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104-476: This formula splits Donalds into Donald Hills and Donald Tops . The SMC define Donald Tops as: "elevations in the Scottish Lowlands of at least 2000ft (610m) in height with a drop of at least 50ft (15.2m) between each elevation and any higher elevation. Further, elevations separated from higher elevations by a drop of less than 100ft (30.5m) are required to have "sufficient topographical merit". In addition,

208-638: A § Hewitts ), is used as the criterion. The idea of the Simm was introduced by Alan Dawson in June 2010, who noted that a Simm was the "broadest credible definition of what could be objectively conceived as a mountain in Britain". As of October 2018 , 6,414 people had registered themselves as having climbed all 282 Scottish Munros, by March 2020 11 people had registered climbing all 1,557 Marilyns of Great Britain, while by Aug 2021 only four people had registered completion of

312-476: A Munro top, now recognised as being of only 912.5 metres (2,994 ft). Unlike most other lists, the Munros do not depend on a rigid prominence criterion for entry; instead, those that satisfy the subjective measure of being a "separate mountain" are regarded as Munros , while subsidiary summits are given the status of Munro Tops. There are 282 Munros, and 226 further Munro Tops, totalling 508 summits, all of them in

416-691: A P500 mountain classification: summits with a prominence above 500 metres (1,640 feet). The Marilyns are mountains and hills in the British Isles that have a topographical prominence above 150 metres (490 feet), regardless of absolute height or other merits. As of April 2020, there were 1,552 Marilyns in Great Britain and associated islands: 1,219 in Scotland, 175 in England, and 158 in Wales ( Black Mountain , on

520-503: A beach and/or shoreline. Fishing remains essentially private—apart from on the biggest five lakes and the coast of the Baltic Sea , the Sound , Kattegat and Skagerrak . It is permitted to drive a car on a private road unless explicitly signposted otherwise. Small camp fires are generally permitted, but in some periods banned by local authorities due to wild fire risk. It is allowed to put up

624-527: A drop of at least 150 metres all round. A list of British hills with over 150 metres prominence was first published in 1992 by Alan Dawson in The Relative Hills of Britain , with the subset from 2000 to 2500 feet referred to as Elsies (LCs, short for Lesser Corbetts). The Elsies were later named Grahams after the late Fiona Torbet ( née Graham) who published her own list of Scottish hills from 2000 to 2500 feet six months later. Dawson continues to maintain

728-401: A dwelling house and land under cultivation. Restrictions apply for nature reserves and other protected areas. It also gives the right to pick wild flowers, mushrooms and berries (provided they are not legally protected), but not to hunt in any way. Swimming in any lake and putting an unpowered boat on any water is permitted unless explicitly forbidden. Visiting beaches and walking by a shoreline

832-513: A fire is often prohibited (though in Sweden and Norway fires are allowed with proper safety precautions). Making noise is discouraged. In some countries, putting up a tent in the forest for one night is allowed, but not the use of a caravan . Access does not extend to built up or developed land (such as houses , gardens ) and does not necessarily include commercial exploitation of the land. For example, workers picking berries may be legal only with

936-449: A horse or cycle freely in the countryside where this does not harm the natural environment or the landowner, except in gardens or in the immediate vicinity of people's homes (yards). Fields and plantations, which may easily be harmed, may usually not be crossed except in the winter. It is also possible to establish outdoor recreation routes on private land, based on an agreement on the rights of use or by official proceedings in accordance with

1040-422: A land owner has been permitted to build closer to the shore, he may not restrict people from walking along the shore. Fences and other barriers to prevent public access are not permitted (but yet sometimes erected, resulting in heavy fines). Canoeing , kayaking , rowing and sailing in rivers, lakes, and ocean are allowed. Motorised boats are only permitted in salt water. All waters are open for swimming – with

1144-479: A list of 2,000 ft Irish summits with a 50 ft drop aided by Rev CRP Vandeleur. Lynam updated his list, and published it in the book, Mountaineering in Ireland (1976) by Claude Wall, and later made a metric version published in 1997. There are 275 Vandeleur-Lynams in Ireland. The Arderins are mountains in Ireland above 500 m (1,640 ft), with a prominence over 30 m (98 ft). The list

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1248-525: A metric measurement for the topological prominence (e.g. Murdos, Hewitts, and Nuttalls. No British Isles classification uses a quantitative metric of topographic isolation (such as the distance to the next point of equal height). However, the concept is embedded in the qualitative definition of a Scottish Munro , and the Scottish Mountaineering Club requirement of "sufficient separation". The Database of British and Irish Hills ( DoBIH )

1352-548: A mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas. In recent years increased mobility and affluence has made previously remote areas more accessible and though significant harm or damage is unusual, endangered species are being disturbed, and litter left, by some recreational users. Helena Jonsson, the President of the Federation of Swedish Farmers, argued in 2011 that

1456-400: A motorhome or camper, one can park and spend the night anywhere parking is allowed, including along public roads. Checking parking area signs is essential to ensure compliance with overnight stay regulations. Private and forest roads can serve as suitable parking spots, as long as there are no signage restrictions. Off-road driving requires landowner permission, but parking off-road near the road

1560-507: A network of rights of way , or some nature reserves with footpaths . Public rights of way frequently exist on the foreshore of beaches. In legal discussions the foreshore is often referred to as the wet-sand area . For privately owned beaches in the United States , some states such as Massachusetts use the low water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of

1664-931: A non-off-road road. Exercise of the rights is overseen by the County Administrative Boards —which can, for example, force the removal of a fence if it obstructs access to areas that are important to the allemansrätt . Like other Nordic countries Icelandic law contains a version of the freedom to roam, the right to access uncultivated land and pick berries. "It is permissible to cross uncultivated private property without seeking any special permission, but landowners may limit routes with signs or other marks. State-owned land such as conservation areas and forestry areas are open to everyone with few exceptions. These exceptions include – but are not limited to – access during breeding seasons or during sensitive growth periods". Hikers should, however, "avoid taking shortcuts over fenced areas, pastures and private plots", and follow

1768-587: A prominence between 15–30 m (49–98 ft); in 2018, Ireland had 124 Arderin Begs. In 2013, Simon Stewart, publisher of Irish mountain database MountainViews Online Database , published A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins . In the book, Stewart proposed a new classification of an Irish mountain, being one with a height above 500 m (1,640 ft), and

1872-530: A prominence either over 200 metres (660 ft) (of which there are 88), or a prominence over 100 metres (330 ft) (of which there are 130), but the term is not in widespread use. The Murdos apply a quantitive criterion to the Munros and their associated tops, and comprise all of the summits in Scotland over 3,000 feet (914.4 m) with a prominence above 30 metres (98 ft). There are 442 Murdos, compared to 282 Munros (or 508 Munros plus Munro Tops); one of

1976-449: A prominence over 100 feet (30.5 m), but the prominence of Donald Tops can range from 16–220 feet (4.9–67.1 m). Donalds can be Corbetts or Grahams and the SMC state that: "Percy Donald's original Tables are seen as a complete entity, unlike the Munros, Corbetts and Grahams." As of April 2020, there are 140 Donalds, comprising 89 Donald Hills and 51 Donald Tops. Given the complexity of

2080-445: A prominence over 100 m (328 ft). Stewart identified 222 Irish peaks as meeting his new classification. MountainViews used this definition to create the list of 100 Highest Mountains in Ireland , which has also become popular in Ireland. MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 337 summits as Carns , having height above 100 m (328 ft) and below 400 m (1,312 ft), and with

2184-505: A prominence over 30 metres (98 ft). MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 484 summits as Binnions , having a prominence of at least 100 m (328 ft) and a height below 400 m (1,312 ft). Binnion Hill is a peak of 250 metres (820 ft) in height in County Donegal , site of the Battle of Binnion Hill , and possibly the source of

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2288-515: A prominence threshold above 30 metres (98.43 ft). Many classifications use the term "Tops" for peaks with prominence between 30–150 metres (98.43–492.1 ft) (e.g. Donald Tops), while other classifications ignore height and just focus purely on prominence (e.g. P600s, Marilyns, and HuMPs). Prominence requirements feature in International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) classifications of Himalayan mountains. In 1994,

2392-555: A relative height of at least 15 metres (49 ft). There were 444 Nuttalls in the original list (254 in England and 190 in Wales), compiled by John and Anne Nuttall and published in 1989–90 in two volumes, The Mountains of England & Wales . After updates, the total of Nuttalls reached 446 in August 2018 with the inclusion of Miller Moss . By including high points that rise by as little as 15 metres (49 ft) above their surroundings,

2496-409: A tent on any uncultivated land for a night or two. There has been some controversy on commercial use of the berry picking rights, when companies legally contract people to pick berries in the forests. Building a fire is generally permitted except on bare rock faces where it can lead to cracking. Municipalities can issue fire bans during dry periods. With a motorhome or camper, you can park and spend

2600-621: Is allowed for convenience. Overnight stays are generally prohibited in shopping center parking lots, but service stations often provide suitable facilities. When visiting national parks, designated areas or parking lots may allow overnight stays, potentially requiring a permit. Nature reserves have specific rules regarding overnight stays. One may not disturb others or damage property, disturb breeding birds (or their nests or young), or disturb reindeer or game animals. One may not cut down or damage living trees, or collect wood, moss or lichen on other people's property, nor may one light open fires without

2704-471: Is an old consuetudinary law called the allemannsrett (lit. the everyman's right), that was codified in 1957 with the implementation of the Outdoor Recreation Act . It is based on respect for the countryside, and all visitors are expected to show consideration for farmers and landowners, other users and the environment. In Norway the terms utmark and innmark divide areas where the right to roam

2808-553: Is free access to sports fishing using boats or from the shoreline. All fishing is subject to legislation to, among other things, protect biological diversity, and this legislation stipulates rules regarding the use of gear, seasons, bag or size limits and more. In Sweden allemansrätten (lit. "the everyman's right") is a freedom granted by the Constitution of Sweden . Since 1994 the Instrument of Government says that notwithstanding

2912-404: Is no camp-site in vicinity. Motorized travellers with motorhomes (RV), camping cars (campers) and trailers must always stay on an official campsite. In national parks, it is forbidden to stay overnight outside an official camp-site, both for motorized and non-motorized travellers. Fishing requires a license but collecting "berries, mushrooms, seaweed and other plants for immediate consumption"

3016-554: Is no height or prominence threshold. A Vandeleur-Lynam is the Irish equivalent of a Nuttall, except that the definition is fully metric with a height requirement of 600 metres (1,969 ft), and a prominence requirement of 15 metres (49 ft). As with the Nuttalls, Vandeleur-Lynams do not meet the UIAA requirements for a "peak" or for a "mountain". In 1952, Irish climber Joss Lynam made

3120-414: Is permitted on "public lands and highland pastures". In Estonia, it is permitted to access natural and cultural landscapes on foot, by bicycle, ski, boat, or on horseback. Private property may be accessed at any time. If the private property is fenced or posted against trespassing, the permission of the owner is required to proceed. The owner of the private property is also required to post signs stating

3224-415: Is permitted, providing it is not a part of a garden or within the immediate vicinity of a residence (legally defined as the hemfridszon ). The hemfridszon's size depends on conditions but can be as large as 70 metres from an ordinary dwelling house. To better protect access to water and the right to walk along beaches, it is since 1975 generally not permitted to build a new house near (generally 100 m) from

List of Donald mountains - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-565: Is valid ( utmark , literally something like "land outside [the boundaries]"/"[Out Field]") and where it is invalid or restricted ( innmark , "land inside [the boundaries]"/"[In Field]"). The law specifies innmark thoroughly, and all areas not covered by this definition are defined as utmark , generally speaking uninhabited and uncultivated areas. Cultivated land may only be crossed when frozen or covered in snow. There are some basic rules that must be followed when camping in Norway: In later years

3432-586: The Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills . All British Isles-wide mountain classifications, and most country-specific classifications, include an explicit minimum topographical prominence threshold (also called relative height, or drop, or re-ascent, between neighbouring peaks), which is typically 30–600 m (98–1,969 ft). The lowest prominence threshold is 15 metres (49.21 ft) (e.g. Nuttalls, and Vandeleur-Lynams), but most classifications have

3536-575: The Czech Republic , the freedom to roam takes the form of general public rights which are sometimes codified in law. The access is ancient in parts of Northern Europe and has been regarded as sufficiently fundamental that it was not formalised in law until modern times. However, the right usually does not include any substantial economic exploitation, such as hunting or logging, or disruptive activities, such as making fires and driving offroad vehicles. In countries without such general rights, there may be

3640-521: The DoBIH has had a data-sharing agreement with the Irish online database of mountains and hills known as MountainViews . The P600s are mountains in the British Isles that have a topographical prominence of at least 600 metres (1,969 feet), regardless of absolute height or other merits. The list initially used a 2,000 ft metric (or 609.6 m, the P610s) but this was subsequently reduced to 600 m and

3744-649: The England–Wales border , is counted as being in Wales). There are 454 Marilyns in Ireland (389 in the Republic of Ireland and 66 in Northern Ireland), and five on the Isle of Man , bringing the total for the British Isles to 2,011. The list was first compiled in 1992 by Alan Dawson. The name was coined as a humorous contrast to the designation Munro , which is homophonous with [Marilyn] Monroe . The Marilyns are one of

3848-445: The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) definition of an "independent peak", which is a threshold over 30 metres (98 ft). Most lists consider a prominence between 30 and 150 metres (98.43 and 492.1 ft) as a "top" (e.g. many Hewitts and Simms). Marilyns, meanwhile, have a prominence above 150 metres (492.1 ft), with no additional height threshold. They range from small 150-metre (490 ft) hills to

3952-527: The Scottish Highlands . Real Munro is used to describe Munros with a prominence of over 150 metres (490 ft) (the Marilyn prominence threshold), and there are 202 Real Munros in Scotland. Of the 282 Scottish Munros, 54 meet the 600 metres (1,969 ft) prominence threshold to be classified as P600s. Metric Munro is used to describe the Munros with an elevation above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and

4056-634: The § Database of British and Irish Hills . The Database of British and Irish Hills recognises as Synges the 647 Lake District summits in Tim Synge's The Lakeland Summits: Survey of the Fells of the Lake District National Park (1995). Two hills have been added to the original list: High Rigg in 2017 and Oakhowe Crag in 2020. The current list is available on the Hill Bagging website. There

4160-817: The 2,531 Simms of Great Britain, three of whom have also declared completion of all 2,755 Simms of the British Isles. July 2020 saw one summit promoted and one deleted, and by 24/07/2020 all of the three initial completers had "topped up". In 2010, Mark Jackson further expanded the HuMPS and compiled the TuMPs (Thirty and upwards Metre Prominence), a list of all hills in Britain having a prominence above 30 m (98 ft). By definition, all Murdos, Corbett Tops, Graham Tops, Hewitts and Deweys are also TuMPs. As of April 2020, there are 17,127 TuMPs; approximately half of that number that did not appear in previously researched lists were researched by Mark Jackson between 2006 and 2009. Since 2012

4264-500: The 2013 book, "A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins". According to the MountainViews Online Database, Ireland has 407 Arderins, of which 207 are over 2,000 ft and classed as Hewitts, and the 222 are over 600 m and classed as Simms. In addition, Mountainviews uses the term Arderin Begs for the additional class of peaks over 500 m (1,640 ft) in height, and with

List of Donald mountains - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-457: The 282 Scottish Munros, and 10 of the 34 Non-Scottish Munros called § Furths ; these 64 British Isles' mountains meet the designation of being above 3,000 feet (914 metres) in height, and 600 metres (1,969 feet) in prominence. P600 is an international mountain classification criterion, along with P1500 (or Ultras ), for a prominence above 1,500 metres (4,921 feet). The online version of The Database of British and Irish Hills also offers

4472-694: The Channel Islands. Jackson maintains a "Hall of Fame" for climbers who have summited 1,200 HuMPs. A Simm is a mountain in the British Isles that is over 600 m (1,969 ft) high and has a prominence of at least 30 m (98 ft). The word comes from Six-hundred Metre Mountain . As of April 2020, there are 2,755 recorded Simms in the British Isles, including 2,190 Scottish Simms, 192 English Simms, 149 Welsh Simms, one Isle of Man Simm, and 223 Irish Simms. By definition all Simms are also TuMPs (see below) and most, if not all, are mountains, depending on whether 600 metres or 2,000 feet (610 m) (e.g.

4576-740: The Donald classification, the simpler New Donalds was introduced by Alan Dawson in his 1995 book The Grahams and the New Donalds , with an explicit prominence threshold of 30 m (98.4 ft); there are 118 New Donalds, and while all Donald Hills are New Donalds, 22 Donald Tops are not. The Hughs (Hills Under Graham Height) are a list compiled by Andrew Dempster, who published The Hughs: Scotland's Best Wee Hills Under 2,000 Feet: Volume 1: The Mainland in 2015. Dempster describes them as "hills with attitude, not altitude" and says "the three key words are prominence, position, panorama". He lists 100 summits in

4680-700: The HuMPS, titled More Relative Hills of Britain . The DoBIH is available as a downloadable database, or in an online version under the title Hill Bagging . As of July 2023 the database included 20,742 hills, including all Marilyns , HuMPs , TuMPs , Simms , Dodds , Munros and Tops, Corbetts and Tops, Grahams and Tops, Donalds and Tops, Furths , Hewitts , Nuttalls , Buxton & Lewis , Bridges , Yeamans , Clems , Murdos , Deweys , Donald Deweys , Highland Fives , Wainwrights , Birketts , Synges , Fellrangers , Ethels , County tops , SIBs (Significant Islands of Britain), Dillons , Arderins , Vandeleur-Lynams , Carns and Binnions . Since 2012,

4784-708: The Irish component was compiled and maintained by Clem Clements up to his death in 2012; it is now maintained by the DoBIH along with his list of Irish Marilyns. The list is a subset of the Nuttall classification (see below), and excludes the 125 least prominent Nuttalls from the list. As of March 2019 , the DoBIH listed 525 Hewitts, 209 in Ireland, 180 in England and 136 in Wales. Since their publication in 1997, Birks Fell and Calf Top in England and Mynydd Graig Goch have been added and Black Mountain deemed to be in Wales only. The combination of Murdos, Corbett Tops and Graham Tops comprise

4888-506: The Isle of Man, and 24 in the Republic of Ireland, brought the total number of P600 mountains in the British Isles to 119. Later, the Welsh peak Moel Siabod 's prominence was remapped at 600 metres (2,000 ft) and the list of P600s expanded to 120. In 2018 a GNSS survey gave a prominence of 599.9m. Although the margin of error means the result is not conclusive, it was accepted by Mark Trengove, who

4992-547: The Lakeland Fells . There are 214 Wainwrights in the seven guides, and there are no qualifications for inclusion other than Wainwright's choice, although in the introduction he stated that he would include all summits over 1,000-feet in height, with a prominence above 50 feet. An exception was made for Castle Crag in Borrowdale, at 951 feet (290 m); Wainwright stated that although it was below his 1,000-feet criterion, it

5096-520: The Munros does not qualify as a Murdo ( Maoile Lunndaidh ), and 66 of the Munro Tops do not qualify as Murdos. Alan Dawson first compiled the list in 1995 as an objective and quantitative alternative to the more qualitative SMC definition of a Munro. Dawson's threshold is in line with the 1994 UIAA declaration that an "independent peak" has to have a prominence of over 30 metres (98 ft). Unlike all other Scottish mountain and hill classifications,

5200-460: The Munros, Corbetts and Grahams"; thus many Donalds are also Corbetts or Grahams . Percy Donald's original 1935 list recorded 133 Donalds, however since 1997, the SMC records 140 Donalds in the Scottish lowlands, split into 89 Donald Hills and 51 Donald Tops. While the prominence of Donald Hills is over 100 feet (30.5 m), the prominence of a Donald Top can range from 16 feet (4.9 m), as in

5304-476: The Outdoor Recreation Act, for example. One may stay or set up camp temporarily in the countryside, a reasonable distance from homes, pick mineral samples, wild berries, mushrooms and flowers (as long as they are not protected species). One may fish with a rod and line (only still waters), row, sail or use a motorboat on waterways (with certain restrictions), and swim or bathe in both inland waters and

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5408-469: The SMC define Donald Hills as being: "defined from Donald Tops, where a Hill is the highest Top with a separation of 17 units or less. A unit is either one-twelfth of a mile along a Top's connecting ridge or 50ft (30.5m) in elevation between the Top and its connecting bealach/col. The separation is the sum of these two measures." The SMC note that: "Percy Donald's original Tables are seen as a complete entity, unlike

5512-436: The SMC does not maintain an official list of Murdos. All Murdos are either SMC Munros or SMC Munro Tops. The Corbetts are peaks in Scotland that are between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762.0 and 914.4 m) high with a prominence of at least 500 feet (152.4 m). The list was compiled in the 1920s by John Rooke Corbett , a Bristol-based climber and SMC member, and was published posthumously after his sister passed it to

5616-639: The SMC. As of April 2020, there were 222 Corbetts. Climbers who climb all of the Corbetts are called Corbetteers ; the first being Corbett himself who completed in 1943. A list of Corbett Tops, covering mountains in Scotland between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762.0 and 914.4 m) in height and with between 100 and 500 feet (30.48 and 152.4 m) of prominence, was published by Alan Dawson in 2001. There are 455 Corbett Tops, and thus 677 Corbetts and Corbett Tops in total. The Grahams are hills in Scotland between 600 and 762 metres (1,969 and 2,500 feet) high, with

5720-527: The Scottish equivalent of the Hewitts, but their author Alan Dawson regards those classifications as obsolete. Hewitts are a sub-class of the newer 2010 British Isles classification, the § Simms , or "metric Hewitt", with a 600 metres (1,968.5 ft) height threshold, and a 30 metres (98.4 ft) prominence threshold. Dawson still maintains a list of Hewitts. The Nuttalls are mountains in England and Wales only that are over 2,000 feet (610 m), and with

5824-657: The Simms, which include all mountains in Britain over 600 metres high with at least 30 metres prominence. The Donalds are mountains in the Scottish Lowlands over 2,000 ft (610 m), amongst other criteria. The list was compiled by Percy Donald in 1935, and is maintained by the SMC. The classification is determined by a complicated formula which also contains qualitative elements around "sufficient topographical interest". The formula necessitates splitting Donalds into Donald Hills and Donald Tops; in general, Donald Hills have

5928-457: The Swedish right to roam comes with an equal emphasis being placed upon the responsibility to look after the countryside; the maxim is "do not disturb, do not destroy". Many Swedish people consider this to be a form of legacy or human right. Allemansrätten gives a person the right to access, walk, cycle, ride, ski, and camp on any land—with the exception of private gardens, the immediate vicinity of

6032-507: The UIAA stated that for a "peak" to be independent (and not a sub-peak), it needed a prominence over 30 metres (98 ft), and a "mountain" had to have a prominence above 300 metres (980 ft). Unlike the single measurement of elevation, prominence requires the measurement of all contours around the peak and is therefore subject to greater revision over time, and thus classification lists based on prominence are subject to change. Some definitions use an imperial measurement for height, but

6136-664: The Welsh Munros. There are 34 furths; 15 in Wales, 13 in Ireland and six in England. The highest is Snowdon . Of these 34 SMC identified Furths, 33 have a prominence above 30 m (98 ft) (e.g. the Murdo Furths), 14 have a prominence above 150 m (490 ft) (e.g. the Real Munro Furths), and 10 have a prominence above 600 m (2,000 ft) (e.g. the P600 Furths). The Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) maintains

6240-591: The beach owner. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In the UK , the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by the Crown although there are notable exceptions, especially what are termed several fisheries which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to King John 's time or earlier, and the Udal Law , which applies generally in Orkney and Shetland . While in

6344-532: The case of Cairn Hill West Top , to 220 feet (67.1 m), in the case of Beninner . New Donalds were introduced by Alan Dawson in his 1995 book, The Grahams and the New Donalds , with a prominence threshold of 30 m (98.4 ft), and that the location was south of the Highland Boundary Fault ; there are 118 New Donalds, and while all Donald Hills are New Donalds, 22 Donald Tops are not. Climbers who climb all SMC Donalds are called Donaldists ,

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6448-737: The entire DoBIH data is re-downloaded again. The DoBIH uses the following codes for the various classifications of mountains and hills in the British Isles , which many of the above peaks also fall into: suffixes: = twin Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles#Corbetts The mountains and hills of the British Isles are categorised into various lists based on different combinations of elevation , prominence , and other criteria such as isolation . These lists are used for peak bagging , whereby hillwalkers attempt to reach all

6552-422: The exception of lakes that are drinking water reservoirs (see for instance Maridalsvannet ). Wild berry foraging is part of the right. Picking cloudberries may, however, be restricted on privately owned land in northern parts of Norway. Hunting rights belong to the landowner, and thus hunting is not included in the right of free access. In freshwater areas such as rivers and lakes, the fishing rights belong to

6656-518: The first being Percy Donald on 23 May 1933; a list is maintained. This list is from the Database of British and Irish Hills ("DoBIH") in October 2018, and are peaks the DoBIH marks as being Donalds ("D" and "DT"). The SMC does not update the list of Donalds (they are fixed), however the DoBIH also updates their measurements as more surveys are recorded, so these tables should not be amended or updated unless

6760-457: The government because it would otherwise be legally unowned is claimed as the territory of Indigenous people , in countries that were colonised. Much of Canada is Crown land owned by the provinces . Some is leased for commercial activity, such as forestry or mining, but on much of it there is free access for recreational activities like hiking, cycling, canoeing, cross-country skiing, horse back riding, and licensed hunting and fishing, etc. At

6864-461: The landowner is required to access such bodies of water. Neither do bodies of water protected as sources of drinking water or which are in use by aquaculture or are in other special use have a shore path. All of the rights and responsibilities regarding humans’ interaction with nature are collectively termed everyman's right. Everyman's right does not pertain to the organizing of sporting events or other public events in open country. To organize these,

6968-403: The landowner's permission (except in an emergency). It is acceptable, however, to use an alcohol burner, wood stove or similar device that has no hot parts touching the ground. One may not disturb the privacy of people's homes by camping too near to them or making too much noise, nor litter, drive motor vehicles off-road without the landowner's permission, or fish (excluding angling) or hunt without

7072-544: The landowner's permission. There are some significant differences in the rules of different countries. In Denmark , there is a more restricted freedom to roam on privately held land. All dunes and beaches and all publicly owned forests are open to roaming. Uncultivated, unfenced areas are open to daytime roaming irrespective of ownership status. Privately owned forest have access by roads and tracks only. In Finland, " jokaisenoikeus " in Finnish (everyone's right) has replaced

7176-478: The landowner. Freshwater fishing may only be conducted with the permission of the landowner and by those in possession of a fishing licence. Different rules apply for children under the age of 16. Children under the age of 16 have the right to fish without a licence, a right codified in 1992. This right was tried and upheld in a ruling from the Norwegian Supreme Court in 2004. In salt water areas there

7280-535: The largest mountains. Prominences above 600 metres (1,969 ft), meet the P600 (the "Majors") classification, which is the UIAA international classification of a "major" mountain. There is no worldwide consensus on the definition of mountain versus a hill, but in Great Britain and Ireland it is usually taken to be any summit with an elevation of at least 2,000 feet (or 610 metres). The UK government legally defines mountain land as that over 600 metres (1,969 ft) for

7384-638: The list became known as the "Majors". The list is authored by Mark Trengove. The definitive version is published on his Europeak website and in the Database of British and Irish Hills. It is one of the shortest of the classification lists of mountains in the British Isles as it has testing threshold criteria. In 2006, 93 P600s were identified in Great Britain: 82 in Scotland, four in England and seven in Wales. These, together with one in Northern Ireland, one on

7488-467: The list has been published and maintained by the editors of The Database of British and Irish Hills . The Munros are mountains in Scotland with elevation of over 3,000 feet (914.4 m). The list was originally compiled by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891, and is modified from time to time by the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC), an example being the delisting in December 2020 of Stob Coire na Cloiche as

7592-548: The list of Furths and records claims of Munroists who go on to complete the Furths (called "Furthists"). The Hewitts , named after the initials of their definition, are "hills in England, Wales and Ireland over two thousand" feet (609.6 m), with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 ft). The English and Welsh, lists were compiled and are maintained by Alan Dawson. Dawson originally called them "Sweats" in his book, from "Summits – Wales and England Above Two thousand".

7696-525: The list of Nuttalls is sometimes criticised for including too many insignificant minor tops; the Hewitts (see above) are one attempt to avoid this. Some Nuttalls would not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District , the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing . As of October 2018 , 302 people are recorded as having completed

7800-528: The list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be summited as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range . The Wainwrights are mountains or hills (locally known as fells ) in the English Lake District National Park that have a chapter in one of Alfred Wainwright 's Pictorial Guides to

7904-517: The list, which as of December 2022 comprised 231 hills from 600 to 762 metres high. Two of the original Grahams no longer qualify: Cnoc Coinnich was found to be above the 762 metres (2,500 ft) height threshold, while Stob na Boine Druim-fhinn was found to have less than 150 metres prominence. In 2004, Dawson published a list of Graham Tops covering every summit in Scotland between 2,000 and 2,500 feet (609.6 and 762.0 m) high with over 30 metres of prominence. This list has since been superseded by

8008-503: The mainland volume, and plans a second volume to list 100 summits on the islands. As of 2021 they are not listed in the DBIH but have attracted attention from peakbaggers. Furths are mountains in Great Britain and Ireland that are furth of (i.e. "outside") Scotland, and which would otherwise qualify as Scottish Munros or Munro Tops. They are sometimes referred to as the Irish, the English or

8112-540: The managing agency, and run the gamut from the free-for-all, undeveloped wide open spaces of the Bureau of Land Management lands to the highly developed and controlled US national parks and state parks . Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat , are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have

8216-432: The maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the “usually maximum winter waves” and of course not to exceptional cases, such as tsunamis etc.). The foreshore zone, apart from the exceptions in the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over

8320-503: The most popular lists for peak baggers, and because of the lack of any height threshold, the classification includes a wide range of hills and mountains, and some sea stacks (pictured right). The Marilyns were expanded in 2007 by the HuMPs (Hundred and upwards Metre Prominence), which reduced the prominence requirement to 100 m (330 ft); all British Isles Marilyns are British Isles HuMPS (but not vice versa). Though he did not use

8424-509: The name. Freedom to roam#United Kingdom The freedom to roam , or everyone's right , every person's right or everyman's right , is the general public's right to access certain public or privately owned land, lakes, and rivers for recreation and exercise . The right is sometimes called the right of public access to the wilderness or the right to roam . In Austria , Belarus , Estonia , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway , Scotland , Sweden , Switzerland and

8528-417: The night anywhere parking is allowed, including along public roads. Driving off-road with caravans and mobile homes is not permitted. At rest areas, the usual maximum stay for overnight stays is around 24 hours on weekdays, with slightly longer durations on weekends. Additional rules will be posted on rest area signs. There are no specific regulations regarding how long you can park your motor vehicle adjacent to

8632-529: The older term " jokamiehenoikeus " (every man's right) to refer to the freedom to roam and related rights. The term in Swedish is " allemansrätten " (lit. "everyone's right"), similar to other Nordic countries. The right is not codified in any specific law. Instead, it arises from the principle of nulla poena sine lege - what is not illegal cannot be punished. Things that are not explicitly disallowed, are allowed by default. Everyone may walk, ski, ride

8736-601: The ownership and public use of the foreshore . One recent example is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy involving the land claims of the Māori people . However, the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 guarantees free public access. The public has the right to access some but not all government-owned land. Wilderness areas are typically open for recreational use outside of military facilities. Some land owned by

8840-420: The ownership of the land, and contact numbers, to avoid legal issues. Land owners may not block access to land, roads or bodies of water that are public or are designated for public use, including ice and shore paths. All bodies of water that are public or designated for public use have public shore paths that are up to 4 m wide. The shore path along a navigable body of water may extend to a distance of 10 m from

8944-603: The purposes of freedom of access . When Calf Top in Cumbria was re-surveyed in 2016 and confirmed to be 6 millimetres above the 609.6 m threshold for a 2,000 ft peak, the Ordnance Survey described Calf Top as England's "last mountain". Regardless of the technical definition of a mountain, cultural norms also feature, with mountains in Scotland being frequently referred to as hills irrespective of their height; examples being

9048-473: The relevant permits. If horse riding causes more than a minor inconvenience or disturbance, an agreement for the long term use of the route must be made with the landowner. A horse may also be taken to swim in a water body without the consent of the owner of the water area (excluding public beaches). Everyone in Norway enjoys the right of access to, and passage through, uncultivated land in the countryside. The right

9152-512: The rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the High water mark , and The Crown is deemed to own what lies below it, in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the lowest Spring ebb. Where the foreshore is owned by the Crown the public has access below the line marking high tide . In Greece, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast which might be reached by

9256-811: The right has been won through practice over hundreds of years and it is not known when it changed from mere 'common practice' to become a commonly recognised right. Today these rights underpin opportunities for outdoor recreation in several of the Nordic countries, providing the opportunity to hike across or camp on another's land (e.g. in Sweden for one or two nights), boating on someone else's waters, and picking wildflowers , mushrooms and berries. However, with these rights come responsibilities; that is, an obligation neither to harm, disturb, litter, nor to damage wildlife or crops. Access rights are most often for travel on foot. Rights to fish, hunt or take any other product are usually constrained by other customs or laws. Building

9360-532: The right has come under pressure particularly around the Oslo Fjord and in popular areas of Southern Norway. These areas are popular sites for holiday homes and many owners of coastal land want to restrict public access to their property. As a general rule, building and partitioning of property is prohibited in a 100-metre zone closest to the sea, but local authorities in many areas have made liberal use of their ability to grant exemptions from this rule. However, even if

9464-401: The right to own property "everyone shall have access to nature in accordance with allemansrätten ". What this means is not further explicated on in the constitution, and only sparsely in other legislation. In practice, allemansrätten is defined as actions that are not crimes, will not make a person liable to pay damages , nor can be prohibited by any authority. As in other Nordic countries,

9568-535: The rules in conservation areas. Footpaths should also be followed, if they exist, to help protect the landscape. Furthermore, "landowners may not hinder passage of walkers alongside rivers, lakes and ocean, or on tracks and paths'. Cycling may be restricted on some paths. Equestrians must keep to bridleways where they exist and in other places show "consideration for the land". In many areas, like South and East Iceland, only in uninhabited areas that are not protected maximum 3 Tents maybe pitched up for one night, if there

9672-835: The same time access can be restricted or limited for various reasons (e.g., to protect public safety or resources, including the protection of wild plants and animals). In the Canadian Territories Crown land is administered by the Canadian Federal Government . Canadian National Parks have been created from Crown land and are also administered by the Federal Government. There are also provincial parks and nature reserves that have been similarly created. The aboriginal peoples in Canada may have specific rights on Crown land established under treaties signed when Canada

9776-402: The sea. One can walk, ski and ice fish on frozen lakes, rivers and the sea. Income from selling picked berries or mushrooms is tax-free. Picking cloudberry may be temporarily restricted to local residents in parts of Lapland . In the autonomous province of Åland the right to camp's inclusion in the right to roam was disputed, but since 2013 this is no longer the case. When traveling with

9880-473: The summits on a given list, the oldest being the 282 Munros in Scotland, created in 1891. A height above 2,000 ft, or more latterly 610 m, is considered necessary to be classified as a mountain – as opposed to a hill – in the British Isles. With the exception of Munros, all the lists require a prominence above 15 metres (49.21 ft). A prominence of between 15 and 30 metres (49.21 and 98.43 ft) (e.g. some Nuttalls and Vandeleur-Lynams), does not meet

9984-644: The term HuMP, Eric Yeaman's Handbook of the Scottish Hills (1989) is considered an early source as it included lists of hills with a prominence above 100 m. The name and first formal British Isles list was compiled by Mark Jackson from a number of sources and published online in 2010 in More Relative Hills of Britain . As of April 2020, there were 2,984 HuMPs in the British Isles: 2,167 in Scotland, 833 in Ireland, 441 in England, 368 in Wales and 11 in

10088-407: The water line. The owner may not close this path even if the private property is posted or marked with no-trespassing signs. Grazing areas and other enclosed areas along the shore paths must have stiles. Ponds with no outlet located entirely on the land of one land owner and lakes smaller than five hectares located on land belonging to more than one land owner shall not be in public use. Permission from

10192-534: The way land was used had changed and that the law was out of date and needed to be revised, so as "to bar commercial interests from using the law as an excuse to make a profit while they are on other people's private property". Ancient traces provide evidence of the freedom to roam in many European countries, suggesting such a freedom was once a common norm. Today, the right to roam has survived in perhaps its purest form in Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Here

10296-676: Was a British colony, and have claimed ownership of some Crown land. Much of Australia's land area, including most land below the mean high water mark is Crown land , which is administered by the Australian states . Much consists of pastoral leases , land owned and run by Aboriginal people (e.g. APY lands ), and "unallocated" Crown land. Access to the latter is normally permitted for recreational purposes, though motorized vehicles are required to follow roads and to be registered and insured. Most state and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on

10400-539: Was a perfect mountain in miniature and demanded inclusion. A further 116 summits were included in the supplementary guide, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland , and are known as the Wainwright Outlying Fells. The Birketts are all the tops over 1,000 feet (304.8 m) within the boundaries of the Lake District National Park . Height and location, but not prominence, are the criteria. The list

10504-524: Was created in 2001 "with the intention of providing a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for British hillwalkers". It is maintained by a team of seven editors, and is described by the Long Distance Walkers Association as "now the most reliable online source for all Registers" (i.e. all lists of summits attained). The DoBIH has been used as a source by books, hillwalking websites and smartphone apps, including Mark Jackson's 2010 book on

10608-443: Was devised by Bill Birkett as the basis for his 1994 book Complete Lakeland Fells . There are 541 of these tops, and they include 209 of the 214 Wainwrights, and 59 of the 116 Wainwright Outlying Fells. The five Wainwrights that are not Birketts are Armboth Fell , Baystones , Castle Crag (which, at 951 feet (290 m), is Wainwright's only sub-1,000 ft summit), Graystones and Mungrisdale Common ; Birketts are listed in

10712-680: Was drawn up in 2002 by the Irish MountainViews publisher Simon Stewart from an early listing of the Myrddyn Deweys with hills from the Vandeleur-Lynams which meet the higher prominence criterion. The name Arderins was first used in 2009, and comes from the 527-metre (1,729 ft) hill Arderin , which is the County Top for County Laois and County Offaly in Ireland, and translates as "Height of Ireland". The Arderins were published in

10816-405: Was present on the survey, bringing the total back to 119. More recently available LIDAR data for the col would give a prominence of 599.7m. In February 2020 a GNSS survey of Beinn Odhar Bheag in conjunction with OS trig point data for Rois-Bheinn found the former to be 1 metre higher. Accordingly, Beinn Odhar Bheag has replaced Rois-bheinn in the P600 list. The British Isles' P600s contain 54 of

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