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131-547: New York City Republican organizations were once a bastion of moderate Republicans with liberal or centrist views on social issues, but since the election of Donald Trump have moved sharply to the political right . In April 1911, thirty-two young men, led by a young Manhattan lawyer Benjamin M. Day, along with, Philip J. McCook, Lloyd Carpenter Griscom , Frederick Paul Keppel , Henry W. Goddard , Edward R. Finch , Alfred Conkling Coxe Jr. , Lindon Bates Jr. , Thomas D. Thacher , Albert S. Bard , and Robert McC. Marsh , formed

262-535: A national emergency on March 13. The government also purchased large quantities of medical equipment, invoking the Defense Production Act of 1950 to assist. By mid-April, disaster declarations were made by all states and territories as they all had increasing cases. A second wave of infections began in June, following relaxed restrictions in several states, leading to daily cases surpassing 60,000. By mid-October,

393-534: A third party candidate, running on the Progressive ticket. He succeeded in depriving Taft of a second term, but came in second behind Democrat Woodrow Wilson . After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives held a " last stand " protest in December 1923, at the start of the 68th Congress , when they refused to support

524-565: A 184–6 votes, and endorsed, by a 187–1 vote, the re-nomination of state Senator MacNeil Mitchell , who was facing an insurgent primary challenge from Jacob Javits 's nephew Eric Javits . The same year, the Club supported John V. Lindsay's decision to run for re-election as mayor as an independent Republican ; the group broke from the leaders of other Young Republican clubs in the city, such as those of City College , New York University , Columbia College , and Fordham University , as well as

655-594: A Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president once as a Libertarian and twice more recently as a Republican . The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the Tea Party movement . Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent swing states or blue states . Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated , affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often part of

786-806: A gala event in Manhattan that featured both Republican politicians and far-right extremists. At the event, Republican congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene told attendees that if she and former Trump advisor Stephen K. Bannon had organized the January 6 United States Capitol attack , "we would have won" and "it would have been armed." Given top billing for the gala were Taylor Greene, Jack Posobiec (a far-right conspiracy theorist who pushed Pizzagate conspiracy theories), and Donald Trump Jr. ; featured as "special guests" were three newly elected incoming Republican House members— George Santos of New York, Cory Mills of Florida, and Mike Collins of Georgia. Also attending

917-439: A global increase in such movements in the 2010s and 2020s, coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the Tea Party movement which has also been described as far-right. The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and anti-Trump factions. When conservative columnist George Will advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in

1048-840: A key role in Republican administrations since the 2000s. Other organizations associated with this faction include the American Enterprise Institute , the Foundation for Defense of Democracies , the Henry Jackson Society and the Project for the New American Century . The Christian right is a conservative Christian political faction characterized by strong support of socially conservative and Christian nationalist policies. Christian conservatives seek to use

1179-569: A letter asking the federal government to "shut it down now, and start over". In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of "six to eight weeks" that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election. In August, over 400,000 people attended the 80th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in Sturgis, South Dakota , and from there, at least 300 people in more than 20 states were infected. The CDC followed up with

1310-704: A lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction." Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at Marquette University , noted that not all Trumpist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as

1441-551: A path to citizenship for illegal immigrants, and embryonic stem cell research . In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party. Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators John McCain of Arizona, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as Charlie Baker of Massachusetts and Phil Scott of Vermont. Another moderate Republican

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1572-453: A person. In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights. Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University , states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since

1703-533: A popular constitutional movement. On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism". Its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution . By 2016, Politico said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however,

1834-478: A range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism , national conservatism , neo-nationalism , and Trumpism , the political movement associated with Donald Trump and his base. They have been described by some commentators, including Joseph Lowndes, James A. Gardner, and Guy-Uriel Charles, as the American political variant of the far-right . Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at

1965-554: A report on the associated 51 confirmed primary event-associated cases, 21 secondary cases, and five tertiary cases in the neighboring state of Minnesota, where one attendee died of COVID-19. The U.S. passed five million COVID-19 cases by August 8. On September 22, the U.S. passed 200,000 deaths, according to data from Johns Hopkins University. In early October, an unprecedented series of high-profile U.S. political figures and staffers announced they had tested positive for COVID-19. On October 2, Trump announced on Twitter that both he and

2096-633: A single day. By the end of 2022, an estimated 77.5% of Americans had had COVID-19 at least once, according to the CDC. State and local responses to the pandemic during the public health emergency included the requirement to wear a face mask in specified situations (mask mandates), prohibition and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), stay-at-home orders , and school closures . Disproportionate numbers of cases were observed among Black and Latino populations, as well as elevated levels of vaccine hesitancy, and there

2227-489: A small proportion of overall variants. Although variant XBB was of concern internationally, it was rare in the United States. Recommendations for receiving vaccination booster shots are mixed: while populations at risk of severe disease and death should stay up-to-date, healthy, middle-aged-and-younger populations are rarely at risk of severe illness, and most have adequate immunity. Although the newest bivalent boosters target

2358-564: A surge in Beijing caused the Biden administration to require U.S. visitors from China, Hong Kong, and Macau to provide proof of COVID-19 negative test results. At the end of the year, the CDC reported that the COVID Omicron XBB.1.5 variant became much more prevalent and represented about 41% of new cases in the U.S. Scientists at Columbia University warned that the rise of subvariants could "result in

2489-471: A surge of breakthrough infections as well as re-infections." On January 11, 2023, the Biden administration decided to renew the COVID-19 public health emergency amid a winter surge of cases related to highly transmissible Omicron subvariants. With relief measures such as automatic Medicaid re-enrollment being decoupled from the emergency declaration, some commentators believed this signaled the final extension of

2620-541: A third surge of cases began; there were over 200,000 new daily cases during parts of December 2020 and January 2021. COVID-19 vaccines became available in December 2020, under emergency use, beginning the national vaccination program , with the first vaccine officially approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on August 23, 2021. Studies have shown them to be highly protective against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. In comparison with fully vaccinated people,

2751-624: Is incumbent governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo , who was previously the Sheriff of Clark County . Moderate Republican Representatives include Brian Fitzpatrick , Mike Lawler , and David Valadao . One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was Colin Powell as Secretary of State in the first term of the George W. Bush administration (Powell left the Republican Party in January 2021 following

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2882-416: Is three times the fatality rate of a bad flu season . The number of cases for the months of July through September 2022 was about 0.86 times the number for the same period in 2021, and the number of COVID-attributed deaths likewise averaged 0.42 times the number for the same period in 2021. In October, new variants BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 from the dominant BA.5 appeared to be spreading quickly, but comprised only

3013-477: The 2021 United States Capitol attack , Philip Bump of The Washington Post posited that the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives consisted of three factions: the Trumpists (who voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021, voted against stripping Marjorie Taylor Greene of her committee assignments, and supported efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election ),

3144-584: The 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , and had endorsed every Democrat for president in the general election since 2008). The Republican Governance Group is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives. Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement, Trumpists are the dominant faction in the Republican Party as of 2024. It has been described as consisting of

3275-607: The 2024 Salvadoran presidential election . Moderate Republicans (modern United States) The Republican Party in the United States includes several factions , or wings. During the 19th century, Republican factions included the Half-Breeds , who supported civil service reform; the Radical Republicans , who advocated the immediate and total abolition of slavery, and later advocated civil rights for freed slaves during

3406-507: The Biden administration advised Congress of a lack of funding for testing, therapeutics and vaccines, but Republicans continued to block new spending on the pandemic so Democrats removed an emergency aid package from a proposed spending bill. On March 20, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci warned of an "uptick" in cases like Europe had seen recently, stating the U.S. should "be prepared for the possibility that we might get another variant". In April 2022, it

3537-611: The COVID-19 pandemic , the New York Young Republican Club hosted a gala in Jersey City, New Jersey where the participants flouted public health guidelines. Dozens gathered in crowds indoors, did not wear masks, and did not socially distance. Matt Gaetz , a Republican congressman from Florida, and James O’Keefe , a journalist, attended the party. New Jersey's Democratic Governor Phil Murphy criticized it. The club endorsed

3668-602: The Capitol riot , called him "a cancer" while announcing his retirement. Former Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie , who was running against Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries , called him "a lonely, self-consumed, self-serving, mirror hog" in his presidential announcement . Indiana senator Todd Young is one of few elected Republican senators that has pledged to not support Trump's 2024 campaign. Organizations associated with this faction include The Lincoln Project , Republican Accountability Project and Republicans for

3799-478: The Libertarian Party in 2020 before returning in 2024. Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu , Senators Mike Lee and Rand Paul , Representative Thomas Massie , former Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford , and former Representative Ron Paul (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and

3930-667: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Anthony Fauci said the mortality from COVID-19 was ten times higher than the common flu . By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand. Trump declared a national emergency on March 13. On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people. Three days later, the United States Department of State advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel. By

4061-580: The Never Trump movement. Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the conservative liberals of Europe. While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. lower taxes , deregulation , and welfare reform ), moderate Republicans differ in that some support affirmative action , LGBT rights and same-sex marriage , legal access to and even public funding for abortion , gun control laws, more environmental regulation and action on climate change , fewer restrictions on immigration and

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4192-751: The Reconstruction era ; and the Stalwarts , who supported machine politics. In the 20th century, Republican factions included the Progressive Republicans, the Reagan coalition , and the liberal Rockefeller Republicans . In the 21st century, Republican factions include conservatives (represented in the House by the Republican Study Committee and the Freedom Caucus ), moderates (represented in

4323-531: The Republican Conference nominee for Speaker of the House , Frederick H. Gillett , voting instead for two other candidates. After eight ballots spanning two days, they agreed to support Gillett in exchange for a seat on the House Rules Committee and pledges that subsequent rules changes would be considered. On the ninth ballot, Gillett received 215 votes, a majority of the 414 votes cast, to win

4454-501: The Republican Party that began in 2009 following the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States. Members of the movement have called for lower taxes , and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending . The movement supports small-government principles and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare . It has been described as

4585-604: The Richard Nixon administration) and writer and academic Michael Lind argued that the liberalism of Democratic President Bill Clinton and the Third Way movement were in many ways to the right of Dwight Eisenhower , Rockefeller, and John Lindsay , Republican Congressman and Mayor of New York City in the late 1960s. According to historian George H. Nash , the Reagan coalition in the Republican Party, which centered around Ronald Reagan and his administration throughout all of

4716-497: The cluster on December 31, 2019. After China confirmed that the cluster of infections was caused by a novel infectious coronavirus on January 7, 2020, the CDC issued an official health advisory the following day. On January 20, the World Health Organization (WHO) and China both confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred. The CDC immediately activated its Emergency operations center (EOC) to respond to

4847-549: The war on drugs . On foreign policy, libertarian conservatives favor non-interventionism . The Republican Liberty Caucus , which describes itself as "the oldest continuously operating organization in the Liberty Republican movement with state charters nationwide", was founded in 1991. The House Liberty Caucus is a congressional caucus formed by former Representative Justin Amash , a former Republican of Michigan who joined

4978-589: The 1 million mark with a presidential proclamation on May 12, ordering flags to be flown at half-staff at all federal facilities through sundown on May 16. In June, the United States concluded the approval process for the vaccination of children under five years of age, with the first vaccines expected to be administered on June 21. On June 12, the U.S. dropped COVID testing requirements for inbound international air travelers, while vaccination requirements largely remained in place for inbound travelers using any mode of cross-border transportation. The number of cases for

5109-410: The 1950s and 1960s, with its initial leaders being Senator Robert A. Taft , Russell Kirk , and William F. Buckley Jr. Its central tenets include the promotion of individual liberty and free-market economics and opposition to labor unions , high taxes , and government regulation . The Republican Party has undergone a major decrease in the influence of its establishment conservative faction since

5240-410: The 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party : "Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But

5371-617: The 1970s. In the late 20th century, the Christian right became strongly connected to the Republican Party . Republican politicians associated with the Christian right in the 21st century include Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee , and former Senator Rick Santorum . Many within the Christian right have also identified as social conservatives , which sociologist Harry F. Dahms has described as Christian doctrinal conservatives ( anti-abortion , anti-LGBT rights ) and gun-rights conservatives (pro- NRA ) as

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5502-399: The 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the George H. W. Bush administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans). The Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within

5633-543: The American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak. The next day, New York City saw the sickening of its "patient zero", Manhattan attorney Lawrence Garbuz, then thought to be the first community-acquired case. Another case known as "patient zero" in Los Angeles is a man named Gregg Garfield, who spent 64 days in the Burbank Hospital, on a ventilator for 30 days, with a 1% chance to live. Contracting

5764-502: The Biden administration felt that there was "enough community protection that we're not going to see a repeat of what we saw last year at this time," referring to the emergence of the Omicron variant. A study of vaccine effectiveness found that U.S.-authorized bivalent mRNA boosters administered to those having already received 2 to 4 monovalent vaccinations provided significant additional protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2. Concerns of

5895-458: The Biden administration on the advice of the CDC, was ended nationwide by U.S. District Judge Kathryn Kimball Mizelle , a Trump-appointed federal judge in Florida. The Justice Department challenged the ruling several days later, yet masks remained optional on airplanes, buses, and subway systems, except when required by local mandates. The first annual National COVID Week of Remembrance & Action

6026-507: The CDC confirmed the first person-to-person case in the U.S. The next day, the country declared a public health emergency. Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the HHS and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country. The Trump administration evacuated American nationals from Wuhan in January. On February 2, the U.S. enacted travel restrictions to and from China. On February 6,

6157-541: The CDC found that those who were unvaccinated were from 5 to nearly 30 times more likely to become either infected or hospitalized. There has nonetheless been some vaccine hesitancy for various reasons, although side effects are rare. There were also numerous reports that unvaccinated COVID-19 patients strained the capacity of hospitals throughout the country , forcing many to turn away patients with life-threatening diseases. A fourth rise in infections began in March 2021 amidst

6288-823: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, describes it as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement that has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called " Great Replacement " theory, a claim that minorities, immigrants, and women, enabled by Democrats, Jews, and elites, are displacing white people, Christians, and men from their rightful positions in American society. In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine, are generally supportive towards Russia , and favor an isolationist " America First " foreign policy agenda. They generally reject compromise within

6419-577: The Delta variant. By July 7, the Delta variant had surpassed the Alpha variant to become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S., according to CDC data. By August the Delta variant accounted for 99 percent of all cases and was found to double the risk of hospitalization for those not yet vaccinated. On August 1, the U.S. passed 35   million cases. By early and mid-August, hospitals in some states with low vaccination rates began to exceed capacity. One-quarter of

6550-626: The Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction". Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party: "Trump basically worked as

6681-547: The First Lady had tested positive for COVID-19 and would immediately quarantine. Trump was given an experimental Regeneron product with two monoclonal antibodies and taken to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , where he was given remdesivir and dexamethasone . USA Today studied the aftermath of presidential election campaigning, recognizing that causation was impossible to determine. Among their findings, cases increased 35 percent compared to 14 percent for

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6812-670: The Five Families. Derived from The Godfather , the term refers to Mafia crime families. The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House Freedom Caucus , the conservative Republican Study Committee , the business-minded Main Street Caucus , the mainstream Republican Governance Group ", and the Republican members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus . The House Republican factions overlap with one another, and some members belong to no caucus. The conservative wing grew out of

6943-546: The GOP was strongly committed to high tariffs , a political stance that returned to popularity in many conservative circles during the Trump presidency . The conservative wing typically supports socially conservative positions, such as supporting gun rights and restrictions on abortion , though there is a wide range of views on such issues within the party. Conservatives generally oppose affirmative action , support increased military spending, and are opposed to gun control . On

7074-729: The House by the Republican Governance Group , Republican Main Street Caucus , and the Republican members of the Problem Solvers Caucus ), and libertarians (represented in Congress by the Republican Liberty Caucus ). During and after the presidency of Donald Trump , Trumpist and anti-Trumpist factions arose within the Republican Party. During the presidency of Barack Obama , the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as

7205-427: The January 2023 distribution, and the 17 other states which terminated pandemic food supplements prior to the federal end date were all states with Republican-controlled state legislatures. On January 31, 2023, President Biden announced the end to the COVID-19 emergency declarations by May 11, 2023. By February 23, eighteen states had already cut payments for more than 10 million people, and Congress had decided to end

7336-477: The New York Young Republican Club. This was an offshoot of the earlier New York Young Men's Republican Club, founded in 1879 amid the rise of political clubs , which itself was a descendant of the even earlier New York Young Men's Republican Union founded in 1856. The club's first public appearance was a dinner held in December 1911. The guest of honor was the President of the United States, William Howard Taft , and

7467-667: The Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after Nelson Rockefeller , Vice President during the Gerald Ford administration. With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the Blue Dog or New Democrat coalitions. Massachusetts Republican Elliot Richardson (who served in several cabinet positions during

7598-644: The Radicals took over Reconstruction, pushing through new legislation protecting the civil rights of African Americans. John C. Frémont of Michigan, the party's first nominee for president in 1856, was a Radical Republican. Upset with Lincoln's politics, the faction split from the Republican Party to form the short-lived Radical Democracy Party in 1864 and again nominated Frémont for president. They supported Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 and 1872, who worked closely with them to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. As Southern Democrats retook control in

7729-414: The Republican Party a more active international policy. They are amenable to unilateral military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy or deterrence of human rights abuses abroad). They grounded in a realist philosophy of " peace through strength ." Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of

7860-529: The Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories). In November 2021, Pew Research Center identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right. As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as

7991-421: The Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government Tea Party movement . In 2019, during the presidency of Donald Trump , Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers. In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat Joe Biden and

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8122-489: The Republican party was in danger of becoming too moderate. Members of the John Birch Society, known as Birchers, were associated with the radical right , anti-communism , and ultraconservatism . The John Birch Society was founded in 1958 by businessman Robert W. Welch Jr. , and is controversial for its promotion of conspiracy theories . Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from

8253-524: The Rule of Law . The Stalwarts were a traditionalist faction that existed from the 1860s through the 1880s. They represented "traditional" Republicans who favored machine politics and opposed the civil service reforms of Rutherford B. Hayes and the more progressive Half-Breeds . They declined following the elections of Hayes and James A. Garfield . After Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau , his Stalwart Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed

8384-624: The Senate and House elections of November 2018, political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party. Anticipating Trump's defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, Peter Feaver wrote in Foreign Policy magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in

8515-507: The South and enthusiasm for continued Reconstruction declined in the North, their influence within the GOP waned. Historically, the Republican Party included a progressive wing that advocated using government to improve the problems of modern society. Theodore Roosevelt , an early leader of the progressive movement , advanced a " Square Deal " domestic program as president (1901–09) that was built on

8646-441: The Trump administration reached an agreement with a number of retail outlets, including pharmacies and supermarkets, to make the COVID-19 vaccine free once available. In spite of recommendations by the government not to travel, more than 2   million people flew on airlines during the Thanksgiving period. On December 8, the U.S. passed 15   million cases, with about one out of every 22 Americans having tested positive since

8777-424: The U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of deaths reached 20,000, surpassing that of Italy . On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities. On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed 1   million. By May 27, less than four months after

8908-471: The U.S. passed 25   million cases, with one of every 13 Americans testing positive for COVID-19. On January 29, a nationwide requirement for use of face masks on public transit and other forms of public transportation was issued by the CDC and the federal Transportation Security Administration , to go into effect on February 1. (Subsequently, extended, the federal mask mandate for public transportation remains in effect in April 2022.) On February 22,

9039-418: The U.S. passed 30   million cases, just as a number of states began to expand the eligibility age for COVID-19 vaccines. Experts began warning against public relaxation of COVID-19 mitigation measures as vaccines continue to be administered, with CDC director Rochelle Walensky , warning of a new rise in cases. By April 7, the Alpha variant had become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S. On April 12,

9170-498: The U.S. passed 45   million cases. On November 26, Biden announced that the U.S. will restrict travel from South Africa and seven other African countries due to concerns over a new variant from the area , called Omicron. At the beginning of January 2022, the number of cases per day exceeded 1 million. As of February 1, fatality rates were 63% higher in the U.S. than other large wealthy countries, due in part to far lower vaccination rates compared to those countries. On March 9,

9301-443: The U.S. passed 500,000 deaths, just five weeks after the country passed 400,000 deaths. By March 5, more than 2,750 cases of COVID-19 variants were detected in 47 states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico . In the first prime time address of his presidency, on March 11, Biden announced his plan to push states to make vaccines available to all adults by May 1, with the aim of making small gatherings possible by July 4 . On March 24,

9432-419: The U.S. population had been infected with the virus as of March 2021, about four times higher than the official reported numbers. On May 4, Biden announced a new goal of having 70 percent of all adults in the U.S. receive at least one COVID-19 vaccine shot by July 4, along with steps to vaccinate teenagers and more inaccessible populations. The country ultimately did not reach that goal, with only 67 percent of

9563-576: The U.S. population resides in eight states—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and Texas—but, by mid-August, these states together had a half of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the nation. By the end of the month, the ICUs of five of those—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Texas—were over 90% full. On September 8, the U.S. passed 40   million cases. By September 15, one in every 500 Americans had died from COVID-19. By September 20, COVID-19 had killed over 675,000 Americans,

9694-459: The U.S. reported its first cases of a new "double mutant" SARS-CoV-2 variant from India , later called Delta, in California. By April 25, the country's seven-day average of new infections was reported to be decreasing, but concerns were raised about drops in vaccine demand in certain parts of the U.S., which were attributed to vaccine hesitancy . On April 29, the CDC estimated that roughly 35% of

9825-581: The United Kingdom , later called Alpha, the CDC announced testing requirements for American passengers traveling from the UK , to be administered within 72 hours, starting on December 28. On December 29, the U.S. reported the first case of this variant in Colorado. The patient had no travel history, leading the CDC to say, "Given the small fraction of US infections that have been sequenced, the variant could already be in

9956-541: The United States On December 31, 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan . The first American case was reported on January 20, and Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar declared a public health emergency on January 31. Restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China, but the initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow in terms of preparing

10087-408: The United States without having been detected." On January 1, 2021, the U.S. passed 20   million cases, representing an increase of more than a million over the past week and 10   million in less than two months. On January 6, the CDC announced that it had found at least 52 confirmed cases of the Alpha variant, and it also stressed that there could already be more cases in the country. In

10218-570: The Young Women's Republican Club of New York, all of whom condemned Lindsay's decision. After the rise of Donald Trump , the city's Republican groups moved decidedly to the right. In 2018, two relatively new members of the club, Gavin Wax and Vish Burra were elected president and vice president respectively. Their goal was to grow the club through parties (e.g., alcohol), militant rhetoric, and endorsing “controversial far-right figures”. In December 2020, amid

10349-1130: The accountability caucus (who supported either the Trump impeachment, the effort to discipline Greene, or both), and the pro-democracy Republicans (who opposed the Trump impeachment and the effort to discipline Greene but also opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results). Also in February 2021, Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News asserted that there were three groups of Republicans: Never Trumpers (including Bill Kristol , Sen. Mitt Romney , and governors Charlie Baker and Larry Hogan ), Sometimes Trumpers (including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley ), and Always Trumpers (including Sens. Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley ). In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with

10480-616: The article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party. Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives Ron Paul , Michele Bachmann and Allen West , Senators Ted Cruz , Mike Lee , Rand Paul and Tim Scott , former Senator Jim DeMint , former acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney , and 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee and former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin . Although there has never been any one clear founder or leader of

10611-427: The club was described as having 1,200 members citywide. Amid the 1964 Republican presidential contest between New York's Republican Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater , a pro-Rockefeller faction won the club's presidency by a vote of 365–202 over an independent candidate running with conservative support. The group endorsed Rockeller's campaign for the Republican presidential nomination by

10742-524: The earliest confirmed American death with COVID-19 (that of a 57-year-old woman) occurred in Santa Clara County, California . The CDC did not report its confirmation until April 21, by which point nine other COVID-19 deaths had occurred in Santa Clara County. The virus had been circulating undetected at least since early January and possibly as early as November. On February 25, the CDC warned

10873-477: The election of Donald Trump in 2016. In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in government spending , less regulation of the economy, and privatization or changes to Social Security . Supporters of supply-side economics and fiscal conservatives predominate, but there are deficit hawks and protectionists within the party as well. Before 1930, the Northeastern industrialist faction of

11004-593: The election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism " of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes. These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of national conservatism , protectionism, cultural conservatism , a more realist foreign policy, skepticism of neoconservatism , reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances. Neoconservatives promote an interventionist foreign policy and democracy or American interests abroad. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into

11135-542: The election. In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included Robert M. La Follette , Charles Evans Hughes , Hiram Johnson , William Borah , George W. Norris , William Allen White , Victor Murdock , Clyde M. Reed and Fiorello La Guardia . In the 1964 Republican primaries, the John Birch Society (JBS) helped to secure Barry Goldwater ’s Republican presidential nomination, defeating Nelson Rockefeller. Original members believed

11266-671: The emergency declaration. Although some states had already ended emergency SNAP benefits enacted during the pandemic, the USDA announced that emergency allotments for the remaining 32 states, the District of Columbia , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands would end after the February 2023 distribution. Leaders of some anti-hunger organizations believed that the end of the $ 95-per-month additional benefit would strain local food pantries and food banks. South Carolina , which ended emergency food grants after

11397-449: The estimated number of American deaths from the Spanish flu in 1918. As a result, COVID-19 became the deadliest respiratory pandemic in recent American history. The Associated Press called the new numbers a "colossal tragedy" because, despite a century of advances in science, the country failed to take full advantage of vaccines. On October 1, the U.S. passed 700,000 deaths. On October 18,

11528-475: The event were Newsweek opinion editor Josh Hammer , Peter Brimelow , an anti-immigrant activist whose VDARE website publishes the work of white nationalists , and members of the Freedom Party of Austria and Alternative for Germany , two extreme-right European parties with an authoritarian heritage. On July 31, 2023, the club endorsed Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele 's re-election campaign ahead of

11659-447: The first few days [of January], which doesn't sound like a lot, but our community is very small," Henderson said. "The last couple of weeks, we have seen single digits every day. I certainly won't speak for other counties, but I think we're probably heading in that direction where if they're not closing down, they're decreasing hours and staff." On April 18, 2022, the federal transportation mask mandate, which had been extended to May 3 by

11790-401: The following days, more cases of the variant were reported in other states, leading former CDC director Tom Frieden to express his concerns that the U.S. will soon face "close to a worst-case scenario". It was believed the variant had been present in the U.S. since October. On January 19, the U.S. passed 400,000 deaths, just five weeks after the country passed 300,000 deaths. On January 22,

11921-467: The goals of controlling corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources. After splitting with his successor, William Howard Taft , in the aftermath of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy , Roosevelt sought to block Taft's re-election, first by challenging him for the 1912 Republican presidential nomination , and then when that failed, by entering the 1912 presidential contest as

12052-578: The group in 1951 and (after Eisenhower's win in 1952, became president of the group). During his presidency of the group, Lindsay was involved in an acrimonious internal battle between a faction led by Charles Miller Metzner (to whom Lindsay belonged) and a rival faction led by F. Clifton White and William A. Rusher . In 1964, the New York Times described the club as "not a large one" but "old and influential in Young Republican affairs." That year,

12183-571: The healthcare system, stopping other travel, and testing . The first known American deaths occurred in February and in late February President Donald Trump proposed allocating $ 2.5 billion to fight the outbreak. Instead, Congress approved $ 8.3 billion with only Senator Rand Paul and two House representatives ( Andy Biggs and Ken Buck ) voting against, and Trump signed the bill, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 , on March 6. Trump declared

12314-529: The issue of school vouchers , conservative Republicans split between supporters who believe that " big government education" is a failure and opponents who fear greater government control over private and church schools. Parts of the conservative wing have been criticized for being anti-environmentalist and promoting climate change denial in opposition to the general scientific consensus , making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties. Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following

12445-977: The late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney during the 2000s, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush-Cheney administration included John Bolton , Paul Wolfowitz , Elliott Abrams , Richard Perle , and Paul Bremer . During and after Donald Trump's presidency , neoconservatism has declined and non-interventionism and right-wing populism has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders. However, after Trump took office, some neoconservatives joined his administration, such as John Bolton , Mike Pompeo , Elliott Abrams and Nadia Schadlow . Neoconservatives' role remains key in foreign policy issues. The Hudson Institute has been described as neoconservative, whose researchers and foreign policy experts have played

12576-532: The machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms. The Radical Republicans were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877. The Radicals strongly opposed slavery , were hard-line abolitionists , and later advocated equal rights for the freedmen and women. They were often at odds with the moderate and conservative factions of

12707-547: The mandate. The CDC was criticized for the confusion resulting from the announcement, as it did not remove existing state and local mandates. The guidance also did not remove the federal mask mandate on public transportation. On June 15, the U.S. passed 600,000 deaths, though the number of daily deaths had decreased due to vaccination efforts. By June, COVID-19 cases rose again, especially in Arkansas, Nevada, Missouri, and Wyoming. The rising numbers were believed to be attributable to

12838-596: The middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited. As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations to stem

12969-450: The months leading up to November, deaths from COVID-19 substantially decreased, attributed to high levels of population immunity (through vaccination or prior infection), and improvements in early treatment for patients at risk for severe disease. The CDC recommended vaccinations, treatments for immunocompromised individuals and to reduce severity of the disease, and continuing to wear masks in public. Nonetheless, Dr. Anthony Fauci stated that

13100-555: The months of January through June 2022 was about 2.4 times the number for the same period in 2021, and the number of COVID-attributed deaths likewise averaged 0.74 times the number in 2021. Nonetheless, as of July 14, only 21 states have active COVID-19 emergency orders in place, and there are no state-level mask requirements still in force. The number of cases for July and August 2022 was 3,672,358 and 3,154,320, respectively, with 11,963 and 15,943 COVID-attributed deaths, respectively. The totals for these two months reflect about 1.6 times

13231-734: The most of any country, and the 17th highest per capita worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks as the deadliest disaster in the country's history . It was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer. From 2019 to 2020, U.S. life expectancy dropped by three years for Hispanic and Latino Americans , 2.9   years for African Americans , and 1.2   years for white Americans . In 2021, U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 rose, and life expectancy fell. Sources: Official reports from state health officials Sources: Official reports from state health officials In November 2019, COVID-19 infections had first broken out in Wuhan , China. China publicly reported

13362-542: The movement's growth. This philosophy is most closely associated with Frank Meyer . Barry Goldwater also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s. Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the Affordable Care Act , and protecting gun rights . On social issues, they favor privacy , oppose the USA Patriot Act , and oppose

13493-505: The movement, Palin scored highest in a 2010 Washington Post poll asking Tea Party organizers "which national figure best represents your groups?". Ron Paul was described in a 2011 Atlantic article as its "intellectual godfather". Both Paul and Palin, although ideologically different in many ways, had a major influence on the emergence of the movement due to their separate 2008 presidential primary and vice presidential general election runs respectively. COVID-19 pandemic in

13624-488: The number of cases and 0.81 times the number of deaths from the same months in 2021. On September 18, 2022, in an appearance on 60 Minutes , president Joe Biden declared his belief that the COVID-19 pandemic was "over" in the United States. This assessment met some debate in the medical community: at the time, the United ;States had roughly 400 deaths from the disease per day, and when extrapolated to 150,000 per year

13755-611: The outbreak in China. Also, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. was publicly reported, though the All of Us study (released in 2021) showed five states already had cases weeks earlier. After other cases were reported, on January 30, the WHO declared a Public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) – its highest level of alarm  – warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment." The same day,

13886-470: The outbreak, but Congress instead approved $ 8.3 billion with only Senator Rand Paul and Representatives Andy Biggs and Ken Buck voting against, and Trump signed the bill on March 6. By March 11, the virus had spread to 110 countries, and the WHO officially declared a pandemic . The CDC had already warned that large numbers of people needing hospital care could overload the healthcare system, which would lead to otherwise preventable deaths. Director of

14017-554: The overall adult population having done so by July 4. On May 6, a study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimated that the true COVID-19 death toll in the U.S. was more than 900,000 people. On May 9, Dr. Fauci confirmed that the U.S. death toll was likely undercounted. On May 13, the CDC changed its guidance and said that fully vaccinated individuals do not need to wear masks in most situations. Some states ended their mask mandates shortly after, while others maintained

14148-399: The pandemic began. On December 14, the U.S. passed 300,000 deaths, representing an average of more than 961 deaths per day since the first known death on February 6. More than 50,000 deaths were reported in the past month, with an average of 2,403 daily deaths occurring in the past week. On December 24, following concerns over a probably more easily transmissible new SARS-CoV-2 variant from

14279-491: The pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died with COVID-19. State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast. A study conducted in May 2020 indicated that the true number of COVID-19 cases in the United States was much higher than the number of confirmed cases with some locations having 6–24 times higher infections, which

14410-456: The party and with the Democrats , and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate. Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists, and to be against free trade , neoconservatism , and environmental protection laws . The Republican Party's Trumpist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with

14541-451: The party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction." A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him. A recent survey concluded that the Republican Party was divided between pro-Trump (the "Trump Boosters," "Die-hard Trumpers," and " Infowars G.O.P." wings) and anti-Trump factions (the " Never Trump " and "Post-Trump G.O.P." wings). Senator John McCain

14672-426: The party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform." A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it. Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at Northeastern University , says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of

14803-520: The party. During the American Civil War , Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as too lenient on the Confederates . After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with Andrew Johnson over Reconstruction policy. After winning major victories in the 1866 congressional elections ,

14934-463: The presidency. However, rather than pursuing Stalwart goals he took up the reformist cause, which curbed the faction's influence. The Half-Breeds were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed

15065-527: The principal speaker was Idaho Senator William Borah . In 1930, the New York Young Republican Club circulated a questionnaire to its members; of the 649 responses, an overwhelming number (424) supported the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment (which prohibited alcohol ), 117 favored modification of the Volstead Act , and only 108 favored enforcement of prohibition. The New York Young Republican Club

15196-522: The program early, exchanging additional benefits for a new permanent program that provides extra money to low-income families to replace school meals during the summer. On April 10, 2023, President Biden signed into law a resolution terminating the national emergency, effective immediately. This national emergency was separate from the public health emergency, which remained in effect until May 11, 2023. A late-summer wave of COVID-19 cases, as reflected by tests at pharmacies and healthcare settings, marked

15327-400: The re-election of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro in the 2022 Brazilian presidential election . When Bolsonaro narrowly lost, the club accused Brazilian left-wing parties of mass voter fraud (without offering any evidence in support of this assertion), claimed that Bolsonaro was the rightful winner, and endorsed a military coup to keep Bolsonaro in power. In December 2022, the club held

15458-551: The recent BA.4 and BA.5 variants and their risks are low, some experts recommend new strategies to develop vaccines with broader effectiveness. In a survey of vaccination booster intake (after completing a primary series), about 15% reported receiving the updated booster. The rates varied racially with 19% among White, non-Hispanic people, about 11% among Hispanic people, and about 7% among non-Hispanic American Indians, Alaska Native people, Black people, and those of multiple races, leading to concerns of vaccination access inequity. In

15589-786: The rise of the Alpha variant , a more easily transmissible variant first detected in the United Kingdom . That was followed by a rise of the Delta variant , an even more infectious mutation first detected in India , leading to increased efforts to ensure safety. The January 2022 emergence of the Omicron variant , which was first discovered in South Africa , led to record highs in hospitalizations and cases in early 2022, with as many as 1.5 million new infections reported in

15720-463: The spread of the virus. By March 26, The New York Times data showed the United States to have the highest number of known cases of any country. By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases. On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry. On April 11,

15851-615: The state after a Trump rally in Beltrami County, Minnesota . One case was traced to a Joe Biden rally in Duluth, Minnesota . On November 9, President-elect Biden's transition team announced his COVID-19 Advisory Board . On the same day, the total number of cases had surpassed ten million while the total had risen by over a million in the ten days prior, averaging 102,300 new cases per day. Pfizer also announced that its COVID-19 vaccine may be up to ninety percent effective. In November,

15982-460: The teachings of Christianity to influence law and public policy. In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of evangelical Protestants and conservative Roman Catholics , as well as a large number of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) . The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s and has been especially influential since

16113-458: The two domains of ideology within social conservatism. Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce Christian values , and overturn the separation of church and state . Libertarians make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party. In the 1950s and 60s, fusionism —the combination of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism —was essential to

16244-565: The virus from a ski trip, Garfield was able to return to the slopes, although with some fingers and toes amputated. In February, Vice President Mike Pence took over for HHS Secretary Alex Azar as chair of the White House Coronavirus Task Force , with Trump saying, "We are very, very ready for this, for anything, whether it's going to be a breakout of larger proportions, or whether we're at that very low level." In late February Trump proposed allocating $ 2.5 billion to fight

16375-431: Was a sharp increase in reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans . Clusters of infections and deaths occurred in many areas. The COVID-19 pandemic also saw the emergence of misinformation and conspiracy theories , and highlighted weaknesses in the U.S. public health system. In the United States, there have been 103,436,829 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 1,207,479 confirmed deaths,

16506-495: Was an early leading critic of Trumpism within the Republican Party, refusing to support the then-Republican presidential nominee in the 2016 presidential election . Several critics of the Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives , which was perceived as retaliation for her criticism of Trump; in 2022, she

16637-532: Was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger. Representative Adam Kinzinger decided to retire at the end of his term, while Murkowski faced a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022 against Kelly Tshibaka whom she defeated. A primary challenge to Romney had been suggested by Jason Chaffetz , who has criticized his opponents within the Republican Party as "Trump haters". Romney chose not to run for re-election in 2024 . Representative Anthony Gonzalez , one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Trump over

16768-522: Was further confirmed by a later population-wide serosurvey. On July 6, the United States Department of State announced the country's withdrawal from WHO effective July 6, 2021. On July 10, the CDC adopted the Infection Fatality Ratio (IFR), "the number of individuals who die of the disease among all infected individuals (symptomatic and asymptomatic)", as a new metric for disease severity. In July, US PIRG and 150 health professionals sent

16899-438: Was held from April 24–30, with mayors and other political officials declaring the week of remembrance in their respective jurisdictions as part of a national movement led by a collection of COVID advocacy groups. According to data compiled by NBC News, the U.S. death toll reached 1 million on May 4, 2022, the largest-recorded death toll in any single country, followed by Brazil, with about 660,000 deaths. The White House confirmed

17030-659: Was reported by CNN that COVID-19 numbers reached pandemic lows across the US, resulting in many testing sites closing their doors. With testing sites seeing as low as single digits per day, Director of Public Health Services Division of the Haywood County Health and Human Services Agency in North Carolina Sarah Henderson suggested that she expected most counties to see closures soon, if they had not already. "We were seeing an excess of 100 patients at our testing site in

17161-417: Was significant to the political network of Governor Thomas Dewey . Club members were important parts of Dewey's campaigns for governor and president, and in 1952 and 1956, Dewey used the club to promote the presidential campaigns of Dwight D. Eisenhower . In the 1950s, John V. Lindsay , later mayor of New York City , joined the organization, which was an all-male group at the time. He became vice president of

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