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh at exactly noon on
1476-411: Was 40 minutes ahead of the original Amsterdam Time. As of 2017, the Netherlands is in line with Central European Time (GMT+1 in the winter, GMT+2 in the summer, which is significantly different from Amsterdam Time). In 1868, New Zealand was the first country in the world to establish a nationwide standard time. A telegraph cable between New Zealand's two main islands became the instigating factor for
1517-432: Was also given the name railway time , reflecting the important role the railway companies played in bringing it about. The vast majority of Great Britain's public clocks were standardised to GMT by 1855. Until 1883, each United States railroad chose its own time standards. The Pennsylvania Railroad used the "Allegheny Time" system, an astronomical timekeeping service which had been developed by Samuel Pierpont Langley at
1558-497: Was developed and several laboratories began atomic time scales. A new time scale known as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) was adopted internationally in 1972. This was based on the readings of atomic clocks, updated periodically in accordance with time variations in the Earth's rotation by the addition or deletion of seconds (called leap seconds ). The Time Act 1974 defines New Zealand Standard Time as 12 hours in advance of UTC. In 2011,
1599-456: Was generally higher in urban centres . Daylight saving was famously opposed in the small Northland dairy farming community of Ararua, which refused to adjust its clocks for some years. Support for shortening or abolishing NZDT was always in the minority in the areas surveyed. As a consequence of the survey and further feedback from the public, in 1988 the Minister of Internal Affairs arranged for
1640-611: Was indicated as GMT +0h 19m 32.13s until 17 March 1937, after which it was simplified to GMT+0h20m. This time zone was also known as the Loenen time or Gorinchem time , as this was the exact time in both Loenen and Gorinchem . At noon in Amsterdam, it was 11:40 in London and 12:40 in Berlin . The shift to the current Central European Time zone took place on 16 May 1940. The German occupiers ordered
1681-684: Was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame in the category "National: Technical Innovations." The Dominion of Newfoundland , whose capital St. John's falls almost exactly midway between the meridians anchoring the Atlantic Time Zone and the Greenland Time Zone , voted in 1935 to create a half-hour offset time zone known as the Newfoundland Time Zone , at three and a half hours behind Greenwich time. In