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32-605: The Station is the sixth oldest institution of its kind in the country. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station was established by an Act of the New York State Legislature on June 26, 1880. More than 100 locations were considered, but a 125-acre parcel in Geneva was eventually chosen. In 1882, the State purchased the land, an Italianate villa , and all outbuildings from Nehemiah and Louisa Denton for $ 25,000. The villa

64-751: A $ 6.7 million construction project to renovate the Food Science Laboratory in 2007, with work completed by 2009. The U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Plant Genetic Resources Unit, which collects and does research on seeds for food plants, is also located on the Geneva campus. The station has three outlying substations: the Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland , the Cornell Lake Erie Research & Extension Laboratory in Portland , and

96-461: A bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds vote in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose New York Constitution amendments by a majority vote , and then another majority vote following an election. If so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a referendum . The legislature originated in

128-608: A collection of research on apples and crabapples that was, at the time, the "most noteworthy collection of its kind", containing over 700 named varieties of apples and crabapples. Apple breeding efforts at the Station have led to the development of the Cortland , Empire , Jonagold , Jonamac and Macoun apples . From 1900 to 1925, the Station published a series of seven monographs on hardy fruits that were well adapted to northern climes as part of their annual report. The publications began with

160-473: A female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

192-527: A member of either house, one must be a citizen of the United States , a resident of the state of New York for at least five years, and a resident of the district for at least one year prior to election. The Assembly consists of 150 members; they are each chosen from a single-member district . The New York Constitution allows the number of Senate seats to vary; as of 2014 , the Senate had 63 seats. The Assembly

224-418: A teaching role. This was a marked departure from the role played by staff at other agricultural experiment stations throughout the country. Originally an independent unit of the state, the Station became part of Cornell University in 1923. Research was expanded to include studies on canning crops, nursery plants , and disease and insect pests of rubes . At the end of World War II , all animal research

256-456: Is headed by the speaker , while the Senate is headed by the president, a post held ex officio by the State lieutenant governor . the lieutenant governor, as president of the Senate, has only a tie-breaking " casting vote ". More often, the Senate is presided over by the temporary president, or by a senator of the majority leader's choosing. The assembly speaker and Senate majority leader control

288-555: Is said to be a compact to which members of the New York Legislature unofficially adhere a code of silence regarding behavior such as illicit extramarital affairs or other embarrassing behavior. Portland, New York Portland is a town in Chautauqua County , New York , United States. The population was 4,366 according to the 2020 census. The town is on the shore of Lake Erie southwest of Dunkirk . The area

320-666: The Uihlein Maple Research Forest in Lake Placid . Although an experiment station with a strong emphasis on applied research , the station also maintains a balance of basic research to serve as a foundation for future research applicable to New York agriculture. As of 2006, there were 350 employees working on approximately 230 different projects. Of those employees, 56 were professors. Shortly after Station opened, Emmet S. Goff (1853–1902) became its first horticulturalist. His work on apple varieties, begun in 1883, produced

352-527: The two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York : the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly . The Constitution of New York does not designate an official term for the two houses together; it says only that the state's legislative power "shall be vested in the senate and assembly". Session laws passed by the Legislature are published in

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384-526: The "exhaustive monographs on the hardy fruits" and stated that the texts were, by that time, "accepted universally as standard treatises on the subject." The Fruits of New York series was the highlight of a 2018 exhibition by the New York State Library . In 2006, the Station developed three new wine grapes: 'Noiret', 'Corot noir' and 'Valvin Muscat' Cornell's School of Integrative Plant Science contains

416-524: The United States by enacting the Field Code . The Code inspired the enactment of similar codes in 26 other states, and gave birth to the term " code pleading " for the system of civil procedure it created. The first African-American elected to the legislature was Edward A. Johnson , a Republican, in 1917. The first women elected to the legislature were Republican Ida Sammis and Democrat Mary Lilly , both in 1919. The first African-American woman elected to

448-521: The assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York. The Legislative Bill Drafting Commission (LBDC) aids in drafting legislation; advises as to the constitutionality, consistency or effect of proposed legislation; conducts research; and publishes and maintains

480-620: The beginning of the 2019–2020 legislative session, the Senate Democratic Conference held 39 of the chamber's 63 seats and the Assembly Democratic Conference held 106 of the 150 seats in that chamber. The Senate Democratic Conference increased to 40 seats after Democratic senator Simcha Felder was re-accepted into the Conference. The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the governor's power to veto

512-401: The beginning of the 20th century, a fundamental philosophy was developed regarding activities of the station that is still, basically, in effect today. This philosophy stated that research done at the station should be conducted on principles underlying agricultural practices and, further, that agricultural research should be the full-time responsibility of the staff without it having to also play

544-612: The documents of the Legislature, such as the Laws of New York . The LBDC consists of two commissioners, the commissioner for administration and the commissioner for operations, each appointed jointly by the temporary president of the Senate and the speaker of the Assembly. In the 2018 elections, Democrats won control of the State Senate and increased their majority in the State Assembly. At

576-570: The legislature was Bessie A. Buchanan in 1955. Five assemblymen were expelled in 1920 for belonging to the Socialist Party . In 2008, when the U.S. Supreme Court reluctantly affirmed the constitutionality of a statute enacted by the New York legislature, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in a concurring opinion : "[A]s I recall my esteemed former colleague, Thurgood Marshall , remarking on numerous occasions: 'The Constitution does not prohibit legislatures from enacting stupid laws. ' " There

608-577: The northern part of the town. NY 5 parallels the shore of Lake Erie . The Lakeview Shock Incarceration Correctional Facility is within Portland, and their residents are therefore counted in the following demographics. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,502 people, 1,655 households, and 1,161 families residing in the town. The population density was 160.6 inhabitants per square mile (62.0/km ). There were 2,096 housing units at an average density of 61.2 per square mile (23.6/km ). The racial makeup of

640-708: The official Laws of New York . Permanent New York laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York . As of January 2021 , the Democratic Party holds supermajorities in both houses of the New York State Legislature, which is the highest paid state legislature in the country. Legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms. In order to be

672-594: The only horticulture program offered in any Ivy League school. Prior to the early 2000s, most of the money for agricultural research at the Station was provided by state and federal governments. The Station's 2007–2008 total budget was approximately $ 25.1 million; $ 11.8 million funded through the State University of New York base budget, $ 6.4 million from Cornell general purpose funds, $ 5.5 million in grants and contracts, and $ 1.1 million in Federal appropriations. As

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704-424: The program was broadened to include work on beef cattle , swine , and evaluation of fruit varieties. During this period, the station also began playing its continuing active role in the state's agricultural law enforcement program. Still later, research activities were added in the fields of bacteriology , dairy science, fruit horticulture , chemistry , plant pathology , and insect and mite species. At

736-591: The revolutionary New York Provincial Congress , assembled by rebels when the New York General Assembly would not send delegates to the Continental Congress . The New York State Legislature has had several corruption scandals during its existence. These include the Black Horse Cavalry and Canal Ring . In the 1840s, New York launched the first great wave of civil procedure reform in

768-454: The station's research program has matured and expanded, the financial support base has been increasingly augmented by funds from foundations, industry, grower and food processor organizations, and by individuals. 42°52′33″N 77°00′28″W  /  42.87583°N 77.00778°W  / 42.87583; -77.00778 New York State Legislature Minority caucus Minority caucus The New York State Legislature consists of

800-402: The town was 82.93% White , 12.05% African American , 0.49% Native American , 0.02% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 3.51% from other races , and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.62% of the population. There were 1,655 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 9.4% had

832-464: The two-volume Apples of New York , a 1905 report written by Station horticulturalist Spencer Ambrose Beach . The series was continued by Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick , who released six volumes on grapes, plums, cherries, peaches, pears and small fruits over a period of eighteen years. The Station's series on the fruits of New York was, and remains today, a highly respected publication. A circular released July 1932 to commemorate Station's fiftieth year noted

864-411: Was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 140.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 148.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 30,909, and the median income for a family was $ 37,006. Males had a median income of $ 27,464 versus $ 21,636 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 12,881. About 8.9% of families and 11.2% of the population were below

896-695: Was converted into the Station headquarters, now known as Parrott Hall . The new institution became operative on March 1, 1882. It would become known colloquially as the Geneva Experiment Station. An 1883 Report of the Board of Control of the NYSAES to the New York State Assembly stated that there were immediate and dire threats state agricultural output caused by insect pests, bovine diseases, drought, soil nutrient exhaustion, and outward labor migration, and that an organization dedicated to staving off these threats

928-562: Was created for this book by Agnes Lee Mitchell in 1989 and published by the Chautauqua County Genealogical Society. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 34.18 square miles (88.53 km ), of which 34.12 square miles (88.36 km ) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.17 km ), or 0.19%, is water. The New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 ) and US 20 cross

960-470: Was first settled in 1804. The town of Portland was founded in 1813 from the town of Chautauqua . Subsequently, the town was reduced in size to form two new towns: Ripley (1816) and Westfield (1829). Portland was the site of an 1872 fatal train wreck . A genealogical history of Portland was published in 1873 by Dr. H. C. Taylor, titled Historical Sketches of the Town of Portland, New York . An all names index

992-712: Was moved to the Ithaca campus of Cornell University and the Geneva Station became a true horticultural research institute. Since then, it has been the center for research in New York on the production, protection, and utilization of fruit and vegetable crops, an industry that is today valued in excess of $ 2 billion. The station has expanded from the original 125 acres, mansion and outbuildings to an 850-acre complex containing more than 20 major buildings. There are 700 acres are devoted to test plots, orchards , and vineyards , and 65,000 square feet of greenhouse space. New York State funded

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1024-669: Was needed. Originally, farmers wanted the station to serve as a model farm. However, the first director, E. Lewis Sturtevant, immediately established the policy that the station was to conduct agricultural science research and to establish experimental plots, both of which would have little resemblance to commercial agriculture . Nevertheless, the primary mission of the Station has always been to serve those who produce and consume New York's agricultural products. In its early days, Station scientists, who were few in number, concentrated their efforts on dairy , horticulture , and evaluation of varieties of vegetables and field crops . In 1887,

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