125-566: The New York Yacht Club Building is a seven-story Beaux-Arts clubhouse at 37 West 44th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Opened in 1901, the building was designed by architect Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore as the sixth clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club (NYYC). The clubhouse is part of Clubhouse Row, a concentration of clubhouses on 44th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues . The building
250-468: A light court in the center, as well as windows to the north and south. As built, there were 18 bedrooms on the fifth through seventh floors, within the mansard roof. The fifth story also contains a club room with French doors on its south wall, which open onto a balcony facing 44th Street. The balcony was originally paved in red stone and was covered with green trellises. The top floor was used as servants' quarters. A grand staircase of Caen stone leads from
375-441: A brick facade above. The brick section of the facade, corresponding to the clubhouse's bedrooms, is set back from the street, and it would not have been visible from the opposite sidewalk. This was to reduce the cost of construction, since brick was less expensive than limestone. As constructed, the first four stories extend to the lot line along 44th Street, while the mansard roof is set back approximately 15 feet (4.6 m) from
500-527: A chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from
625-529: A civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station , Detroit's Michigan Central Station , Jacksonville's Union Terminal , Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in
750-569: A depth of 100.42 ft (31 m). The site, which is the clubhouse for the New York Yacht Club (NYYC), is landlocked. On the same block, the Algonquin , Iroquois , and Sofitel New York hotels are to the west, while the Harvard Club of New York City building is to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Belasco Theatre to the west; Americas Tower to the northwest; 1166 Avenue of
875-531: A few of these buildings remained by the end of the 20th century. The architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore designed the New York Yacht Club Building, which was completed in 1901. The club was known for the America's Cup yachting trophy, which it held from 1857 to 1983 . The building is designed in a Beaux-Arts style, though characterized by contemporary newspapers as being "modern Renaissance of
1000-515: A harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum
1125-513: A legal dispute over the city-landmark status. The club's lawyer had claimed that the building had "no historical significance" and that it should not have been designated just because the clubhouse contained the America's Cup, "the ugliest sporting trophy in the world". The NYYC subsequently lost the 1983 America's Cup to the Royal Perth Yacht Club , and the America's Cup trophy, which had been
1250-578: A longtime fixture of the clubhouse, was removed from the model room. During this decade, the Yacht Racing Association of Long Island Sound also had offices on the sixth floor of the clubhouse. By then, the NYYC no longer had a dock in New York City. The club began renovating the building's interior in 1985, restoring chandeliers and other architectural details to their original condition. The building
1375-452: A model of the proposed 44th Street clubhouse at the NYYC's Madison Avenue headquarters in early 1899. The NYYC acquired the title to its new clubhouse from Morgan that November. The New-York Tribune reported in September 1900 that the New York Yacht Club Building "lacked one story" and was nearly completed. By the following month, the members had subscribed $ 113,000 toward the construction of
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#17328517715301500-477: A model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s. Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s. The Yale Club of New York City The Yale Club of New York City , commonly called The Yale Club ,
1625-451: A restoration of the pergola at a projected cost of $ 35,000. The pergola was rebuilt entirely for aesthetic purposes, as the rooftop terrace under the original pergola was not rebuilt. These renovations were conducted in advance of the club's 150th anniversary. In the 1990s, the NYYC sold 280,000 square feet (26,000 m) of the site's unused air rights to the developers of the Sofitel, which
1750-462: A ship's tweendecks . Unstained-oak benches, medieval-styled iron lamps on the ceiling, and clusters of electric lamps on the walls all further contributed to the ship-like ambiance of the grill room. There was a large fireplace on one wall, which was surrounded by a mantel with an oval panel. The grill room's "stern" faced south toward 44th Street and contained a relic of the Gimcrack , the ship on which
1875-483: A strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes , clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" ( architecture parlante ) in which
2000-496: A swimming pool, and a barber shop, among other amenities. The heart of the clubhouse is the main lounge, a large room with a high, ornate ceiling and large columns and walls lined with fireplaces and portraits of the five Yale-educated United States presidents , all of whom are or were members of the Yale Club: William Howard Taft , Gerald R. Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . Outside
2125-433: A thousand ship models . A private library/chartroom, dining rooms, and offices occupy the fourth story, and there are bedrooms on the remaining floors. The NYYC, founded in 1844, was known for holding the America's Cup yachting trophy for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. By the 1890s, overcrowding at the club's previous headquarters prompted the NYYC to consider developing a new clubhouse. J. P. Morgan bought land for
2250-555: A variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts , and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on
2375-473: A women's restroom. The NYYC sold off 35 West 44th Street in 1945, but it continued to operate out of 37 West 44th Street. After World War II, the cafe became a trophy room, and the billiards room became a bar when the clubhouse's original bar was converted to mailboxes. In 1955, the club filed alteration plans with the New York City Department of Buildings . At some point during the mid-20th century,
2500-466: Is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark . Many of the facade and interior decorations carry a maritime theme. The building's ornately decorated facade, on 44th Street, is clad with stone on its first four stories and is asymmetrically divided into four bays . The easternmost bay contains the entrance, while
2625-493: Is a private club in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Its membership is restricted almost entirely to alumni and faculty of Yale University . The Yale Club has a worldwide membership of over 11,000. The 22-story clubhouse at 50 Vanderbilt Avenue, opened in 1915, was the world's largest clubhouse upon its completion and is still the largest college clubhouse ever built. The club is located at 50 Vanderbilt Avenue , at
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#17328517715302750-507: Is a double-height space, which from the outset was intended as the clubhouse's most important room. Sources disagree on the exact dimensions, but the room measures approximately 45 feet (14 m) wide and 100 feet (30 m) deep. The space is illuminated by the large windows on 44th Street. It is decorated in gold, green, and maroon. The room houses the NYYC's collection of ship models ; in 2001, there were 150 full models and about 1,200 half-models. According to Town & Country , "some of
2875-481: Is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic ), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches , that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași ,
3000-463: Is no industrial restlessness in Whitney Warren's remarkable building on West 44th Street. Here, all that moves is the imaginary bow wave under a favorite model and, if one looks at the fireplace long enough, the occasional sway of the seaweed." Rousmaniere said in 2001: "It seems strange that an elite club, and that's what they were, was so open. But [the club] wanted you to look in." Robert Mackay, of
3125-599: Is the highest story that is visible from the street. It contains a library and chartroom facing 44th Street, which collectively span the facade. The library and chartroom occupy the front section of the building, and the spaces measure either 35 by 75 feet (11 by 23 m) or 40 by 70 feet (12 by 21 m). The library itself measures 32 by 46 feet (9.8 by 14.0 m), and the chartroom measures 34 by 28 feet (10.4 by 8.5 m). The library featured rare old prints, lithographs, photographs, watercolors, and other objects relating to yachting. It could fit thousands of volumes; in 2001,
3250-399: Is the only remaining Tiffany glass skylight in New York City that has not been relocated. It contains decorations of stars and is flanked by a pair of white panels. Three large chandeliers are suspended from the ceiling. The club's card room is at the same level as the model room's balcony. The card room contains dark-red burlap walls, upon which numerous portraits are hung. The fourth story
3375-400: Is very pleasant fooling, but scarcely anything more." Architectural Review particularly criticized the space as having a "riot of swags and spinach, icicles and exotic vegetation". The clubhouse continued to receive critical acclaim long after its completion. Upon the NYYC's 70th anniversary in 1914, The New York Times wrote that the 44th Street clubhouse was "one of the finest buildings of
3500-624: The École des Beaux-Arts , are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White , which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings. From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as
3625-710: The Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault . Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the Petit Palais , Girault
3750-626: The East Coast of the United States , including a particularly elaborate station in Newport, Rhode Island . In October 1897, the NYYC's board voted to establish a five-person committee to select a site and raise money for a new clubhouse in New York City. The committee first convened in January 1898, even as the NYYC's members debated constructing the proposed clubhouse outside city limits. Other members opposed
3875-633: The Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée , and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention
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4000-581: The Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul , Minnesota. Minneapolis ' Basilica of St. Mary , the first basilica constructed and consecrated in
4125-609: The University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard ; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg ; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth ; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel ; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret . While
4250-618: The construction of Grand Central Terminal , it was largely paid for by money raised or contributed by President George C. Ide of Brooklyn (whose portrait by George Burroughs Torrey hangs in the building). Its location was chosen because it was believed to be where Yale alumnus Nathan Hale was hanged by the British Army for espionage during the American Revolution , although the site of Hale's execution has more recently been disputed. The Ken Burns documentary Prohibition said
4375-761: The main branch of the New York Public Library ; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion. In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of
4500-400: The 100 clubs at the beginning of the 20th century. Even so, the New York Yacht Club Building remained prestigious. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the New York Yacht Club Building as a city landmark on September 11, 1979, The club had opposed the designation, which would make it more difficult to modify the building, and the NYYC and LPC became involved in
4625-546: The 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings. The Beaux-Arts style evolved from
4750-439: The 1890s, many of New York City's social clubs were headquartered in converted residences, but increased membership forced several clubs, including the NYYC, to build clubhouses of their own. The NYYC's members began advocating for a new clubhouse. The club had 1,038 members in 1894, and membership elections and special events at 67 Madison Avenue were often standing-room only . In addition, the club had seven yacht "stations" across
4875-509: The 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts , architects; Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles , including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about
5000-485: The 44th Street clubhouse four days later, on January 19, although the building was still incomplete. The structure's final cost was estimated at $ 350,000; including the land, the entire project had cost about $ 500,000. NYYC members hosted an informal housewarming party on January 29, 1901, giving Morgan a trophy in gratitude of his purchase of the site. Two days later, the all-male club held its first formal reception for female guests. The NYYC conducted its annual meetings in
5125-645: The Americas to the north; the New York City Bar Association Building and the Royalton Hotel to the south; and the Penn Club of New York Building , General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen , and Hotel Mansfield to the southeast. The adjacent block of 44th Street is known as Club Row and contains several clubhouses. When the New York Yacht Club Building was developed at the end of the 19th century, several other clubhouses were being built in
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5250-783: The Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam , Amsterdam and The Hague . In the Romanian Old Kingdom , towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani , built between 1883 and 1885
5375-800: The French classicism of the Style Louis XIV , and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI . French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts . The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners
5500-512: The French school". The clubhouse was the first of many buildings that the firm designed in New York City; the firm later designed such structures as Grand Central Terminal and the New York Central Building . Whitney Warren , one of the partners at Warren & Wetmore, wrote of his firm's design: "We consider that externally and internally the arrangements should be such as to place the subject in evidence, and not to retire it and make
5625-410: The NYYC had been founded in 1845. At the rear of the grill room were glass doors, which led to a billiards room with four billiards tables and another large fireplace. The billiards room was wainscoted in dark oak, and the walls above the wainscoting were covered with green burlap panels. When the billiards room was converted to a bar, the glass doors were replaced with a wall. Above the billiards room
5750-523: The Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, described the model room as "one of the great rooms of the city in terms of architectural heritage". Beaux-Arts architecture Beaux-Arts architecture ( / b oʊ z ˈ ɑːr / bohz AR , French: [boz‿aʁ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from
5875-537: The United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens 's New Delhi government buildings . The Beaux-Arts training emphasized
6000-611: The United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul , construction of the massive Masqueray -designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul ) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches. Other examples include
6125-458: The Yale Club stocked sufficient liquor to see the club through the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. In July 1999, the Yale Club became the first of New York's Ivy League university clubs to change its dress code to business casual , a move that upset some members and was received with polite scorn from other clubs. Today, the dress code remains business casual, except in the athletic facilities. In
6250-621: The Yale Club, and Brown shares the Cornell Club. The Yale Club shares its facility with the similar Dartmouth and University of Virginia club ( Columbia University shares a clubhouse with the Penn Club, while Brown shares the Cornell Club). The neighborhood is also home to the University Club of New York , and the flagship stores of J. Press and Paul Stuart , which traditionally catered to
6375-723: The Yale Club: the Dartmouth Club, the Virginia Club, and the Delta Kappa Epsilon Club. Members of these other clubs have the same access to the clubhouse and its facilities as members of the Yale Club itself. According to a book published for the club's 1997 centennial, members at that time included George H. W. Bush , Hillary Clinton , Bill Clinton , Gerald Ford , John Kerry and George Pataki . Among others were architect Cesar Pelli and author David McCullough . Today,
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#17328517715306500-543: The ancient Greek god of the sea. Flagpoles are affixed to either pilaster above the second story, projecting diagonally above the sidewalk. The easternmost bay contains a rectangular transom window at the third story, which is recessed from the facade. Above the third story, an entablature with modillions runs horizontally across the entire facade. The upper stories are also divided into four bays, with broad pilasters between each bay. The fourth story contains small, recessed rectangular windows flanked by smaller piers. Above
6625-533: The appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program , and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing analos , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in
6750-700: The area. By the early 1900s, these other clubs included the Harvard Club, Yale Club , New York City Bar Association , Century Association , and the City Club of New York , all of which remained in the area at the end of the 20th century. Prior to the development of the Yacht Club Building, the neighborhood contained a slaughterhouse, stables for stagecoach horses, and a train yard for the elevated Sixth Avenue Line . There had been many stagecoach stables on 43rd and 44th Streets between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, but only
6875-420: The building's natural light exposure. By the end of the decade, many of the area's clubs were relocating uptown, but the NYYC remained at its longtime headquarters on 44th Street. The clubhouse continued to be used for events such as annual meetings and informal dinners. Women were finally allowed into the clubhouse after the NYYC started accepting female members in 1936. Prior to this change, women could only enter
7000-491: The building. The first president of the Yale Club was attorney Thomas Thacher , founder of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett . The first clubhouse was a rented brownstone at 17 East 26th Street. In 1901, the club built a 12-story clubhouse at 30 West 44th Street , which today is home to the Penn Club of New York. The current clubhouse opened in June 1915. Designed by architect and Yale alumnus James Gamble Rogers in conjunction with
7125-406: The center of the room, while the half-models were displayed along the walls. The model room also contained awards and trophies, as well as other artifacts from club members. The artifacts include the tiller of the yacht America (namesake of the America's Cup), a NYYC burgee that Henry Morton Stanley carried during one of his expeditions to Africa, and a model boat carved out of bones. There
7250-486: The club in federal court . Bork alleged that, while trying to reach the dais to speak at an event for The New Criterion magazine, he fell because the club negligently failed to provide steps or a handrail between the floor and the dais. Bork claimed that his injuries required surgery, immobilized him for months, forced him to use a cane, and left him with a limp. He sought judgment for $ 1 million in damages plus punitive damages and attorney's fees. In May 2008, Bork and
7375-406: The club reached a confidential, out-of-court settlement. To be eligible for membership, a candidate must be an alumnus/alumna, faculty member, full-time graduate student of Yale University, or a child of one. The club sends out a monthly newsletter to members. Yale College did not allow women to become members until 1969. Wives of members had to enter the club through a separate entrance (today
7500-645: The club reached its maximum membership in 1907. The 44th Street clubhouse was known as the "city house". In addition to the 44th Street clubhouse, the NYYC had stations on the East River in Manhattan, as well as in Glen Cove, New York ; Newport, Rhode Island ; and various other locales in the northeastern United States. During the summer, the NYYC met in Glen Cove and Newport and held regattas there. The NYYC station in Glen Cove
7625-670: The club set. The building is a New York City-designated landmark . The 22-story clubhouse contains three dining spaces (the "Tap Room," the "Grill Room," and the Roof Dining Room and Terrace), four bars (in the Tap Room, Grill Room, Main Lounge, and on the Roof Terrace), banquet rooms for up to 500 people (including the 20th-floor Grand Ballroom), 138 guest rooms, a library, a fitness and squash center with three international squash courts and
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#17328517715307750-451: The clubhouse "one of the city's most attractive structures" in 1959, while another writer described the structure as a "bulbous stone fantasy". Times architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable described the building as "a baroque extravaganza with flowing water carved below galleon‐shaped windows". A writer for Vanity Fair said in 2012 that "the windows look like they were plucked from a galleon". The NYYC wrote of its own building: "There
7875-475: The clubhouse appear as that of merely a social club." As such, it was elaborately decorated with marine and nautical motifs. The building is seven stories tall; the uppermost stories are within a mansard roof . The building's facade is made of finely-grained limestone , behind which is a brick wall. Only the southern elevation of the facade, along 44th Street, is visible. As planned, the first four stories would have been clad with stone, and there would have been
8000-471: The clubhouse in December, rejecting a more conventional proposal from George A. Freeman. The consulting architect for the project had recommended two other designs, but Morgan had preferred Warren & Wetmore's design because of its French details. The club's secretary announced that construction of the clubhouse would begin immediately. Marc Eidlitz & Son was the general contractor. The architects displayed
8125-676: The clubhouse's construction. The NYYC hosted an architectural design competition for the clubhouse in November 1898; each contestant had to submit a plan within one month. Each plan was to include a model room with space for 300 people, as well as a library that could fit 15,000 volumes. Seven architects entered the competition. The plans ranged from R. H. Robertson 's relatively simple design, which The New York Times characterized as resembling "a small-town businessman's lunch club", to Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan 's ornate French design, with three large windows. The NYYC hired Whitney Warren to design
8250-402: The clubhouse, which was scheduled to be completed that December. Although the building was still incomplete at the end of that year, the NYYC had begun relocating its books from its old Madison Avenue headquarters into the new 44th Street clubhouse. The NYYC held its final meeting at its Madison Avenue clubhouse on January 15, 1901; at the time, the club had 1,495 members. Members started moving to
8375-432: The craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren , but the complexes and triumphal arch of
8500-462: The director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912. Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, Eléments et théorie de l'architecture from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture,
8625-421: The entrance hall, next to the coatroom and behind the visitors' room, a narrow staircase descended a half-story to a grill room and billiards room. The grill room measured either 30 by 68 feet (9.1 by 20.7 m) or 35 by 75 feet (11 by 23 m) and was used as a dining room. The entire room was intended to resemble a ship. The oak decorations, including a low beamed ceiling and curved walls, were meant to evoke
8750-548: The essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style ( Richardsonian Romanesque ) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism . The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights,
8875-400: The facade and is pierced by multiple tiers of windows. Warren & Wetmore manufactured oak furniture and ornamental lighting fixtures for the New York Yacht Club Building. The interior was mostly upholstered in dark green leather. As with the facade, many of the decorations contain a maritime theme. The walls also contain maritime artwork from painters such as James E. Buttersworth . Most of
9000-402: The facade was painted gray, and the pergola and flagpoles on the facade were removed. The skylight began to leak, causing lead panels to fall onto the model room's floor, and was repaired. By the end of the 1950s, the number of social clubs in New York City had declined significantly, and the NYYC was one of the city's only yacht clubs. At the time, the city had about 30 social clubs, compared with
9125-627: The fall of 2012, the club began to allow denim to be worn in the library, the Grill Room, and on the rooftop terrace during the summer, but nowhere else, as long as it is "neat, clean, and in good repair." Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Heisman Trophy , traditionally presented at the Downtown Athletic Club , was presented at the Yale Club in 2002 and 2003. The 2002 winner
9250-482: The façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles , rich deep cornices , swags , and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at
9375-409: The fireplace was so heavy that several brick piers had to be installed to support its weight. There is a sculpted panel above the center of the fireplace. The north, west, and east walls originally had dark oak paneling, above which was green burlap. There were benches next to the walls. On the south wall, there are niches next to each bay window, which contain green seats. At the center of the model room
9500-413: The fourth story, the broad pilasters between each bay are designed as freestanding piers, which support a pergola above the fifth story. A balustrade runs between each set of piers above the fifth story. There was originally a roof garden on the fifth story, beneath this pergola. In the original plans, the pergola was to have contained plantings, which were never installed. The mansard roof is recessed from
9625-474: The ground floor to the second story. Its balustrade is carved to resemble waves. The grand staircase's second-story landing contains two columns with marine-themed capitals . The second-story landing overlooks the former cafe. A French door to the left leads to the model room. Three additional French doors from the model room lead to balconies that overlook the staircase. Portraits of J. P. Morgan and John C. Stevens , two early NYYC commodores , were placed on
9750-508: The idea of a new clubhouse entirely, instead wishing to maintain the club's existing stations. The committee eventually identified two potential sites for the clubhouse, but most NYYC members were noncommittal about either site. At a board meeting on October 27, 1898, J. P. Morgan (the club's former commodore) offered to acquire the larger of the two sites, a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) plot on 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan. The site
9875-453: The interior in the 1980s and restored the facade in 1992. The interior was renovated again for the clubhouse's centennial in 2001. The New York Yacht Club Building is on 37 West 44th Street, on the north sidewalk between Sixth Avenue and Fifth Avenue , in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City . The rectangular land lot covers 7,538 sq ft (700.3 m), with a frontage of 75 ft (23 m) on 44th Street and
10000-491: The interior is seen that the building and its equipment is best appreciated". The Washington Post stated: "One of the most interesting spots that an enthusiastic yachtsman can visit is the model room of the New York Yacht Club". Architectural Review magazine wrote that there was "some semblance of reserve in the exterior", but it sharply criticized the interior: "Surely this is not legitimate architectural design. It
10125-647: The intersection of East 44th Street, across Vanderbilt Avenue from Grand Central Terminal and the MetLife Building . After the Penn Club of New York (est. 1901) became the first alumni clubhouse to join Clubhouse Row for inter-club events at 30 West 44th Street after Harvard Club of New York City (est. 1888) at 27 West 44th, then New York Yacht Club (est. 1899) at 37 West 44th , and Yale Club of New York City (est. 1915) on East 44th (and Vanderbilt) and Cornell Club of New York (est. 1989) at 6 East 44th on
10250-479: The kind in the city". The New York Herald Tribune wrote in 1927 that the building has "such distinction and dignity as to arrest the attention of passers-by", but that the model room and the grill are "perhaps the most interesting spots". At the club's centennial in 1944, the Herald Tribune wrote that the 44th Street building represented "the growth of the club and the spread of its influence". The Times called
10375-412: The left. The visitors' room was decorated with photographs of large yachts. All non-members were originally directed to the visitors' room, where they waited for a member to accompany them upstairs; this space was later converted into a reception desk. The coatroom was at the bottom of the grand staircase. On the opposite side of the entrance hall was a stair leading to the club's cafe. On the left side of
10500-534: The long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici ) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome . Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In
10625-428: The lot line. The lower stories are divided vertically into four bays and are asymmetrical. Warren had deliberately designed an asymmetrical facade to maximize the size of the second-floor model room. The facade's asymmetry and sculpted details were intended to make the building appear larger than it actually was. The first story is treated as a podium and contains windows with grilles. On the second and third stories,
10750-631: The lounge above the main staircase hangs a posthumous portrait of Elihu Yale by Francis Edwin Elwell and a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . The Yale Club was created in 1897 by the Old Yale Alumni Association of New York, a 29-year-old organization that wanted a permanent clubhouse. One of the incorporators was Senator Chauncey Depew , whose 1890 portrait by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury hangs in
10875-460: The mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors , Italian Renaissance , and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic . American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had
11000-568: The mid-19th century, and the club acquired the McFarlane–Bredt House in Clifton, Staten Island , in 1869 and relocated their regattas there. In 1871, the NYYC rented several rooms in a house at the intersection of 27th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan . The club relocated to Stapleton, Staten Island , and stayed there until 1877. The NYYC moved yet again to 67 Madison Avenue in 1884. By
11125-411: The model room and grill room in particular. Scientific American magazine wrote that Warren & Wetmore's design had produced "an extremely pleasing and satisfactory result" and that the cozy ambiance of the interior "should be a sine qua non in every clubhouse". Frederick Toombs of Town & Country magazine wrote that, while the facade "presents a most inviting appearance [...] it is not until
11250-404: The model room contains four pairs of French doors, which lead to the grand staircase and the stair hall's balconies. The western wall, directly opposite the main stairway contains a fireplace and mantel made of Caen stone. This fireplace measures about 15 feet (5 m) wide and 25 feet (8 m) tall. Weighing over 40 short tons (36 long tons; 36 t) or 45 short tons (40 long tons; 41 t),
11375-431: The model room, where it inducted new members, elected its commodore, scheduled competitions, and changed rules for its regattas. The New York Yacht Club Building also hosted events such as annual New Year's Eve dinners, where club members drank eggnog. At the club's 1902 annual meeting, the NYYC's secretary reported that the club "was in the best condition in its history". By the next year, the club had grown to 2,000 members;
11500-456: The models are as expensive as some yachts". Some models are of America's Cup challengers and defenders . Other models depict ships that participated in regattas sponsored by the NYYC; before 1951, all regatta participants had to donate at least a half-model of their ships, and many owners chose to donate full models. Models were placed in chronological order based on when the ships were commissioned . The full models were displayed in glass cases at
11625-452: The new clubhouse on 44th Street in October 1898, and Warren & Wetmore won an architectural design competition for the building that December. The clubhouse formally opened on January 19, 1901, and has hosted the club's annual meetings and events since then. The clubhouse remained mostly unchanged during the 20th century, although some rooms were converted to different uses. The NYYC renovated
11750-434: The prior century. The NYYC hosted a party in January 2001 to mark the clubhouse's centennial, at which point the club had grown to 3,000 members. To celebrate the anniversary, John Rousmaniere wrote a book about the building's history. After the clubhouse was completed, A. J. Kenealy wrote for Outing magazine, "The interior is superb in every way, combining all the luxuries and conveniences of this sybarite age", praising
11875-400: The rear of the clubhouse's fourth floor are the club's private dining rooms, two committee rooms, and the offices of the librarian, treasurer, and secretary. The rear wall is set back by about 11 feet, giving the dining room a private terrace that faces northward. In the original plans, there were to be 20 bedrooms on the fourth through seventh floors. These rooms would have been illuminated by
12000-415: The rest of the facade and is flanked by triple-height pilasters , each of which contains a carving of the NYYC's shield. At ground level is an entrance topped by a carved cartouche, which depicts a sea shell topped by an octopus with curved tentacles. There is a segmentally-arched window at the second story, which is divided into multiple panes. The arch is topped by a keystone with the head of Poseidon ,
12125-406: The rooms were placed on different levels. Immediately inside the main entrance, a short staircase ascends to a double-height entrance hall. This space contains Caen stone walls and a marble staircase in the center, leading to the model room on the second floor. Originally, the clerk's office was to the right (east) of the hall, while the visitors' room, coatroom, letterboxes, and telephones were to
12250-661: The same block, with Princeton Club of New York joining in 1963 at 15 West 43rd (the only alumni clubhouse who wasn't on 44th Street, whose members, part of the staff, and in-residence club, Williams College Club of New York, were absorbed into Penn Club following a previous visiting reciprocity agreement between the Princeton-Penn Clubs, before Princeton's went out of business during COVID). Despite being in New York City, Columbia University Club of New York (est. 1901) left Princeton after residence agreement issues to become in-residence at The Penn Club, while Dartmouth shares
12375-477: The second-floor landing, just outside the model room. A narrow staircase connects the second story and the upper floors. Next to the staircase, an elevator also connects all of the floors. The NYYC was founded in 1844 and occupied five clubhouses before moving to 44th Street. The NYYC established its first clubhouse in 1845, holding its regattas near a promontory in Hoboken, New Jersey . The club's membership grew in
12500-401: The second-story landing of the clubhouse's main staircase. The mechanical equipment and the culinary staff were placed in the basement. From the entrance hall, a passageway led to the kitchen, pantries, engine and boiler rooms, and cellars. The pantries originally had iceboxes lined with oak, although the iceboxes have been since changed into refrigerators. The model room on the second story
12625-470: The service entrance), and were not allowed to have access to much of the clubhouse. Once Yale opened to women, however, the club quickly followed suit on July 30, 1969, although the club did not open its bar, dining room, or athletic facilities to women until 1974 and did not open its swimming pool (known as "the plunge") to women until 1987. Now, women constitute a large percentage of the club's membership. Three other, smaller clubs also are in residence at
12750-419: The shapes of the frames most closely resemble a Dutch yacht. These frames also contain carvings of seaweed, waves, and garlands , which hang from console brackets below the center of each bay window, as well as dolphins on either side of the console bracket. The original plans had called for torchères to be installed along the facade, but this was never carried out. The easternmost bay projects slightly from
12875-420: The space had 13,000 volumes, which were stored in climate-controlled spaces. The library originally contained oak bookcases with glass doors, and it had a marquetry floor covered with red rugs. Also in the library is a large fireplace donated by James Gordon Bennett . Generally, access to the library is restricted to club members, although its visitors have also included historians, researchers, and lawyers. At
13000-415: The style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga . Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts
13125-783: The style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought
13250-536: The two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova , Caracal , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Pitești , Ploiești , Buzău , Botoșani , Piatra Neamț , etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces ' legislative buildings are in this style. Beaux-Arts
13375-419: The visitors' room, and no woman had visited the upper stories since 1901. The NYYC had several female associate members, who could use the Glen Cove, Newport, and East River stations but could not enter the 44th Street clubhouse. The club's membership was still predominantly male; women still could not visit the bar or eat lunch at the clubhouse. In the 1940s, the clubhouse's barbershop was closed and replaced with
13500-427: The western three bays contain double-height arches, ornamented with bay windows that resemble the sterns of ships. The upper stories are within a mansard roof that is slightly set back . Inside is a double-height entrance hall, visitors' room, and various other spaces in the basement and at ground level. On the second story is a double-height model room, measuring 45 by 100 feet (14 by 30 m) and containing over
13625-408: The western wall and by the main staircase hall to the east. The original plans called for a circular stair between the model room's main floor and the balcony, but this stair was never built; the clubhouse's main staircase connects the model room and the balcony. At the center of the ceiling is a backlit skylight made of stained glass and placed 26 feet (7.9 m) above the main floor. The skylight
13750-585: The westernmost three bays are placed within a small colonnade , which consists of a Doric -style pier at either end and two Ionic -style engaged columns in the center. Each of the westernmost three bays contains a double-height, round-arched window. There is a bay window in the lower part of each archway, which is surrounded by an ornate frame. These frames are patterned after the sterns of 18th-century men-of-war , variously described as Baroque boats, Dutch yachts, and Spanish galleons . According to yachting historian and longtime NYYC member John Rousmaniere ,
13875-465: The Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts . Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris. Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style
14000-405: Was Richard Morris Hunt , between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in
14125-520: Was a cafe. A curved double stair connected the cafe and billiards room. The cafe originally contained green leather furniture but was converted into a sailing-trophy room after World War II. The trophy room is circular in plan, measuring 25 feet (7.6 m) across, with a double-height domed ceiling. A bronze-and-gold chandelier hangs from the center of the dome. The walls of this room are made of Caen stone and originally contained mirrored glass panels, held into place by mullions. Another staircase leads up to
14250-424: Was a circular oak table measuring 12 feet (3.7 m) across. There is a balcony at the third story, wrapping around the north, west, and east sides of the room. The balcony rests atop carved brackets and contains a balustrade with galleon motifs. The ceiling above the balcony is supported by oak columns, which are topped by capitals with shell and wave motifs. The balcony is interrupted by the oversized fireplace on
14375-507: Was actually the original Hoboken clubhouse, which had been relocated there in 1904, while the Newport station had been acquired in 1915 for use as a summer clubhouse. The clubhouse's main entrance was slightly truncated in 1916, when the New York City government widened 44th Street. In 1928, the NYYC bought an adjacent three-story building at 35 West 44th Street from J.P. Morgan, Arthur Curtiss James , and Cornelius Vanderbilt III , thus protecting
14500-456: Was also an alcove known as the Palm Court, where the America's Cup trophy was displayed from the building's opening until 1983 . The trophy was placed in a glass case atop a wooden table; the NYYC had installed a custom bolt in 1972 to secure the cup to the table. The model room's floor is covered by a 64-by-19-foot (19.5 by 5.8 m) Indian rug, which was installed in 2000. The eastern wall of
14625-516: Was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the científicos of the Porfiriato . The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta , Alfred Giles , and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as
14750-411: Was built immediately to the west. During the Sofitel's construction, workers underpinned the New York Yacht Club Building's foundation and erected scaffolding above the skylight. The grill room and model room were cleaned prior to the clubhouse's 100th anniversary in 2001. Before this renovation, the grill room had never been cleaned, and the walls had been blackened by the residue that had accumulated over
14875-456: Was composed of three separate lots at 37 to 41 West 44th Street. Morgan promised to buy the site immediately, but only if the NYYC raised its annual membership dues from $ 25 to $ 50 and if the new clubhouse occupied the entire site. The NYYC's board accepted his offer, and Morgan bought the lots the next day for $ 148,000. At the time, the building itself was projected to cost $ 200,000, and the NYYC's members had already pledged to donate $ 75,000 toward
15000-569: Was further designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1987. After the interior modifications were completed, the club started renovating the exterior in 1992 at a cost of $ 600,000. The NYYC requested permission from the LPC to restore the flagpoles and pergola on the facade. The club also planned to remove the gray paint on the facade, since the paint had decreased the porosity of the stone, which in turn had caused moisture problems. The following year, Eliot Soffes of architectural firm Paino/Soffes designed
15125-541: Was quarterback Carson Palmer of the USC Trojans , and the 2003 winner was quarterback Jason White of the University of Oklahoma Sooners . Before the two Heisman Trophy ceremonies, the un-awarded trophy itself was displayed in the Yale Club's lobby, flanked by portraits of Yale's two Heisman winners, end Larry Kelley (1936) and halfback Clint Frank (1937). In June 2007, former United States Solicitor General and onetime Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork sued
15250-470: Was subsequently begun at Columbia University , the University of Pennsylvania , and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators. Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White ;
15375-438: Was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat , he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium . Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown. The Beaux-Arts style in France in
15500-570: Was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as Beaux-Arts in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of
15625-733: Was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture . The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire . The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg. Compared to other countries like France and Germany,
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