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135-587: The Citigroup Center (formerly Citicorp Center and also known by its address, 601 Lexington Avenue ) is an office skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City . Built in 1977 for Citibank , it is 915 feet (279 m) tall and has 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m) of office space across 59 floors. The building was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins , associate architect Emery Roth & Sons , and structural engineer William LeMessurier . The Citigroup Center takes up much of

270-547: A fire-resistance rating , for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general, the façade systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminum (powder coated or anodized) or stainless steel . In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, but due to their cost and susceptibility to panel edge staining these have not been popular. Whether rated or not, fire protection

405-637: A tuned mass damper . Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent. The equipment weighs 400 short tons (360 long tons; 360 t) and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 ft (9.1 by 9.1 by 1.8 m). The block sits on an oil-coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north–south and east–west movement. The equipment cost around $ 1.5 million to install. By comparison, it would have cost $ 5 million to reduce

540-614: A 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m) conference center on the 14th floor. In 2021, Boston Properties converted the shopping concourse into a food hall named the Hugh. Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center that December with a $ 1 billion mortgage from four banks. At the time, the building's office space was 96.3 percent occupied, and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices. With about 326,000 square feet (30,300 m) of space,

675-469: A 910 ft-tall (280 m) tower with stilts under the center of each side, rising 112 ft (34 m) above street level. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building. St. Peter's old church building had been demolished by mid-1973, and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp. St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described

810-446: A German-speaking congregation. The St. Peter's congregation occupied a building at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street from 1871 to 1902, when it was demolished for the construction of Grand Central Terminal . This prompted the congregation to move to a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner, which was completed in 1905. The congregation, which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by

945-503: A city block bounded clockwise from the west by Lexington Avenue , 54th Street , Third Avenue , and 53rd Street . Land acquisition took place from 1968 to 1973; St. Peter's Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower. The design was announced in July 1973, and the structure was completed in October 1977. Less than a year after completion,

1080-433: A college education or higher. The percentage of Midtown Manhattan students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period. Midtown Manhattan's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Midtown Manhattan, 19% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , less than

1215-553: A combined $ 1.5 billion. In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the Citigroup Center, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning. At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July, and it was vacating the space in

1350-474: A design handbook that the City Planning Commission published in 1975. The design of the Citigroup Center's plaza was finalized in 1973, and it included many of the same features described in the handbook, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an arcade running for a city block. The plaza has an area of 6,000 sq ft (560 m). Under the zoning laws, its presence allowed

1485-444: A fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park . That fountain was demolished in 2017. At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St. Peter's Lutheran Church at 619 Lexington Avenue. The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates . The church's congregation permitted Citicorp to erect

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1620-507: A low population of residents who are uninsured . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in Midtown Manhattan is 0.0113 milligrams per cubic metre (1.13 × 10  oz/cu ft), more than the city average. Eleven percent of Midtown Manhattan residents are smokers , which

1755-419: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81.2% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 8 murders, 23 rapes, 653 robberies, 502 felony assaults, 660 burglaries, 2,375 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2022. The main part of midtown Manhattan, between 34th and 59th Streets from Lexington Avenue to Eighth Avenue, is served by five fire stations of

1890-537: A major force in Midtown Manhattan's economy, and indeed the city's, as the total value of all New York City property was estimated at US$ 914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year . Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation's, as well as one of the world's, most marketable real estate, including the Time Warner Center , which had the highest-listed market value in the city in 2006 at US$ 1.1 billion, to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by

2025-517: A merger of Citicorp and the Travelers Companies —arranged to jointly sell both condominium shares. Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $ 725 million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $ 525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a $ 150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore . The sale

2160-487: A new atrium space. That June, work on the plaza commenced; the original fountain, which had been part of the landmark designation, was demolished. All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018. Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease for a 10,000 sq ft (930 m) food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center. In October 2019, London-based company etc.venues agreed to operate

2295-567: A number of private languages and music centers (e.g. Berlitz , American Language Communication Center, New York Language Center, Swan Music School, and the New York Youth Symphony ). The La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi Italian international school moved to West Midtown in 2016. The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building (also the Main Branch),

2430-625: A one-third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $ 670 million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $ 2.32 billion; it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center. At the time, Citicorp was developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens . The new building in Queens

2565-412: A pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them". Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 ft (2.4 m) tall by 6 ft (1.8 m) wide. The church's main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza and is about 5 ft (1.5 m) beneath the plaza. The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people. There

2700-435: A partial ownership stake in the new development. In February 1970, the congregation signed a letter of intent to sell its building, as well as the air rights above the church, to First National City Bank. In exchange, the congregation received $ 9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. The congregation saw a $ 4 million net profit, as its new building cost $ 5 million. Members of

2835-959: A program aimed at creating "a 24/7, live-work, mixed-use neighborhood" in Midtown South though the conversion of commercial and office space to residential, as part of an effort to create 20,000 new residences citywide in a decade. According to The Broadway League , shows on Broadway sold approximately US$ 1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each. Companies that used to have their headquarters in Midtown Manhattan include American Airlines , American Comics Group , American Overseas Airlines , Central Park Media , Eastern Air Lines , GoodTimes Entertainment , LJN , NewKidCo , Pan American World Airways , Philip Morris Companies (now Altria Group ), Trans Caribbean Airways , and Trans World Airlines . In 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it

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2970-657: A reference branch at 476 Fifth Avenue. The four-story building, constructed in 1911, is known worldwide for its architecture and has several million items in its collections. There are also five circulating branches in Midtown: Two campuses of the City University of New York (CUNY)—the doctorate-granting CUNY Graduate Center and the Stella and Charles Guttman Community College —are located in Midtown, while Baruch College , also of

3105-540: A smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size. Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams; the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs. This design prevents the stilt from buckling. Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts. In 2002, following the September 11 attacks the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing. There

3240-592: A variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the Consulate-General of Japan and technology company IBM . At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed. St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 4, 1977, and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month. Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down

3375-404: A wider area. Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent, compared with a regular office building of the same size. During the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, offsetting any energy saved by the heat-deflecting facade. Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature

3510-502: A zoning "bonus" for including open space outside their buildings. While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to those that were "forbidding and downright hostile". In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs, influencing

3645-533: Is double-glazed ; the inner pane is coated with chrome plating . The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum spandrels . The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals, a firm based in Glen Cove, New York . The aluminum is silver-colored, like that on the Pepsi-Cola Building and One Chase Manhattan Plaza , because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to "see

3780-467: Is 41% in Midtown Manhattan, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Midtown Manhattan is considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying . Midtown Manhattan is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . Midtown North is patrolled by the 18th Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street, while Midtown South

3915-459: Is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market. The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a plant-filled atrium measuring 85 ft (26 m) high, with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 ft (27 by 30 m). The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street

4050-481: Is also a growing financial and fintech center. Many of New York City's skyscrapers , including its tallest hotels and apartment towers , are located in Midtown Manhattan. The neighborhood hosts commuters and residents working in its offices, hotels, and retail establishments, tourists and students. Times Square, the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , is a major center of

4185-427: Is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building, which measures 63 by 72 ft (19 by 22 m) and carries half of the building's gravity-related structural loads. Beneath the lowest office story, the core contains only elevators, and the emergency staircases are within the stilts. Above the stilts, within the walls, are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons . Each elevation of

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4320-643: Is also growing in Midtown Manhattan based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$ 30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m ) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at

4455-468: Is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminum, 660 °C (1,220 °F), is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Fire stops for such building joints can be qualified, too. Putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. The extended use of new materials, like polymers , resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over

4590-418: Is coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower. At the top of the church building, a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look inside. A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the pipe organ inside. Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble

4725-546: Is considered to be the busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere , servicing around 650,000 people per day. The Port Authority Bus Terminal , located at Eighth Avenue and 41st Street at the western edge of Midtown, is the city's main intercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday. The building opened in 1950 and had been designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by

4860-701: Is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Midtown Manhattan, there are 11 bodegas . The nearest major hospitals are Mount Sinai West in Hell's Kitchen ; Beth Israel Medical Center in Stuyvesant Town ; the Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay ; and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital in

4995-496: Is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 22% are between 45 and 64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 7% and 12% respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 4 and 5 (including Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen )

5130-575: Is less clear, and variously taken to be 34th Street , 23rd Street , or even 14th Street . Midtown spans the entire island of Manhattan along an east–west axis, bounded by the East River on its east and the Hudson River to its west. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines Midtown as extending from 34th Street to 59th Street and from 3rd Avenue to 8th Avenue. In addition to its central business district , Midtown Manhattan encompasses many neighborhoods, including Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea on

5265-470: Is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 297 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole. The 18th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.1% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 1 murder, 22 rapes, 154 robberies, 185 felony assaults, 205 burglaries, 2,065 grand larcenies, and 116 grand larcenies auto in 2022. The 14th Precinct also has

5400-407: Is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Midtown Manhattan, 10% of residents are obese , 5% are diabetic , and 18% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 9% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which

5535-496: Is located at 421 8th Avenue. The post office stopped 24-hour service in 2009 due to decreasing mail traffic. Midtown Manhattan generally has a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 . A majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) have a college education or higher, while 6% have less than a high school education and 17% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have

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5670-918: Is located in Midtown Manhattan. Haier operates its United States offices in the Haier Building at 1356 Broadway, formerly the headquarters of the Greenwich Savings Bank . Haier held the opening ceremony on March 4, 2002. Sumitomo Corporation operates its New York Office, the headquarters of the corporation's United States operations, at 600 Third Avenue, 10016 in the Murray Hill neighborhood. El Al 's North American headquarters are in Midtown. The Air France USA regional headquarters are in 125 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan. Hachette Book Group USA has its headquarters in 237 Park Avenue . In 1994 Alitalia considered moving its USA headquarters from Midtown to Lower Manhattan , but decided to keep

5805-1273: Is one of the world's leading financial centers. Midtown Manhattan is the one of the world's largest central business district , with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m ) of office space in 2018. Midtown contains the headquarters of major companies, including 4Kids Entertainment (formerly), Barnes & Noble , Bloomberg L.P. , Ernst & Young , Calvin Klein , Cantor Fitzgerald , CBS Corporation , Citigroup , Colgate-Palmolive , Cushman & Wakefield , DC Comics , Deloitte , Duane Reade , Estée Lauder Companies , Foot Locker , Frederator Studios , JPMorgan Chase , Hess Corporation , Kroll Inc. , L-3 Communications , Marsh & McLennan Companies , Marvel Entertainment , MetLife , MidOcean Partners , Morgan Stanley , Nasdaq, Inc. , NBCUniversal , The New York Times Company , NexCen Brands , Paramount Global , Pfizer , Polo Ralph Lauren , Saks Incorporated ( Saks Fifth Avenue ), The Sharper Image , Simon & Schuster , Six Flags , TBWA Worldwide , Thomson Reuters , Warner Bros. Discovery , Time Warner Cable , The Travelers Companies , and Univision Communications . The New York Institute of Finance

5940-482: Is part of 10001. Other areas between 14th and 34th Streets are covered by ZIP Codes 10003, 10009, 10010, and 10011, though these are generally not considered to be part of Midtown proper. There are also thirty-three ZIP Codes assigned to individual buildings or building complexes. The United States Postal Service operates six post offices in Midtown: The James A. Farley Station , the city's main post office,

6075-430: Is patrolled by the 14th Precinct, located at 357 West 35th Street. The precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The high per-capita crime rate can be attributed to the low population of the area, as well as the high number of crimes committed against tourists. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 25 per 100,000 people, Midtown Manhattan's rate of violent crimes per capita

6210-748: The Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade. For example, in the city of Bath , The Bunch of Grapes in Westgate Street appears to be a Georgian building, but the appearance is only skin deep and some of the interior rooms still have Jacobean plasterwork ceilings. This new construction has happened also in other places: in Santiago de Compostela

6345-503: The Blackstone Group was one of the building's largest tenants in 2022. Other large tenants by then included Citibank, Kirkland & Ellis , and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer . The Citigroup Center consists of the office tower and its annex; there is also a structure for St. Peter's Church at the base of the office tower. The tower was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins , along with associate architects Emery Roth & Sons , for

6480-610: The Citicorp Center engineering crisis of 1978, workers installed 2 in-thick (5.1 cm) steel plates over each joint. The tower contains approximately 1.3 × 10 ^  sq ft (120,000 m) of rentable space. The office annex to the east contains about 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m) of space. According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m), while, according to The Skyscraper Center ,

6615-612: The Cities Service Building was completed. In total, the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators. At Citicorp Center's completion, a "supermail" system delivered each tenant's mail. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins. The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as HVAC , lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems. The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment. The building

6750-469: The First National City Bank (later Citibank). Of the other principals at Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design, while project manager W. Easley Hammer oversaw the construction. In addition, Edward Larrabee Barnes was the consulting architect, and LeMessurier Associates and James Ruderman were the structural engineers. The general contractor

6885-540: The Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project , the headquarters of the United Nations , Grand Central Terminal , and Rockefeller Center , as well as several prominent tourist destinations, including Broadway , Times Square , and Koreatown . Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan is the busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere . Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in

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7020-629: The Ladies' Mile , along Fifth Avenue from 14th to 23rd Street; and the Tenderloin , from 23rd to 42nd Street and from Fifth Avenue to Seventh Avenue . Important streets and thoroughfares The border of Midtown Manhattan is nebulous and further confused by the fact that the term "Midtown Manhattan" can be used to refer either to a district or a group of neighborhoods and districts in Manhattan: Midtown Manhattan, along with Lower Manhattan ,

7155-563: The New York City Fire Department (FDNY): The greater Midtown area between 14th Street and 59th Street contains seven additional fire stations. As of 2018 , preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Midtown Manhattan are lower than the city average. In Midtown Manhattan, there were 67 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 4 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Midtown Manhattan has

7290-553: The Upper East Side . Midtown Manhattan is located within six primary ZIP Codes . West of Fifth Avenue, Midtown is located in 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets. East of Fifth Avenue, Midtown is located in 10016 between 34th and 40th Streets, 10017 between 40th and 49th Streets, and 10022 between 49th and 59th Streets. The area southwest of Fifth Avenue and 34th Street, sometimes considered to be in Midtown,

7425-687: The Waldorf Astoria New York , which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, for US$ 1.95 billion . In the same year, six of the top ten most expensive zip codes in the United States by median housing price were located in Manhattan, underscoring the borough's dominant position in the real estate market. When 450 Park Avenue

7560-501: The 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters . Lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively starting in 1968 and continued for five and a half years. The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc. The brokers believed that a large, contiguous land lot would be worth more than

7695-428: The Citigroup Center. New Jersey–based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross-section and street lamps at the top. Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block. Three custom pylons—at the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block—include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights. The pylons were initially designed with a "glossy black finish" that contrasted with

7830-664: The City University of New York, is located in Midtown South. Mercy College is situated at Herald Square . Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal are the two major railroad stations located in Midtown Manhattan. Penn Station serves Amtrak , NJ Transit , and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), while Grand Central serves the Metro-North Railroad and also serves the LIRR at Grand Central Madison . Penn Station

7965-460: The Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929, the new company, City Bank Farmers Trust, moved into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place , which was completed in 1931, and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961. On the northwestern corner of the future Citigroup Center site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as

8100-443: The Market. The majority of the Market's space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran's , which occupied 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m), but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries. Citibank planned to occupy 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m), or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown. The remaining stories were occupied by

8235-611: The Port Authority would spend $ 10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility. The New York City Subway and MTA Regional Bus Operations each operate several routes that go through Midtown. Additionally, the PATH train to New Jersey terminates at 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue in Midtown. Traffic congestion is common, especially for crosstown traffic. In 2011, a new system of traffic light control, known as "Midtown in Motion"

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8370-415: The St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time. Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block. The brokerage firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired. John White, president of consulting firm James D. Landauer Associates, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have

8505-528: The United Nations, and consulates-general accredited to the United States, in Midtown Manhattan. In addition, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is in Midtown Manhattan. Facade In architecture , the façade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. From the engineering perspective,

8640-433: The United States achieved completion in Midtown Manhattan, at a selling price of US$ 238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m ) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park at 220 Central Park South . The COVID-19 pandemic and hybrid work models have prompted consideration of commercial-to-residential conversion within the neighborhood's real estate sector. In August 2023, Mayor Eric Adams announced

8775-643: The West Side, and Murray Hill , Kips Bay , Turtle Bay , and Gramercy Park on the East Side. It is sometimes broken into "Midtown East" and "Midtown West", or north and south as in the New York City Police Department 's Midtown North and Midtown South precincts. Neighborhoods in the Midtown area include the following: Midtown is the original district in the United States to bear the name and included historical but now defunct neighborhoods such as

8910-543: The architects rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors, which they believed would produce hot water that could dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling. Starting in February 1975, engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a twelve-month feasibility study for the installation of such a system. Afterward, the system was scrapped, either because of

9045-463: The building has 1,578,883 sq ft (146,683.0 m). The Citigroup Center's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box, with steel ribs, that is 70 ft (21 m) long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation. There

9180-545: The building were announced, the architects had designed a roof sloped at a 45-degree corner, which was to contain west-facing terraces for about 100 apartments, but the New York City Department of City Planning would not approve a zoning change to permit that use. The architects then rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors. Plans for the project, then known as Citicorp Center, were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973. The plans called for

9315-561: The building's corners. Its roof is sloped at a 45-degree angle. East of the tower is a six-story office annex. The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street, a granite structure designed by Stubbins. Also at the base is a sunken plaza, a shopping concourse, and entrances to the church and the New York City Subway 's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station . The upper stories are supported by stacked load-bearing braces in

9450-401: The buildings are only façade, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes (within film sets). In film sets, they are simply held up with supports from behind, and sometimes have boxes for actors to step in and out of from the front if necessary for a scene . Within theme parks, they are usually decoration for the interior ride or attraction, which is based on

9585-401: The center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation 's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene , General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$ 100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology. Real estate is

9720-413: The centers of each elevation of the facade, and the building's corners are cantilevered 72 ft (22 m) outward from the core. According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts at the corners. Additionally, the stilts allowed the building to have

9855-416: The church a "breathing space" of its own. The church was described by the architectural writer David W. Dunlap in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary". The structure rises about 60 ft (18 m) above ground and 85 ft (26 m) above the Citigroup Center's plaza. It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar. The roof is clad in copper that

9990-447: The church was seriously damaged after a broken water main flooded its space. The tower stories are of trussed-tube construction. Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 ft (48 by 48 m), or 24,600 sq ft (2,290 m) in total. Within the office stories, the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story. The core is about 68 by 68 ft (21 by 21 m), while

10125-411: The citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 92% of high school students in Midtown Manhattan graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%. There are no public elementary or middle schools in Midtown. The New York City Department of Education operates the following public high schools in Midtown, serving grades 9–12: Private schools include The Beekman School , Rebecca School , and

10260-458: The congregation formally approved the sale of their building in May 1971. Hugh Stubbins & Associates was hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church hired Edward Larrabee Barnes as a design consultant by the beginning of 1971. The Stubbins firm, at the time, had relatively little experience designing high-rise buildings. The New York Times characterized

10395-490: The eighteenth floor by the end of 1975. When the frame topped out on October 7, 1976, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977. The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976. Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop

10530-428: The elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft. The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators, as twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise. The Citigroup Center's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when

10665-470: The facade has six chevrons, which are eight stories tall. The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where 60 in-wide (150 cm) "mast column transports" extend the tower's entire height. The mast columns are 30 in (760 mm) deep at their bases, tapering to 18 in (460 mm) above the 40th floor. The diagonal beams in each chevron are 14 in (360 mm) deep and connect to spandrel panels at

10800-520: The façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency . For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word is a loanword from the French façade , which in turn comes from the Italian facciata , from faccia meaning 'face', ultimately from post-classical Latin facia . The earliest usage recorded by

10935-415: The final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs. Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner. These plans were scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower. Before the official plans for

11070-487: The floor space around the core is just less than 45 ft (14 m) wide. Overall, the Citigroup Center is made of 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel, two-fifths of the amount used in the Empire State Building . The tower is supported by four stilts measuring approximately 112 ft (34 m) high with a cross section of 24 by 24 ft (7.3 by 7.3 m). The stilts are underneath

11205-405: The form of inverted chevrons . Upon the Citigroup Center's completion, it received mixed reviews, as well as architectural awards. The Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City . It takes up the majority of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 54th Street to the north, Third Avenue to the east, and 53rd Street to

11340-510: The neighborhood was 64.1% (18,351) White , 4.6% (1,310) African American , 0.1% (34) Native American , 20.8% (5,942) Asian , 0% (8) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (92) from other races , and 2% (569) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 8.1% (2,324) of the population. The entirety of Community District 5, which comprises Midtown Manhattan, had 53,120 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.8 years. This

11475-502: The office annex. On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark. The designation made the Citigroup Center the city's youngest landmark at that time. The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street. Shortly afterward, in March 2017, Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and

11610-424: The office tower only if an edifice, structurally unconnected to the tower, were built at the same location as the congregation's old building. Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both". In addition, at least 63 percent of the church was to have "nothing built above it". According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give

11745-701: The offices where they were at the last minute. Global Infrastructure Partners has an office in Midtown Manhattan. Silicon Alley , the common metonym for New York City's high tech sector, is based in Midtown South , specifically the Flatiron District . Prominent Silicon Alley companies in Midtown include AppNexus , Blue Apron , Gilt , Betterment , Oscar , SoFi , Rent the Runway , Warby Parker , and WeWork . The technology sector has been expanding across Midtown Manhattan since 2010. The biotechnology sector

11880-434: The other space it owned at Citicorp Center. By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage. Due to material changes during construction, the building as completed was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces had used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed

12015-452: The past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit the percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimeter slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors , to maintain that wall's rating. On a film set and within most themed attractions, many of

12150-506: The placement of escalators, were rearranged. The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes & Noble was named as the anchor tenant, taking 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m). By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entirety of the office building, which had become known as the Citigroup Center, for sale. Dai-Ichi and Citigroup—the latter of which had been formed in 1998 through

12285-432: The plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself. Furthermore, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds, as required under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less. In June 1978, after an inquiry from engineering student Diane Hartley, LeMessurier recalculated

12420-476: The project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment". In part because of Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available. Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design; the church's final design, with a diagonal skylight, was announced in April 1974. The city government approved plans for Citicorp Center the same year. Groundbreaking ceremonies for

12555-438: The quartering wind loads were not as severe as LeMessurier and Hartley had thought. As completed, Citicorp Center was divided into three separate condominium -style ownership stakes. One condominium was owned by the church, while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories. In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with

12690-406: The roof onto the sidewalk. Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public. The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978. In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of

12825-472: The roof was powered off. LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process. Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night. The fixes were completed that October, after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would have a 1-in-700 chance of occurring in any given year. The work

12960-444: The shade and shadow". The facade is fitted with 2 inches (51 mm) of insulation, double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction. The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight. The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises 160 ft (49 m) above the top story and faces south, sloping at a 45-degree angle. The roof was originally intended to face west and contain several terraces, but

13095-405: The sidewalk. Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $ 100 million. The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue. A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue. In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area

13230-517: The sidewalk. The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church. During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority , which operated the subway station. The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was, originally, also

13365-481: The site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue. The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site, and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church . By July 1973, land acquisition was almost entirely complete, although the last parcel

13500-477: The sites of these buildings, but they contained topless bars , which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower. The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed. The first tenants moved to the office building in April ;1977. By that August, Citicorp Center

13635-466: The smaller-than-expected savings, the cost of the required refined mechanical systems, supplier issues, or the insufficient energy produced by the system. Even after the solar-collector plans were scrapped, the design was kept; Stubbins wrote that the roof "relieves the uniformity of flat-topped towers proliferating in the center of the city". This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof. The roof

13770-475: The south. The land lot covers 70,572 sq ft (6,556.4 m) with a frontage of 200 ft (61 m) on Lexington Avenue and a west–east length of 325 ft (99 m). The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue, an 18-story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue. Other nearby buildings include 599 Lexington Avenue to the south, 100 East 53rd Street and the Seagram Building to

13905-581: The southwest, 399 Park Avenue to the west, the Central Synagogue to the northwest, and the Lipstick Building to the east. The New York City Subway 's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station is directly underneath the building. Thirty-one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development. The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by brownstone houses. Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces, ranging from small shops to

14040-524: The space each December. The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995, and it was known as the Atrium by 2016. In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core. The building contains 20 double-deck elevators , which Otis Worldwide constructed for $ 7 million. Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators. Each of

14175-555: The stilts. This story is used as mechanical space. The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside; this contrasted with structures such as Chicago's John Hancock Center in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside. After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons, while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons. The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints. Following

14310-541: The structure had to be strengthened when it was discovered that, due to a design flaw, the building was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. The building was acquired by Boston Properties in 2001, and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016. The building's public spaces underwent renovations in 1995 and 2017. The tower's base includes four giant stilts , which are placed mid-wall rather than at

14445-409: The sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots. St. Peter's Church's membership was increasing again by then, and members of the congregation were loath to part with their property. A Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in acquiring

14580-591: The three-metre-deep Casa do Cabido was built to match the architectural order of the square, and the main Churrigueresque façade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , facing the Plaza del Obradoiro , is actually encasing and concealing the older Portico of Glory . In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have

14715-565: The time of completion, Citicorp Center was the seventh-tallest building in the world. In addition to the primary 59-story tower, there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six or seven stories. It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building's shopping concourse. The tower and its annex have similarly-designed facades. The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels. Each facade segment measures 12 by 9 ft (3.7 by 2.7 m) and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates. To conserve energy, each window

14850-438: The top of each eight-story tier, which are 36 in (910 mm) deep. The tops of each eight-story tier (where the diagonal beams meet the building's corners) do not have vertical columns, thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower's corners. The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar to those use in cantilever bridges , where the wind loads are transferred downward into

14985-490: The tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area. The plaza is accessed by a diagonally-oriented stairway extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street. On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station. The Citigroup Center's entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on

15120-469: The tower were hosted in April 1974, but work began only twelve months later. The tower's construction was supervised by Vivian Longo, who, at the building's completion in 1977, was twenty-five years old. Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid-1970s. At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously. The steel framework had been completed to

15255-504: The tower's aluminum facade ; by 2016, they had been painted gray. The New Yorker described the pylons in 2017 as "sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi". First National City Bank (later Citibank) was founded in 1812 and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street until 1908, when it moved to 55 Wall Street . After National City Bank and

15390-521: The tower's movement by adding 2,800 short tons (2,500 long tons; 2,500 t) of additional steel. Midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan , serving as the city's primary central business district . Midtown is home to some of the city's most prominent buildings, including the Empire State Building , the Chrysler Building ,

15525-477: The upscale Cafe Chauveron. The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street, which was owned by a cooperative of doctors. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church occupied the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed. Custom street furniture—including newsstands, flagpoles, and streetlight pylons—was designed for the sidewalks around

15660-400: The wind loads on the building with quartering winds. LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints. After conducting tests on the building's structural safety, he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would have a 1-in-55 chance of occurring in an average year, or a 1-in-16 chance of happening if the tuned mass damper (TMD) on

15795-401: The world's entertainment industry. Sixth Avenue also has the headquarters of three of the four major U.S. television networks . Midtown is part of Manhattan Community District 5 . It is patrolled by the 14th and 18th precincts of the New York City Police Department . Geographically, the northern boundary of Midtown Manhattan is commonly defined to be 59th Street ; its southern boundary

15930-465: The world, and has been ranked as the densest central business district in the world in terms of employees, at 606,108 per square mile (234,020/km ). Midtown also ranks among the world's most expensive locations for real estate; Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan has commanded the world's highest retail rents and is the most expensive shopping street in the world. Midtown Manhattan is the country's largest commercial, entertainment , and media center, and

16065-403: Was $ 101,981, though the median income in Midtown individually was $ 120,854. In 2018, an estimated 11% of Midtown Manhattan residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,

16200-417: Was 96 percent rented, even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby. The office tower was dedicated on October 12, 1977. Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people". Almost all the space within the retail complex at the building's base, known as the Market, had been rented, and over 300 retailers had applied to operate storefronts in

16335-647: Was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church. The name change took effect in 2010. Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building. By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center. The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center, along with proportional stakes in the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston, to companies associated with Norges Bank Investment Management . These firms paid

16470-554: Was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms. Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes. Inside the church is the 24-seat Chapel of the Good Shepherd (also known as the Nevelson Chapel), which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson . The basement theater

16605-412: Was also fitted with solar panels in 1983, when Consolidated Edison and Citibank sponsored a four-year solar panel test. A large plaza, 12 ft (3.7 m) beneath street level, was designed by landscape architect Sasaki Associates and built along with Citicorp Center. The plaza's presence was encouraged by the 1961 Zoning Resolution , which gave additional floor area to New York City developers as

16740-410: Was an entrance to the second level. The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls. Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll. From 1987 to 2008, the bank presented a model train exhibition in

16875-503: Was announced, with the aim of reducing traffic congestion. Approximately 750,000 vehicles enter Midtown Manhattan on a fall business day. According to the 2011 Traffic Data Report for New York State, 777,527 vehicles a day went through select toll facilities into Manhattan. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division , First Department, is located at the Appellate Division Courthouse at 25th Street and Madison Avenue

17010-602: Was completed in 1900 by architect James Brown Lord , who used a third of the construction budget to decorate the building with statues and murals. The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration operates its New York office on the 22nd floor at 135 West 50th Street . Several countries, including Algeria , Argentina , The Bahamas , China , Costa Rica , Germany , Ireland , Israel , Jamaica , Japan , Luxembourg , Mexico , Morocco , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , United Kingdom , and Ukraine , have Permanent Missions accredited to

17145-502: Was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake. Eric Hadar's company, Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April. The price was $ 755 million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue. One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks, and protective bollards were installed on

17280-450: Was intended to be energy-efficient compared to its contemporaries. Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water; heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces. The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical. The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across

17415-516: Was moving its North American headquarters from Midtown to Melville , New York , in Suffolk County on Long Island . Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Midtown Manhattan was 28,630, a change of 2,823 (9.9%) from the 25,807 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 692.81 acres (280.37 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 41.3 inhabitants per acre (26,400/sq mi; 10,200/km ). The racial makeup of

17550-399: Was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased. The parcels cost $ 40 million, making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time. The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished. In addition to what became

17685-493: Was not publicized at the time, as it took place during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike and very few people were notified of the issue. Since no structural failure occurred, the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995. A National Institute of Standards and Technology reassessment of the engineering crisis in 2019, using modern technology, indicated that

17820-542: Was one subway stop away from Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue, allowing Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings. The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center's completion. In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $ 15 million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, which was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects . The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo , new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features, such as

17955-408: Was sold on July 2, 2007, for US$ 510 million, about US$ 1,589 per square foot (US$ 17,104/m ), it broke the barely month-old record for an American office building of US$ 1,476 per square foot (US$ 15,887/m ) based on the sale of 660 Madison Avenue . In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price. In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in

18090-588: Was the HRH Construction Corporation (which was acquired by the Starrett Housing Corporation during the building's construction), and the steel contractor was Bethlehem Steel . Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building. The Citigroup Center is 59 stories high, with its roof about 915 ft (279 m) above ground level. Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base, it contains 46 office stories. At

18225-651: Was used by the York Theatre . St. Peter's Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev. John Garcia Gensel , who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community. The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years, such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower. The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis , Dizzy Gillespie , and Thelonious Monk . In 2021,

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