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72-455: Defunct The Henry Jackson Society ( HJS ) is a trans-Atlantic foreign policy and national security think tank , based in the United Kingdom. While describing itself as non-partisan , its outlook has been described variously as right-wing , neoliberal , and neoconservative . The Society identifies itself with a "forward strategy" to spread democracy and liberal values globally. It

144-551: A detente with the Soviet Union. Jackson was widely respected by Republicans, and thus served as a symbol of bipartisanship . Republicans like Paul Wolfowitz prefer to call themselves a "Jackson Republican" as a substitute for the term neoconservative . It organises meetings with speakers in the House of Commons . By 2017, the society was described as promoting interventionist foreign policy to protect democracy and human rights. In 2006,

216-600: A prominent critique of the British policy in Bosnia. Michael Gove had written pro-Israel documents, arguing Israel was legitimate to seize Arab territory. Gove also did not believe that the UK needed UN approval to invade Iraq , given the UK is a democracy while the UNSC gives the veto to non-democratic countries. The Society has produced a breadth of research reports and papers, with a recent focus on

288-521: A report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay . The report severely criticised the FCO's management structure, noting: The Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had already implemented

360-489: A report on UK connections to Islamist terrorism. In 2009 the Society became the secretariat of two all-party parliamentary groups (APPGs), for Transatlantic and International Security, chaired by Gisela Stuart , and for Homeland Security, chaired by Bernard Jenkin . A transparency requirement upon non-profit organisations acting as secretariat at that time was that they must reveal any corporate donors who gave £5,000 or more to

432-482: A review of the FCO's strategic priorities. One of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, there was agreement that it needed a new framework to drive its work forward. The new strategic framework consists of three core elements: In August 2005,

504-514: Is a registered charity in England and Wales and receives financial backing from private donations and grant-making organisations which support its work. The income of the Society increased significantly from 2009 to 2014, from £98,000 to £1.6 million per year. It is reported that Edward Atkin , the retired baby care entrepreneur, made donations through his charity totalling £375,000 between 2011 and 2013. The philanthropist Stanley Kalms has given

576-471: Is a belief in the necessity of cooperation between North America and Europe . The term can imply a belief that the bilateral relationship between Europe and the United States is important above all others, including intra-European cooperation, especially when it comes to security issues. The term can also be used "as a shorthand for the transatlantic security architecture." Supranational integration of

648-515: Is complex, and they are not seen in direct opposition to one another by many commentators. Internationalism is the foreign policy belief combining both Atlanticism and continentalism. Prior to the World Wars, western European countries were generally preoccupied with continental concerns and creating colonial empires in Africa and Asia, and not relations with North America. Likewise, the United States

720-583: Is currently focused primarily on supporting global democracy in the face of threats from China and Russia. The Society is also known for its reports related to Islamic and far-right extremism . The Society is named after the US Senator and leading Democrat , Henry M. Jackson . American political journalist, Michael Allen , described the society as "a non-partisan group that convenes transatlantic center-left, center-right and independent figures committed to Jackson's legacy of 'democratic geopolitics.'" The Society

792-639: Is responsible for representing and promoting British interests worldwide. The head of the FCDO is the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs , commonly abbreviated to "foreign secretary". This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the Cabinet – the Great Offices of State – alongside those of Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary . David Lammy

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864-637: Is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom . The office was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for International Development (DFID). The FCO was itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office (FO) and the Commonwealth Office . The department in its various forms

936-1450: Is the premier, governmental forum for discussion and decision-making in an Atlanticist context. Other organizations that can be considered Atlanticist in origin: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are also considered Atlanticist. Under a tacit agreement, the former is led by an American and the latter European. Well-known Atlanticists include former U.S. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry Truman , and Ronald Reagan ; U.K. Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair , and Gordon Brown ; former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson ; former Assistant Secretary of War and perennial presidential advisor John J. McCloy ; former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski ; former NATO Secretaries-General Javier Solana and Joseph Luns ; and Council on Foreign Relations co-founder Paul D. Cravath . Foreign and Commonwealth Office King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office ( FCDO )

1008-468: Is to support efforts to achieve a two-state solution . Funding a particular project for a limited period of time does not mean that we endorse every single action or public comment made by an NGO or by its employees." In September 2012, the FCO and the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs signed a Memorandum of Understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies,

1080-788: The Biden administration began, top officials of the European Union expressed optimism about the Atlantic relationship. Following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , journalists noted that the Russian aggression led to a united political response from the European Union, making the defensive relevance of the Atlantic alliance more widely known, and increasing the popularity of NATO accession in countries like Sweden and Finland. Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023 and Sweden on 7 March 2024. Atlanticism

1152-621: The Colonial Office , from 1966 to 1968 by the Commonwealth Office , from 1968 to 2020 by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , and since 2020 by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (this did not include protectorates , which fell under the purview of the Foreign Office , or to British India , which had been administered by the East India Company until 1858, and thereafter by

1224-727: The First World War , the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department . During the early Cold War an important department was the Information Research Department (IRD) which was used to create propaganda against socialist and anti-colonial movements. The Foreign Office hired its first woman diplomat, Monica Milne , in 1946. The FCO

1296-523: The India Office ). This arrangement has been subject to criticism in the UK and in the overseas territories. For example, the chief minister of Anguilla , Victor Banks , said: "We are not foreign; neither are we members of the Commonwealth , so we should have a different interface with the UK that is based on mutual respect". There have been numerous suggestions on ways to improve the relationship between

1368-602: The League of Nations 's and especially Article X 's open-ended commitments; however, US President Woodrow Wilson never seriously explored their offer, instead preferring to focus on his (ultimately unsuccessful) fight to secure US entry into the League of Nations. The experience of having American and Canadian troops fighting with British, French, and other Europeans in Europe during the World Wars fundamentally changed this situation. Though

1440-470: The Soviet Union , or in a more expansive way to imply broader cooperation, perceived deeply shared values, a merging of diplomatic cultures, as well as a sense of community and some degree of integration between North America and Europe. In practice, the philosophy of Atlanticism encourages active North American, particularly American, engagement in Europe and close cooperation between states on both sides of

1512-555: The political right in Europe. Atlanticism often implies an affinity for U.S. political or social culture, or affinity for Europe in North America, as well as the historical bonds between the two continents. There is some tension between Atlanticism and continentalism on both sides of the Atlantic, with some people emphasising increased regional cooperation or integration over trans-Atlantic cooperation. The relationship between Atlanticism and North American or European integrations

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1584-631: The progressive values of an open society that unite them under multiculturalism . Atlanticism varies in strength from region to region and from country to country based on a variety of historical and cultural factors. It is often considered to be particularly strong in Eastern Europe , Central Europe , Ireland and the United Kingdom (linked to the Special Relationship ). Politically, it has tended to be associated most heavily and enthusiastically but not exclusively with classical liberals or

1656-402: The 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times newspaper and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources. Examples of journalists who specialized in foreign affairs and were well connected to politicians included: Henry Southern , Valentine Chirol , Harold Nicolson, and Robert Bruce Lockhart . During

1728-581: The 21st century in light of terrorism and the Iraq War , the net effect being a renewed questioning of the idea itself and a new insight that the security of the respective countries may require alliance action outside the North Atlantic territory. After the September 11, 2001, attacks , NATO for the first time invoked Article 5 , which states that any attack on a member state will be considered an attack against

1800-716: The Atlantic alliance's importance during the Trump administration , indirectly opposing Trump in the matter. During the Trump years, tensions rose within NATO, as a result of democratic backsliding in Hungary and Turkey , and Trump's comments against NATO members and the alliance. Robert Kagan echoed common criticisms that Trump undermined the alliance. Despite this, NATO gained two new member countries ( Montenegro and North Macedonia ) during that time. The importance of NATO in Europe increased due to

1872-488: The Atlantic region into two rival trade blocs . However, many political actors and commentators do not see the two processes as being necessarily opposed to one another, in fact some commentators believe regional integration can reinforce Atlanticism. Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty, added by Canada , also attempted to bind the nations together on economic and political fronts. The North Atlantic Council

1944-628: The Colonial Office in 1925. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for international development issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997. The National Archives website contains a government timeline to show the departments responsible for foreign affairs from 1945. From 1997, international development became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development . When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, he set in hand

2016-672: The FCDO are scrutinised by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . According to the FCDO website, the department's key responsibilities (as of 2020) are as follows: In addition to the above responsibilities, the FCDO is responsible for the British Overseas Territories , which had previously been administered from 1782 to 1801 by the Home Office , from 1801 to 1854 by the War and Colonial Office , from 1854 to 1966 by

2088-654: The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, that we improve our collective ability to prevent terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting digital platforms. Dr Nafeez Ahmed, executive director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, criticised the group for hawkishly advocating for regime changes and war-mongering in the Middle East and "hyping up US homeland terror". He wrote in The Guardian that

2160-401: The North Atlantic area had emerged as a focus of thinking among intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic already in the late 19th century. Although it was not known as Atlanticism at the time (the term was coined in 1950), they developed an approach coupling soft and hard power which would to some extent integrate the two sides of the Atlantic. The idea of an attractive "nucleus" union was

2232-650: The Society worked to raise the profile of the Ahwazi Arabs of Iran , who it claimed were being oppressed by the Iranian government. In 2011, HJS merged with the Centre for Social Cohesion (CSC), a think tank deemed by some to have anti-Muslim views. Douglas Murray also joined HJS in 2011. Both the merger and Murray's views were opposed by some HJS members like Marko Attila Hoare . Hoare left HJS in 2012, over, what he called, Murray's anti-Muslim and anti-immigration views. After

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2304-535: The Society £100,000. Nina Rosenwald , an activist who supported Henry M. Jackson 's Democratic Party campaigns in the 1970s, donated US$ 10,000 through American Friends of the Henry Jackson Society. In July 2014 Lynn Forester de Rothschild claimed that she had financed the Caring Capitalism summit and that the Society and its executive director Alan Mendoza were holding £137,000 of "surplus funds" from

2376-448: The Society's list of international patrons was like reading a list of 'Who's Who' of American right-wing hawks, and alleged that the think tank was behind Tory foreign policy that serves Anglo-American financial, security and fossil fuel interests in the Arab world. The Henry Jackson Society first articulated its statement of principles on 11 March 2005, two years after the Iraq War . Some of

2448-624: The Society. According to a report by the Cordoba Foundation in 2015, "right-wing politics is apparent not only in the ideas that the Henry Jackson Society promotes, but also emerges distinctly on examination of its funders". The Muslim Council of Britain criticised the Society in 2017 for making "oblique references to the usual slurs levelled at Muslims: that Muslims do not integrate, are not part and parcel of British society, and are therefore likely to be terrorists". Co-founder Matthew Jamison, who now works for YouGov , wrote in 2017 that he

2520-498: The U.S. (and to some extent Canada) adopted a more isolationist position between the wars, by the time of the Normandy landings the Allies were well integrated on all policies. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 declared by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill established the goals of the Allies for the post-war world, and was later adopted by all

2592-416: The U.S. As a result, the relationship lost much of its strategic importance. However, the new democracies of the former Warsaw Pact , and parts of the fragments of the fractured Yugoslavia , took a different view, eagerly embracing Atlanticism, as a bulwark against their continued fear of the Soviet Union's key now-separate great power fragment: Russia . Atlanticism has undergone significant changes in

2664-450: The UK (1998–2015) , which profiled every individual convicted under terrorism legislation in the UK between those dates with an Islamist connection. In June 2020, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the UK's Department for International Development would be merged into the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The plan had first been proposed in a report published by the Henry Jackson Society in 2019, for which Johnson had authored

2736-543: The UN and other multinational organizations that allowed membership to non-"modern liberal democratic" countries. The HJS believed that if EU was to operate militarily, it should be within NATO, as that would allow the US a veto, something a purely EU force would not. Among the HJS' early members and supporters were Brendan Simms and Conservative MPs Michael Gove and Ed Vaizey . Simms had written

2808-755: The United States had diverged to such a degree that their alliance was no longer relevant. Later, in 2018, Kagan said that "we actually need the United States to be working actively to support and strengthen Europe". The importance of NATO was reaffirmed during Barack Obama 's administration , though some called him relatively non-Atlanticist compared to predecessors. As part of the Obama Doctrine , Washington supported multilateralism with allies in Europe. Obama also enforced sanctions on Russia with European (and Pacific) allies after Russia's first invasion of Ukraine in Crimea . After his presidency, Obama also stressed

2880-599: The United States. Cravath had become devoted to international affairs during the war, and was later a co-founder and director of the Council on Foreign Relations . In the aftermath of World War I, while the US Senate was discussing whether or not to ratify the Treaty of Versailles (it ultimately did not), some Congressional Republicans expressed their support for a legally binding US alliance with Britain and France as an alternative to

2952-695: The Western allies. Following the Second World War, the Western European countries were anxious to convince the U.S. to remain engaged in European affairs to deter any possible aggression by the Soviet Union. This led to the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty which established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the main institutional consequence of Atlanticism, which binds all members to defend

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3024-599: The blessing of a same-sex marriage . In 2012, the Foreign Office was criticised by Gerald Steinberg of the Jerusalem-based research institute NGO Monitor , saying that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development provided more than £500,000 in funding to Palestinian NGOs which he said "promote political attacks on Israel". In response, a spokesman for the Foreign Office said "we are very careful about who and what we fund. The objective of our funding

3096-499: The conference that should be returned to the couple's investment company EL Rothschild, and so moved to civil proceedings. In 2017, the Society was accused of running an anti-China propaganda campaign after the Japanese embassy gave them a monthly fee of £10,000. The campaign was said to be aimed at planting Japan's concerns about China in British newspapers. The UK Home Office paid the Society over £83,000 between 2015 and 2017 to produce

3168-457: The continuing threat of the Russian military and intelligence apparatus and the uncertainty of Russian actions in former Soviet Union countries, and various threats in the Middle East. German-Russian economic relations became an issue in the Atlantic relationship due to Nord Stream 2 , among other disagreements such as trade disputes between the United States and the European Union . As

3240-566: The discrepancy between jail terms in the UK for Islamic extremists and far-right offenders. The Director of the Centre on Radicalisation and Terrorism found that Islamist extremists are sentenced to "an average 73.4 months compared with 24.5 months for far-right offenders, despite the government's ambition to treat both strains of extremism in the same way". The think tank has been described by The Herald as having right-wing and neoconservative leanings, though it positions itself as non-partisan. It

3312-466: The entire group of members. Planes of NATO's multi-national AWACS unit patrolled the U.S. skies and European countries deployed personnel and equipment. However, the Iraq War caused fissures within NATO and the sharp difference of opinion between the U.S.-led backers of the invasion and opponents strained the alliance. Some commentators, such as Robert Kagan and Ivo Daalder questioned whether Europe and

3384-451: The foreword. The Henry Jackson Society was founded on the belief that Britain needed to take a more active and assertive role on the world stage. It was critical of the Clinton administration for, in HJS' view, not using its military and economic power to change the behavior of others. As the HJS believed that "only modern liberal democratic states are truly legitimate", the HJS was critical of

3456-558: The greatest soft power element; the empirical fact of the hegemonic global strength such a union would hold was the hard power element. This approach was eventually implemented to a certain degree in the form of NATO, the G7 grouping and other Atlanticist institutions. In the long debate between Atlanticism and its critics in the 20th century, the main argument was whether deep and formal Atlantic integration would serve to attract those still outside to seek to join, as Atlanticists argued, or alienate

3528-415: The impact of COVID-19 on civil liberties, critiques of far-right extremism in western democracies and the possible legal response to China's COVID-19 culpability. Other areas of research include Islamic extremism and Islamist terrorism, crackdowns on human rights and democracy, and various facets of foreign policy and defence. Its current workstreams include: Recent projects by the think tank include studying

3600-410: The joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticised for further diminishing the UK's influence in Europe. In 2011, the then Foreign Secretary, William Hague , announced the government's intention to open a number of new diplomatic posts in order to enhance the UK's overseas network. As such, eight new embassies and six new consulates were opened around

3672-568: The latter, citing the Warsaw Pact as the proof of their views and treating it as the inevitable realpolitik counterpart of NATO. Broadly speaking, Atlanticism is particularly strong in the United Kingdom (linked to the Special Relationship ) and eastern and central Europe (i.e. the area between Germany and Russia). There are numerous reasons for its strength in Eastern Europe: primarily

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3744-467: The major Western European powers. Some commentators see countries such as Poland and the United Kingdom among those who generally hold strong Atlanticist views, while seeing countries such as Germany and France tending to promote continental views and a strong European Union . In the early 21st century, Atlanticism has tended to be slightly stronger on the political right in Europe (although many variations do exist from country to country), but on

3816-516: The merger, individuals who had donated to the CSC, became a significant source of income for the HJS. In 2013, the president of HJS submitted to the UK Parliament that Britain should consider militarily intervening in conflicts early (as opposed to "last resort") and that intervention "is what we do and who we are". In 2014, when far right news outlet Breitbart expanded into the UK, its managing editor

3888-400: The ocean. Atlanticism manifested itself most strongly during the Second World War and in its aftermath, the Cold War , through the establishment of various Euro-Atlantic institutions, most importantly NATO and the Marshall Plan , with the purpose being to maintain or increase the security and prosperity of the participating countries during the Cold War and protect liberal democracy and

3960-427: The organisation. In 2014, following a query, the Society refused to disclose this information and resigned its position, so as to comply with the rules. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards , Kathryn Hudson , upheld a complaint against these APPGs, but noted that the Society had already resigned, and its non-provision of secretariat services therefore "appears to have taken effect" as the rules intended. The case

4032-465: The others, and led to the long-term garrisoning of American and Canadian troops in Western Europe. After the end of the Cold War , the relationship between the United States and Europe changed fundamentally, and made the sides less interested in each other. Without the threat of the Soviet Union dominating Europe, the continent became much less of a military priority for the U.S., and likewise, Europe no longer felt as much need for military protection from

4104-422: The overseas territories and the UK. Suggestions have included setting up a dedicated department to handle relations with the overseas territories, and the absorption of the Overseas Territories Directorate (OTD) in the Cabinet Office , thus affording the overseas territories with better connections to the centre of government. The FCDO ministers are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold: The Foreign Office

4176-430: The political center-left in the United States. The partisan division should not be overstated, but it exists and has grown since the end of the Cold War. While trans-Atlantic trade and political ties have remained mostly strong throughout the Cold War and beyond, the larger trend has been continentalist economic integration with the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Agreement notably dividing

4248-438: The report's recommendations. In 2009, Gordon Brown created the position of Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) to the FCO. The first science adviser was David Clary . On 25 April 2010, the department apologised after The Sunday Telegraph obtained a "foolish" document calling for the upcoming September visit of Pope Benedict XVI to be marked by the launch of "Benedict-branded" condoms , the opening of an abortion clinic and

4320-407: The rest of the world and drive them into opposite alliances. The Atlanticist perspective that informed the scheme of relations between the United States and the Western European countries after the end of World War Two was informed by political expedience and a strong civilizational bond. Realists , neutralists , and pacifists , nationalists and internationalists tended to believe it would do

4392-412: The role of the United States in bringing political freedom there after the First World War ( Wilson's Fourteen Points ), the major role of the U.S. during the Cold War (culminating in the geopolitical defeat of the Soviet empire and its withdrawal from the region), its relative enthusiasm for bringing the countries of the region into Atlanticist institutions such as NATO, and a suspicion of the intentions of

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4464-476: The similarly named Egyptian station, Huda TV, which it accused of a "radical agenda" and hosting Islamic extremist content. Facebook has partnered with the Society and spoken about it publicly. Their spokesperson has said: Our work with groups like the Henry Jackson Society is critical to helping the industry understand and make progress on these important issues. It is through collaborations like these and with governments, academics, and others companies, through

4536-404: The statement of principles were later modified. Both the original and modified versions are given below. According to the Henry Jackson Society, initial signatories of the statement of principles included: International patrons included Richard Perle , William Kristol , former CIA Director R. James Woolsey Jr. , and former Lithuanian leader Vytautas Landsbergis . The Henry Jackson Society

4608-488: Was Henry Jackson Society member Raheem Kassam . In 2015, American politician Bobby Jindal spoke at an HJS event alleging that Muslims had established " no-go zones " where they enforce Sharia. (See Bobby_Jindal#No-go_zones for further information) Having been founded at the University of Cambridge , the organisation was later moved to London . In 2017, Hannah Stuart, one of the Society's Research Fellows, released Islamist Terrorism: Analysis of Offences and Attacks in

4680-399: Was appointed Foreign Secretary on 5th July 2024 following the 2024 general election . The FCDO is managed day-to-day by a civil servant , the permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs , who also acts as the Head of His Majesty's Diplomatic Service . Sir Philip Barton took office as permanent under-secretary on 2 September 2020. The expenditure, administration and policy of

4752-429: Was ashamed of his involvement, having never imagined the Henry Jackson Society "would become a far-right, deeply anti- Muslim racist ... propaganda outfit to smear other cultures, religions and ethnic groups". He claimed that "The HJS for many years has relentlessly demonised Muslims and Islam". In 2020, the Society paid damages to the UK Muslim educational channel Huda Television Ltd, having confused it in 2018 with

4824-403: Was busy with domestic issues and interventions in Latin America, but had little interest in European affairs, and Canada, despite gaining self-governing dominion status through Confederation in 1867, had yet to exercise full foreign policy independence as a part of the British Empire . Following World War I , New York lawyer Paul D. Cravath was a noted leader in establishing Atlanticism in

4896-430: Was closed with no further action taken, and the APPGs themselves dissolved with the dissolution of Parliament in March 2015. The APPG Rules were subsequently changed so that only non-profit organisations providing services to APPGs of more than £12,500 in value need to declare corporate donors. Atlanticism The term can be used in a more specific way to refer to support for North Atlantic military alliances against

4968-399: Was described in the Australian Financial Review as neoliberal . Think-tank discussions on the Middle East and Islam have led to some media organisations criticising the Society for a perceived anti-Muslim agenda. Marko Attila Hoare, a former senior member, cited related reasons for leaving the think tank and Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy was urged, in 2015, to sever his links with

5040-408: Was formed in March 1782 by combining the Southern and Northern Departments of the Secretary of State, each of which covered both foreign and domestic affairs in their parts of the Kingdom. The two departments' foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office. The Home Office is technically the senior. During

5112-420: Was formed on 17 October 1968, from the merger of the short-lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office . The Commonwealth Office had been created only in 1966, by the merger of the Commonwealth Relations Office and the Colonial Office , the Commonwealth Relations Office having been formed by the merger of the Dominions Office and the India Office in 1947—with the Dominions Office having been split from

5184-429: Was founded on 11 March 2005 by academics and students at Cambridge, including Brendan Simms , Alan Mendoza, Gideon Mailer, James Rogers and Matthew Jamison. It was named after Henry M. Jackson , an American senator ( Democratic party ) who tried to run in the 1976 United States presidential election . Jackson supported "New Deal" type politics at home and advocated for a strong anti-communist policy abroad . He opposed

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