Gerald Haskins (c. 1885–1946) was a New Zealand-born and educated civil engineer, who worked for much of his career in Australia. He was one of the three original principals of the consulting engineering firm Gutteridge Haskins and Davey, which continues today in the form of the GHD Group .
137-727: The Nepean Dam is a heritage-listed dam split across Avon in the Wingecarribee Shire and Bargo in the Wollondilly Shire , both in New South Wales , Australia. The reservoir created by the dam spreads across Avon, Bargo and also Yerrinbool in Wingecarribee Shire. The Nepean Dam is one of four dams and weirs in the catchment of the Upper Nepean Scheme , in New South Wales , Australia, and provides water to
274-449: A Manly ferry and drowned, in May 1935; a coroner's inquest found that his death was accidental, although there is some evidence suggesting it was a suicide. Haskins was a friend of Cecil Hoskins , chairman and managing director of Australian Iron & Steel . The Hoskins family 's fortune was originally built from the manufacture of iron and steel pipes. They had been major suppliers to
411-401: A balancing compression stress in the downstream face, providing additional economy. For this type of dam, it is essential to have an impervious foundation with high bearing strength. Permeable foundations have a greater likelihood of generating uplift pressures under the dam. Uplift pressures are hydrostatic pressures caused by the water pressure of the reservoir pushing up against the bottom of
548-608: A broader landscape setting of outstanding scenic quality. Nepean Dam was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Nepean Dam is located within the Upper Nepean Catchment Area which was developed with
685-560: A children's playground. Remnants of the interwar period landscape at the Nepean Dam site are mainly concentrated in two areas - around a small park, with cement faux rockwork bedding edges, to the east of the dam wall, including a long line of Roman Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) along the spillway alignment; and in a park-like picnic area along a terrace above the dam. Features of the latter area include pleasant plantings of mixed deciduous and evergreen exotic trees and Australian trees enclosing
822-514: A concrete channel approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) long, 120 feet (37 m) wide, widening to 432 feet (132 m) at the discharge weir. Construction of the channel commenced in July 1943, and was completed in November 1947. In the late 1960s, as part of a plan to interconnect the various water supply systems for Sydney Wollongong and Sutherland , a tunnel was constructed between the Nepean Dam and
959-533: A dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a non-jurisdictional dam. In the state of Colorado a non-jurisdictional dam is defined as a dam creating a reservoir with a capacity of 100 acre-feet or less and a surface area of 20 acres or less and with a height measured as defined in Rules 4.2.5.1. and 4.2.19 of 10 feet or less. In contrast,
1096-495: A dam that directed waterflow. It was finished in 251 BC. A large earthen dam, made by Sunshu Ao , the prime minister of Chu (state) , flooded a valley in modern-day northern Anhui Province that created an enormous irrigation reservoir (100 km (62 mi) in circumference), a reservoir that is still present today. Roman dam construction was characterized by "the Romans' ability to plan and organize engineering construction on
1233-485: A distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream. The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the Daniel-Johnson Dam , Québec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type but requires a good rock foundation because
1370-692: A fourth dam, Nepean Dam, was commenced in 1925. The site chosen was on the Nepean River , about 7 miles (11.3 km) above the point where the Cordeaux River joins the main stream at Pheasants Nest Pass and about 4 miles (6.4 km) by road southeast of Bargo railway station . The dam was designed by engineers of the Public Works Department under the direction of the Chief Engineer for Water Supply and Sewerage, EM de Burgh. Construction of
1507-471: A grand scale." Roman planners introduced the then-novel concept of large reservoir dams which could secure a permanent water supply for urban settlements over the dry season. Their pioneering use of water-proof hydraulic mortar and particularly Roman concrete allowed for much larger dam structures than previously built, such as the Lake Homs Dam , possibly the largest water barrier to that date, and
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#17328525350931644-428: A long raised shelf, which is the remnant railway platform from the temporary construction railway, with a series of small timber picnic shelters with a somewhat log cabin-style character. Nearby a considerable line of dry-packed sandstone walling has been used and drystone walling is used generally to control access. The main entry road includes the remains of an old Cypress avenue and an ornamental gum avenue. Nepean Dam
1781-621: A low scale by the Sydney Catchment Authority and include a weatherboard residential cottage similar to the second of the weatherboard residences at the Dam. The area of the former construction village for the Dam remains undeveloped and heavily overgrown, with remnant road borders and evidence of buildings visible on the ground. The public area has been maintained by the Water Board and its successors, with picnic grounds, landscaped gardens and
1918-520: A matter of principle. Further, if he had stayed, his own choice of bituminous-lined welded-steel pipes for the remediation of the two tunnels—with the additional cost of the remediation, £955,000 and with associated delays—was likely to cause more controversy. At the time he retired as Chief Engineer in June 1933, he was described by members of the Water Board as " one of Australia's great water engineers " and one board member stated, that Haskins had been lost to
2055-645: A member of the Water Board, for much of the time after 1903. From around 1930 to 1932, he clashed with Haskins over the need to continue the construction of the Nepean Dam , Henley preferred to direct funds to installing water mains, to connect more customers sooner to reticulated water, rather than spend it on the dam. Work on the dam was suspended in March 1930, due to the impact of the Great Depression . However, Haskins' opinion eventually prevailed. Not only did work on
2192-505: A minor tributary of the Nieuwe Maas . The central square of Amsterdam, covering the original site of the 800-year-old dam, still carries the name Dam Square . The Romans were the first to build arch dams , where the reaction forces from the abutment stabilizes the structure from the external hydrostatic pressure , but it was only in the 19th century that the engineering skills and construction materials available were capable of building
2329-505: A notable increase in interest in SHPs. Couto and Olden (2018) conducted a global study and found 82,891 small hydropower plants (SHPs) operating or under construction. Technical definitions of SHPs, such as their maximum generation capacity, dam height, reservoir area, etc., vary by country. A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising
2466-531: A picturesque scene when viewed from select vantage points above and on the dam wall. The former resident officer's cottage erected at the time of the dam's construction to house the resident engineer is an excellent and intact example of the high standard of accommodation provided for resident Public Works Department Senior staff. The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The dam and grounds are recognised by
2603-627: A profession based on a rigorously applied scientific theoretical framework. This new emphasis was centered around the engineering faculties of universities in France and in the United Kingdom. William John Macquorn Rankine at the University of Glasgow pioneered the theoretical understanding of dam structures in his 1857 paper On the Stability of Loose Earth . Rankine theory provided a good understanding of
2740-561: A settling pond, and a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) canal to a distribution tank. These works were not finished until 325 AD when the dam permitted the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km ). Eflatun Pınar is a Hittite dam and spring temple near Konya , Turkey. It is thought to date from the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The Kallanai is constructed of unhewn stone, over 300 m (980 ft) long, 4.5 m (15 ft) high and 20 m (66 ft) wide, across
2877-464: A substantial repository of water supply delivery technology of the era. The use of an electronic lift in the wall (albeit now decommissioned) is a first for NSW. The completion of the dam necessitated the construction of a standard gauge (1835mm) railway line from Bargo which is unique in context of dam construction in NSW. The extent of foresight in planning the execution and design of the construction township
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#17328525350933014-408: A whole dam itself, that dam also would be held in place by gravity, i.e., there is no tension in the upstream face of the dam holding the top of the dam down. The designer does this because it is usually more practical to make a dam of material essentially just piled up than to make the material stick together against vertical tension. The shape that prevents tension in the upstream face also eliminates
3151-651: Is an attractive example of a vernacular cottage of the early twentieth century. The public picnic grounds include a former construction railway platform now housing picnic shelters, and the site of the original construction village remains undeveloped and is now an overgrown archaeological site. The Nepean Dam picnic areas and gardens contain a cultural landscape resource - including remnants of its interwar period plantings, layout and detailing, and extensive areas of bushland - of regional value. The finely detailed dam structures of large-scaled concrete in Art Deco-style sit within
3288-538: Is an engineering work imbued with a sense of high aesthetic value expressed through the short curved high wall set with the steeply sided valley of the Nepean River. The design and finishes of the crest house and lower valve house in the Inter War Stripped Classical style were prepared by the engineers of the Water Board. The architectural detailing evokes a sense of monumentalism that is ideally suited to
3425-424: Is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should be carefully inspected. Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards
3562-711: Is diverted by a weir to the Nepean Tunnel, 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (7.2 km) long, discharging into the Cataract Tunnel, 2 miles (3.2 km) long, emerging into the Upper Canal, by which it is conveyed to Prospect Reservoir. The Nepean Dam is now also cross-connected to the Avon Dam, which supplies the Wollongong area, to provide additional water supply to that district. If necessary, it can also receive additional water from
3699-484: Is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. Nepean Dam is representative of a type of dam (cyclopean masonry gravity dam) constructed in NSW by the Water Supply and Sewerage Branch of the Public Works Department during the first half of the twentieth century. Key representative e attributes of the dam's design and construction include
3836-464: Is likely to be a first ion NSW in regard to dam construction, setting a practice which was further developed at Woronora Dam, and came to be exemplified at Warragamba Dam. The remnant platforms and terraces of the construction area are the largest in scale and most intact in regard to finishes and planning of all four of the Metropolitan Dams. The means of delivering stores and raw material through
3973-480: Is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes ) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The word dam can be traced back to Middle English , and before that, from Middle Dutch , as seen in
4110-471: Is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam
4247-399: Is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Grand Coulee Dam is a solid gravity dam and Braddock Locks & Dam is a hollow gravity dam. A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an arch-gravity dam for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a pure gravity dam. The inward compression of
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4384-576: Is the thinnest arch dam in the world and one of the oldest arch dams in Asia. It was constructed some 700 years ago in Tabas county , South Khorasan Province , Iran . It stands 60 meters tall, and in crest is a one meter width. Some historians believe the dam was built by Shāh Abbās I, whereas others believe that he repaired it. In the Netherlands , a low-lying country, dams were often built to block rivers to regulate
4521-422: Is two and a half times as extensive as Cataract and three and a half times as extensive as Cordeaux. The Nepean Reservoir therefore fills more rapidly and, under normal conditions, is drawn upon more freely than the other reservoirs. Specifications of Nepean Dam: The Nepean Dam continues to supply Sydney with water. It is discharged as required into the river bed below the dam and flows to Pheasant's Nest where it
4658-634: The Fayum Depression to the Nile in Middle Egypt. Two dams called Ha-Uar running east–west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called Mer-wer or Lake Moeris covered 1,700 km (660 sq mi) and is known today as Birket Qarun. By the mid-late third millennium BC, an intricate water-management system in Dholavira in modern-day India
4795-561: The Harbaqa Dam , both in Roman Syria . The highest Roman dam was the Subiaco Dam near Rome ; its record height of 50 m (160 ft) remained unsurpassed until its accidental destruction in 1305. Roman engineers made routine use of ancient standard designs like embankment dams and masonry gravity dams. Apart from that, they displayed a high degree of inventiveness, introducing most of
4932-655: The Macarthur and Illawarra regions, the Wollondilly Shire , and metropolitan Sydney . Completed in 1935 under the supervision of Ernest Macartney de Burgh , the dam is currently managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority and is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register . The Upper Nepean Scheme was commenced in 1880 after it was realised that the Botany Swamps scheme was insufficient to meet Sydney's water supply needs. The Nepean project consisted of
5069-670: The National Inventory of Dams (NID). Gerald Haskins Haskins was born in 1885 or 1886 at Papanui , a suburb of Christchurch , on the South Island of New Zealand. He was the son of Francis Thomas Haskins (c. 1830–1908) and his wife Elizabeth, née Gosling, (c. 1850–1909). Haskins' father was the Town Clerk of Christchurch; he had nominated the fields in which his three sons and one daughter would become qualified and in which all four did qualify. In young Gerald's case, it
5206-704: The National Trust of Australia (NSW) as being a place which is part of the cultural environment of Australia, which has aesthetic, historical, architectural, archaeological, scientific and social significance for future generations, as well as for the present community of NSW. The dam and grounds are recognised by the Heritage Council of NSW as a place which is of significance to NSW in relation to its historical, scientific, cultural, social, archeological, natural and aesthetic values. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of
5343-589: The Potts Hill Reservoirs to a pumping station at Waterloo . When the concrete tunnel was pressure tested, it failed the test. It and another pressure tunnel crossing of the Parramatta River became the impetus for a Royal Commission into the Water Board in 1932–33. Haskins gave technical evidence defending the design of his predecessor, J. G. S. Purvis. He responded robustly to another witness, Sir Thomas Henley, who accused Haskins of negligence, despite
5480-645: The University of Oxford published a study of the cost of large dams – based on the largest existing dataset – documenting significant cost overruns for a majority of dams and questioning whether benefits typically offset costs for such dams. Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as beavers . Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure. Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without materials, arch-gravity dams , embankment dams or masonry dams , with several subtypes. In
5617-448: The foundations , and rubble drains lead into them. Provision is made for any leakage of water past the copper seals in the contraction joints to be conducted into the galleries and thence drained away. To facilitate the work of maintenance staff, an electric lift was provided in the wall. The water is discharged through two 36 inches (91 cm) diameter outlet pipes controlled by Ring Falkner gate valves and FCD valves. After construction
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5754-568: The 1960s and one from the 1980s, and two older weatherboard cottages, one of which, utilised by the Filtration Plant staff, is the original Resident Engineer's Cottage. Just north of the entrance to the Dam picnic area are the former Catchment workshops, a series of small corrugated iron and weatherboard utilitarian buildings which were formerly the central maintenance facility for the Upper Nepean Catchment area. They remain in use at
5891-418: The Avon Dam (which now supplies the Wollongong area). This allows water to be transferred in either direction, as required. In the 1980s, work was undertaken on Nepean Dam to alleviate uplift pressure on, and leakage through, the foundations of the dam wall, in accordance with modern design criteria. The downstream face of the wall was supported with an embankment of quarried sandstone blocks and sandstone fill,
6028-535: The British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird , whose firm, John Aird & Co. , was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by Ernest Cassel . When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever before been attempted; on completion, it
6165-583: The Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board , commonly known as the Water Board. He had not actually applied for the position but had been nominated for it, by the President of the Water Board, after the death of the incumbent. Being seen as an 'outsider', his appointment resulted in significant resentment. By December 1927, he had decided to remain with Public Works. However, he apparently relented and subsequently accepted
6302-509: The Colorado River is a constant-angle arch dam. A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam. Wildhorse Dam near Mountain City, Nevada , in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with
6439-655: The Colorado River. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, with some 40,000 of them over 15 meters high. Early dam building took place in Mesopotamia and the Middle East . Dams were used to control water levels, for Mesopotamia's weather affected the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan , 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of
6576-455: The Government vehicles bringing materials from large commercial quarries, effectively making the line an extended privately owned siding. The line was 4 km (2.5 mi) long through gentle countryside. Trains were worked by a variety of locomotives, including a former Sydney Steam Tram Motor. Additionally, there was a system of narrow ( 610 mm / 2 ft ) gauge lines in use at
6713-684: The Middle Ages, dams were built in the Netherlands to regulate water levels and prevent sea intrusion. In the 19th century, large-scale arch dams were constructed around the British Empire, marking advances in dam engineering techniques. The era of large dams began with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902. The Hoover Dam, a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, was built between 1931 and 1936 on
6850-467: The Nepean Dam is a handsome, well proportioned structure with strong Stripped Classical style architectural character which complements the monumental nature of the structure and its attractive natural surroundings. Nepean Dam includes a range of ancillary structures which form components of the overall site, including residential cottages of various ages for operational staff and are representative of their age and type. The former Resident Engineer's cottage
6987-473: The Nepean Dam providing a supply to Sydney, Macarthur, Bargo and Illawarra (through the Avon/Nepean Tunnel) regions. Nepean Dam was the fifth of the major water supply/irrigation dams constructed in NSW during the first half of the twentieth century. Whilst the dam was designed by the Public Works Department of NSW, the technologies used in the dam are representative of methods developed by that authority,
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#17328525350937124-516: The Nepean Dam was a significant step in the continuing process of providing a reliable water supply for Sydney and surrounding areas as part of the Upper Nepean Scheme. Even by the international standards of the time, Nepean was a large dam and was a significant work of engineering in its day. It continues to play an important role as a major source of water supply for the Sydney region. Additionally,
7261-539: The Royal Commission included that the design of the original pressure tunnel was faulty, as was the location and design of a similar pressure tunnel crossing of the Parramatta River . The findings were critical of Haskins' design of the remedial works—finding that he had made " errors of judgement "—and his and Farnsworth's holding " a financial interest in a patent which might conceivably have been an influence upon
7398-589: The Shoalhaven Scheme. Water is supplied to the Picton and Bargo districts from Nepean Dam, with this water treated and filtered in the Nepean Water Filtration Plant, a treatment facility added to the dam to improve the water quality to this district, which is now supplied directly from Nepean Dam. The Nepean Dam includes within its area three brick residential staff cottages, two apparently dating from
7535-403: The United States ductile-iron pipes had been lined with cement-mortar. Haskins was among the first to see the potential of linings to allow large welded-steel pipes to be used. Haskins had encouraged one of the Water Board's engineers, S. T. Farnsworth, to experiment with the use of bituminous linings of welded-steel pipes. The two had sought and obtained permission from the Water Board to patent
7672-489: The United States alone, there are approximately 2,000,000 or more "small" dams that are not included in the Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of dams . Records of small dams are kept by state regulatory agencies and therefore information about small dams is dispersed and uneven in geographic coverage. Countries worldwide consider small hydropower plants (SHPs) important for their energy strategies, and there has been
7809-434: The Water Board because of " unfair tactics and much unjust criticism "; another said, " Mr Haskins had placed the water supply of Sydney on a safe and enduring basis ." The success of the remediated pressure tunnel in 1935 and the completion of the Nepean Dam in the same year removed doubt about his reputation as a prominent and successful civil engineer. Haskins' nemesis, the increasingly erratic Sir Thomas Henley, fell from
7946-421: The Water Board for its agreement to take out patents in their own names. (Over time, free use of the cement-mortar lining process was estimated to have saved the Water Board millions of pounds in construction costs.) The commercial arrangements relating to the patents and the pipe lining ventures came within the scope of Royal Commission looking into the Water Board, adding to Haskin's woes. The findings of
8083-407: The Water Board, and to other water supply ventures, since the 1890s. In 1908, they had taken over the ailing William Sandford Limited , and entered the iron and steel industry. From 1927 to 1932, Hoskins had been overseeing the progressive relocation of the company's operations from Lithgow to Port Kembla , where a new steelworks was built. In 1933, having resigned from the Water Board, Haskins
8220-424: The Water Board. The construction of the dam drew upon the knowledge and experience of a number of engineers employed in the branches including E.M. de Burgh (Chief Engineer), and Gerald Haskins (the first engineer-in-chief of the former Water Board). The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The wall of Nepean Dam
8357-516: The World Commission on Dams also includes in the "large" category, dams which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir capacity of more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400 acre⋅ft ). Hydropower dams can be classified as either "high-head" (greater than 30 m in height) or "low-head" (less than 30 m in height). As of 2021 , ICOLD's World Register of Dams contains 58,700 large dam records. The tallest dam in
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#17328525350938494-403: The arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face
8631-651: The back of the dam through a large pipe to drive a water wheel and watermill . In the 10th century, Al-Muqaddasi described several dams in Persia. He reported that one in Ahwaz was more than 910 m (3,000 ft) long, and that it had many water-wheels raising the water into aqueducts through which it flowed into reservoirs of the city. Another one, the Band-i-Amir Dam, provided irrigation for 300 villages. Shāh Abbās Arch (Persian: طاق شاه عباس), also known as Kurit Dam ,
8768-487: The bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of the dam becomes smaller. Jones Falls Dam , in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams. Parker Dam on
8905-462: The building and ongoing operation of a temporary town, with a population of over 1000, as well as managing the construction of the large dam itself. He established a good working relationship with Jock Garden , the powerful, left-wing Secretary of the Labour Council of New South Wales , and managed the site work without significant industrial disruption. In October 1927, Haskins was appointed as
9042-412: The building of permanent infrastructure such as water supply for plant and men and horses, and the use of electricity to power plant and equipment. The rehabilitation of tracts of land scarred in the construction process employed at Nepean Dam through beautification works is representative of practices undertaken at other dams throughout NSW. Key representative attributes of this practice include utilising
9179-402: The buttress loads are heavy. In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam. The water presses laterally (downstream) on the dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side of the dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam
9316-450: The capital Amman . This gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and 1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft) earthen rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC. However, the oldest continuously operational dam is Lake Homs Dam , built in Syria between 1319-1304 BC. The Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Cairo ,
9453-422: The city. The masonry arch dam wall was designed by Lieutenant Percy Simpson who was influenced by the advances in dam engineering techniques made by the Royal Engineers in India . The dam cost £17,000 and was completed in 1856 as the first engineered dam built in Australia, and the second arch dam in the world built to mathematical specifications. The first such dam was opened two years earlier in France . It
9590-416: The completion of the Cataract and Nepean Tunnels in 1888, as the fourth source of water supply for Sydney. The potential of the Upper Nepean Catchment Area to supply water was fully developed through the construction of four major dams between 1903 and 1936. Nepean Dam is the last of these dams to have been completed. The Upper Nepean Catchment Area continues to supply the regions of Sydney and Illawarra , with
9727-462: The construction of Avon Dam was dismantled and re-erected at the Nepean Dam site, including the cableways and timber towers. A suspension bridge was constructed across the Nepean River which was later used at Warragamba Dam . Railway sidings were established on the Main Southern railway line at a point between Bargo and Yerrinbool . Transport to the dam site was again by light railway, on this occasion of standard gauge. This avoided transhipment from
9864-533: The construction of a weir across the Nepean River to divert of the rivers Cataract , Cordeaux , Avon and Nepean, to the Prospect Reservoir . By 1902, however, the water supply was found to be inadequate and a Royal Commission was held which recommended impounding the waters of the Cataract River by means of a major storage dam. The Cataract Dam was completed in 1907. In November 1918, a Board of Experts
10001-647: The construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada near modern-day Ottawa and built a series of curved masonry dams as part of the waterway system. In particular, the Jones Falls Dam , built by John Redpath , was completed in 1832 as the largest dam in North America and an engineering marvel. In order to keep the water in control during construction, two sluices , artificial channels for conducting water, were kept open in
10138-433: The context of the dam. The dam is set within the valley of the Nepean River. Upstream of the dam wall this setting is characterised by the broad expanse of the pool of water bordered by the crests of the valley sides. Downstream of the dam wall the setting is characterised by the steeper inclines that graduate into the gorge created by the river's flow over time. Collectively this topography at time of high water level imparts
10275-520: The couple moved to a property known as 'Clear Hills', at Duckmaloi near Oberon , where they became well-respected members of the rural community. Their eldest son, John, became a prisoner-of-war of the Japanese, and the couple had no news of his fate for three years. During that time, the farm was worked with the assistance of six Italian prisoners-of-war, who were treated well by the Haskins family. Haskins
10412-560: The couple were married in Sydney in 1913. Their homes followed Haskins' jobs, including seven years living in a 'comfortable bungalow' in the temporary town at the Avon dam construction site. Four of their six children survived childhood: John (1917—1992), Geoffrey (b.1922), Phillip (b.1924), and Janet (b.1934). Their first child, a daughter, was stillborn at eight months, following a motor accident, and an infant daughter, Betty, died after catching poliomyelitis . After Haskins retirement, in 1942,
10549-465: The cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The cyclopean masonry of the dam is an excellent late example of this type of gravity dam construction in the Inter War era incorporating inspection galleries, contraction joints, and ground surface drainage system which demonstrate the principal characteristics of this technology at this time. Terraces and platforms adjoining the dam abutments demarcate
10686-469: The dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam. Thus, the gravitational force required by the dam is lessened, i.e., the dam does not need to be so massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources. A barrage dam is a special kind of dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting
10823-540: The dam construction site. A township for workers was constructed of timber obtained from the clearing of the catchment for the Avon Dam. This township provided four and five-roomed cottages for the married men and had metalled roads with concrete kerbing. A typical working man's accommodation consisted of a simple timber hut with a galvanised roof. Later, a barracks was constructed for single men. A Public School and recreation halls were also provided, as were full-time medical staff and facilities. Shortly after construction of
10960-419: The dam in 1935. Although the dam was ready to store water by September, 1935, there was little rainfall on its catchment during the ensuing three years; however, by October 1938 the dam was overflowing. At this time it was realised that scouring at the toe of the foundations of the dam required an alteration to the direction of the flow of floodwaters discharged over the spillway weir. This was done by constructing
11097-533: The dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies, Inc. Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and the lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on 1 March 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, some 40,000 of them over 15 m (49 ft) high. In 2014, scholars from
11234-577: The dam was transferred from the Public Works Department to the Water Board, it was decided upon the recommendation of the Chief Engineer of the Board, Gerald Haskins , that the height of the dam wall be increased by 25 ft (7.6 m). This added nearly 50% to the storage capacity of the dam. Work on the dam continued until March 1930, when the depression compelled the Board first to curtail and then suspend work completely. The work recommenced on 12 June 1933 and continued without interruption until completion of
11371-428: The dam was undertaken by the Public Works Department until 1 September 1928, at which time the department was re-organised and the majority of the staff associated with water supply were transferred to the Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, who continued the work on the dam. At that date, excavation for the foundations of the wall was complete and placing of concrete about to begin. Most of the plant and equipment used for
11508-414: The dam, in ensuring security of supply, contributed to the extensive residential, commercial and industrial development of Sydney during the 1930s and 1950s. Nepean Dam was constructed over a period of ten years between 1926 and 1936, a protracted construction period which is directly related to the Great Depression and a period of Government financial stringency. The completion of the dam during this period
11645-605: The dam. If large enough uplift pressures are generated there is a risk of destabilizing the concrete gravity dam. On a suitable site, a gravity dam can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a solid foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best-developed example of dam building. Since the fear of flood is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical. Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. The solid form
11782-407: The dam. The first was near the base of the dam on its east side. A second sluice was put in on the west side of the dam, about 20 ft (6.1 m) above the base. To make the switch from the lower to upper sluice, the outlet of Sand Lake was blocked off. Hunts Creek near the city of Parramatta , Australia , was dammed in the 1850s, to cater to the demand for water from the growing population of
11919-450: The dams' potential range and magnitude of environmental disturbances. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) defines a "large dam" as "A dam with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater from lowest foundation to crest or a dam between 5 m (16 ft) metres and 15 metres impounding more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400 acre⋅ft )". "Major dams" are over 150 m (490 ft) in height. The Report of
12056-523: The design of the tunnel and the commencement of its construction predating Haskin's appointment. It seems that Henley's attitude, by his own admission, stemmed from the circumstance of Haskins' appointment as Chief Engineer, and how for " at least three years he declared he had opposed the enormous waste in the board's engineering works and the discharge of the board's own trained men who were superseded by university-trained theorists, juniors from Public Works Department, and former associates of Mr Haskins. " It
12193-433: The difficult interlude at Port Kembla and vindicated by the successful pressure tunnel remediation, Haskins was ready for fresh challenges. He and Geoffrey Davey began their practice as consulting engineers, Haskins & Davey, around September 1935, working from an office in 'Asbestos House', an art-deco building at 65 York St, Sydney. Many towns were implementing schemes for reticulated water supplies and sewerage, and
12330-400: The discharge of their official duties ". Even though the Water Board praised the remedial actions he had underway, Haskins retired from his position as Chief Engineer, in June 1933. He was still defending the design engineers who were criticised by the Royal Commission and, by taking that stance and after being himself criticised by the Royal Commission, he had little option but to leave, as
12467-453: The downstream face is of similar material 3 feet (0.91 m) thick. Both of the facing concrete sections are merged progressively into the central sandstone masonry concrete. All the latest improvements in dam design and construction of the day were embodied in the work, building upon the experience gained from the construction of the previous three Upper Nepean Scheme dams. Inspection galleries are provided, with pressure and drainage pipes from
12604-529: The estimated cost. He was also a part of the efforts to capture enough water to meet the growing city's needs, pending the completion of the Chichester Dam . He returned to Public Works, as resident engineer for the construction of the Avon Dam , from 1920 to 1927. During this time he reported to the legendary civil engineer, Ernest de Burgh , who oversaw the entire Upper Nepean Scheme . Haskins had to manage
12741-606: The first large-scale arch dams. Three pioneering arch dams were built around the British Empire in the early 19th century. Henry Russel of the Royal Engineers oversaw the construction of the Mir Alam dam in 1804 to supply water to the city of Hyderabad (it is still in use today). It had a height of 12 m (39 ft) and consisted of 21 arches of variable span. In the 1820s and 30s, Lieutenant-Colonel John By supervised
12878-710: The first was the Roman-built dam bridge in Dezful , which could raise water 50 cubits (c. 23 m) to supply the town. Also diversion dams were known. Milling dams were introduced which the Muslim engineers called the Pul-i-Bulaiti . The first was built at Shustar on the River Karun , Iran, and many of these were later built in other parts of the Islamic world . Water was conducted from
13015-534: The force of water. A fixed-crest dam is a concrete barrier across a river. Fixed-crest dams are designed to maintain depth in the channel for navigation. They pose risks to boaters who may travel over them, as they are hard to spot from the water and create induced currents that are difficult to escape. There is variability, both worldwide and within individual countries, such as in the United States, in how dams of different sizes are categorized. Dam size influences construction, repair, and removal costs and affects
13152-492: The former terraced construction platforms as picnic areas and lookouts, and utilising the former construction roads and tramway for vehicular access to the dam site and dam wall. Dam A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation , human consumption , industrial use , aquaculture , and navigability . Hydropower
13289-409: The internal drainage system. The upgrading works to the spillway and dam wall in the 1980s, with the rock embankment to make the dam meet modern safety requirements are representative of modern-day safe operating practice. The construction technologies used at Nepean Dam are representative of dams constructed in NSW through the first half of the twentieth century. Key representative attributes include
13426-440: The latter being compacted by grid and vibratory rollers. It was similar to the work undertaken at the same time for Avon Dam. The Nepean Dam is a large cyclopean masonry dam. This consists of large blocks of sandstone quarried at the site, embedded in and surrounded by sandstone concrete. To ensure water-tightness, all construction joints are grouted. The upstream face consists of blue metal concrete 5 feet (1.5 m) thick while
13563-486: The lifestyles of the employees that constructed the dam. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The wall of the Nepean Dam is the highest of all the dams constructed in the Upper Nepean Catchment Area. Nepean Dam is one of three dams in NSW which incorporate extensive Inter War Stripped Classical architectural detailing. The crest and valve houses and inlet works retain original ironwork which represent
13700-470: The location of plant and equipment used in the construction of the dam, in particular the location of the cableway headtowers, the railway terraces and concrete mixing plant platform. The hillside near the upper picnic area was the site of the original construction township and retains an intact road formation, kerbing and guttering and tennis courts from that era. The integrity is such that collectively these features may potentially provide further insight into
13837-625: The main stream of the Kaveri River in Tamil Nadu , South India . The basic structure dates to the 2nd century AD and is considered one of the oldest water diversion or water regulating structures still in use. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals. Du Jiang Yan is the oldest surviving irrigation system in China that included
13974-617: The names of many old cities, such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam . Ancient dams were built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East for water control. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan , dating to 3,000 BC. Egyptians also built dams, such as Sadd-el-Kafara Dam for flood control. In modern-day India, Dholavira had an intricate water-management system with 16 reservoirs and dams. The Great Dam of Marib in Yemen, built between 1750 and 1700 BC,
14111-428: The network of railway lines and raised platforms, and the system of suspension footbridge and aerial stone ropeway to provide access and material over the gorge were particularly sophisticated for the time and foretells later developments at Warragamba Dam. The reservoir of the Nepean Dam is the second largest source of water in the whole of the network administered by SCA for the supply of metropolitan Sydney. The place
14248-668: The other basic dam designs which had been unknown until then. These include arch-gravity dams , arch dams , buttress dams and multiple arch buttress dams , all of which were known and employed by the 2nd century AD (see List of Roman dams ). Roman workforces also were the first to build dam bridges, such as the Bridge of Valerian in Iran. In Iran , bridge dams such as the Band-e Kaisar were used to provide hydropower through water wheels , which often powered water-raising mechanisms. One of
14385-429: The other way about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the resultant of the forces of gravity acting on the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam. The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to consider the part of the dam above any particular height to be
14522-402: The planning and scale of the construction techniques are more representative of the Water Board. In conjunction with other Metropolitan Dams and Woronora Dam built in 1941, the impounded water of Nepean Dam provided one of the major sources of water for domestic and industrial consumption in metropolitan Sydney, the largest city in NSW. In providing water for metropolitan Sydney during this era
14659-454: The position. He called together the senior staff who, having been passed over for promotion, were the source of the resentment against him, and persuaded them to desist. Haskins is credited with the design of the Woronora Dam . Work commenced in 1927, but construction was interrupted by the Great Depression and was not completed until 1941. The politician, Sir Thomas Henley , had been
14796-706: The practice was an immediate success. Notably, it provided advice for the later stages of the South West Tablelands Water Supply Scheme and later the Central Tablelands Water Supply Scheme, but for many other places as well. Haskins & Davey had been working on some projects with the Melbourne-based practice of A. Gordon Gutteridge , established in 1928. Both practices saw the potential for work in Queensland and it
14933-423: The pressure test. This work was completed by late 1935, and the much-delayed tunnel was a resounding success. The solution had been proposed by Haskins in 1930, and endorsed by two prominent Australian civil engineers of the time, Edgar Ritchie and Henry Dare. Until the 1920s, it had been usual to use iron pipes or even wood-stave pipes for water distribution, because welded-steel pipes corroded too quickly. In
15070-589: The principles behind dam design. In France, J. Augustin Tortene de Sazilly explained the mechanics of vertically faced masonry gravity dams, and Zola's dam was the first to be built on the basis of these principles. The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902, a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River . Following their 1882 invasion and occupation of Egypt ,
15207-578: The process that allowed lining of pipes in situ. The matter went to the High Court , in April 1935 and it found in Tate's favour. Eventually, both 'Tate' and 'Haskins' processes were patented, and a company, Cement Linings Ltd, was set up to line pipes. In recognition that both men were working for the Water Board at the time of the experimental work, the Water Board was given free use of the process, but they had not asked
15344-518: The process, giving the Water Board free use of their process, taken out a patent, and set up a companies to exploit it, Haskins Patent Pipe Linings Limited and Pipe Linings (Australasia) Limited. Haskins had encouraged another engineer, William Tate, to experiment with the cement-mortar lining of steel pipes. Tate applied for a patent in 1931, but in 1932, Haskins opposed the patent, contending that Tate's process only covered lining pipes before installation, whereas Haskins claimed he himself had invented
15481-478: The project resume in 1933, but Haskins had, soon after his appointment as Chief Engineer, persuaded the Water Board to increase the dam height by 25 ft (7.6m), increasing the dam's capacity by nearly 50%. The dam was completed in September 1935, the fourth and last dam of the Upper Nepean Scheme . From around 1922 to 1930, a pressure tunnel —still the third largest in the world—was constructed to carry water from
15618-487: The state of New Mexico defines a jurisdictional dam as 25 feet or greater in height and storing more than 15 acre-feet or a dam that stores 50 acre-feet or greater and is six feet or more in height (section 72-5-32 NMSA), suggesting that dams that do not meet these requirements are non-jurisdictional. Most US dams, 2.41 million of a total of 2.5 million dams, are not under the jurisdiction of any public agency (i.e., they are non-jurisdictional), nor are they listed on
15755-406: The use of cableways, the building of temporary camps to house labourers and tradesman, building of semi-permanent cottages to house salaried staff, the construction of terraced platforms for plant and machinery, mechanisation of concrete production, the construction of a purpose-built road of access and tramway to transport men, supplies and materials from the nearest railhead to the construction site,
15892-408: The use of cyclopean masonry bedded in sandstone concrete, use of blue metal concrete in the wall facings, use of a spillway set away from the gravity wall, valve and crest houses attractively designed and finished to a high standard, the use of an array of upstream intakes to regulate the quality of water supply, the internal inspection gallery, the foundation drainage system, the contraction joints, and
16029-406: The water level and to prevent the sea from entering the marshlands. Such dams often marked the beginning of a town or city because it was easy to cross the river at such a place, and often influenced Dutch place names. The present Dutch capital, Amsterdam (old name Amstelredam ), started with a dam on the river Amstel in the late 12th century, and Rotterdam began with a dam on the river Rotte ,
16166-634: The water load, and are often used to control and stabilize water flow for irrigation systems. An example of this type of dam is the now-decommissioned Red Bluff Diversion Dam on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California . Barrages that are built at the mouths of rivers or lagoons to prevent tidal incursions or use the tidal flow for tidal power are known as tidal barrages . Embankment dams are made of compacted earth, and are of two main types: rock-fill and earth-fill. Like concrete gravity dams, embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back
16303-577: The world is the 305 m-high (1,001 ft) Jinping-I Dam in China . As with large dams, small dams have multiple uses, such as, but not limited to, hydropower production, flood protection, and water storage. Small dams can be particularly useful on farms to capture runoff for later use, for example, during the dry season. Small scale dams have the potential to generate benefits without displacing people as well, and small, decentralised hydroelectric dams can aid rural development in developing countries. In
16440-532: Was 102 m (335 ft) long at its base and 87 m (285 ft) wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a diversion dam for flood control, but was destroyed by heavy rain during construction or shortly afterwards. During the Twelfth Dynasty in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, Amenemhat III , and Amenemhat IV dug a canal 16 km (9.9 mi) long linking
16577-454: Was a deeply personal, acrimonious, and very unpleasant public dispute. Henley sued two fellow board members for damages in 1932; he was not re-elected to the Water Board in February 1933, and withdrew the legal action in June 1933. A decision was taken, in June 1933, to line the entire length of the pressure tunnel with bituminous-lined steel pipe embedded in concrete, which allowed it to pass
16714-421: Was also put in charge of the installation of the company's new sheet mill . At the time, Australian Iron & Steel was facing serious difficulties , and it would merge with BHP in late 1935. Both Haskins and Davey had left, by 1935, when they set up an engineering consultancy practice in Sydney. Haskins' departure was almost certainly brought about by his disagreements with directors of the company. After
16851-705: Was an engineering wonder, and Eflatun Pinar, a Hittite dam and spring temple in Turkey, dates to the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The Kallanai Dam in South India, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the oldest water regulating structures still in use. Roman engineers built dams with advanced techniques and materials, such as hydraulic mortar and Roman concrete, which allowed for larger structures. They introduced reservoir dams, arch-gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and multiple arch buttress dams. In Iran, bridge dams were used for hydropower and water-raising mechanisms. During
16988-471: Was appointed as an Assistant General Manager of the new steelworks at Port Kembla. Employment of a university-qualified engineer was an unusual development; Cecil Hoskins and many of those in his company's management were unconvinced of any benefits of a university education, something that in the longer term was detrimental to them and probably something difficult for Haskins to overcome in his new role. His younger colleague from earlier days, Geoffrey Davey ,
17125-685: Was appointed by the Government to draw up recommendations for the amplification of the Sydney water supply. It was upon the recommendations of this body, as approved by the Public Works Committee of the NSW Parliament , that not only Cordeaux, but also Avon and Nepean Dams were built. The Cordeaux Dam was completed in 1926 and the Avon Dam in 1927, on the Cordeaux and Avon Rivers respectively. As Cordeaux and Avon Dams were approaching completion,
17262-551: Was built. The system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it. One of the engineering wonders of the ancient world was the Great Dam of Marib in Yemen . Initiated sometime between 1750 and 1700 BC, it was made of packed earth – triangular in cross-section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and originally 4 m (13 ft) high – running between two groups of rocks on either side, to which it
17399-467: Was complete and the dam had filled, the spillway weir was altered by the construction on the western side of the stream of a concrete channel approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) long and 120 feet (37 m) wide, widening to 432 feet (132 m) at the discharge weir. The Nepean Reservoir has a small storage capacity in relation to its large catchment area. While its capacity is much the same as that of Cataract and Cordeaux Reservoirs, its catchment basin
17536-590: Was engineering. He studied and graduated as a civil engineer at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand (now University of Canterbury ). He had grown to be around six feet tall and well proportioned. While at university, Haskins excelled at amateur boxing and was captain of the football team. After graduating, he first worked at Lyttleton Harbour , but left New Zealand to work in Australia, around 1911, initially returning each year during his leave to visit his girlfriend and future wife. His first job in Australia
17673-483: Was linked by substantial stonework. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most importantly around 750 BC, and 250 years later the dam height was increased to 7 m (23 ft). After the end of the Kingdom of Saba , the dam fell under the control of the Ḥimyarites (c. 115 BC) who undertook further improvements, creating a structure 14 m (46 ft) high, with five spillways, two masonry-reinforced sluices,
17810-603: Was one of the major public works projects undertaken in the State. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The design and construction of Nepean Dam was initially undertaken by the Water Supply and Sewerage Branch of the NSW Public Works Department, and later developed by the Construction Branch of
17947-404: Was possibly the world's first concrete arch dam. Designed by Henry Charles Stanley in 1880 with an overflow spillway and a special water outlet, it was eventually heightened to 10 m (33 ft). In the latter half of the nineteenth century, significant advances in the scientific theory of masonry dam design were made. This transformed dam design from an art based on empirical methodology to
18084-461: Was the first French arch dam of the industrial era , and it was built by François Zola in the municipality of Aix-en-Provence to improve the supply of water after the 1832 cholera outbreak devastated the area. After royal approval was granted in 1844, the dam was constructed over the following decade. Its construction was carried out on the basis of the mathematical results of scientific stress analysis. The 75-miles dam near Warwick , Australia,
18221-537: Was the fourth of the four water supply dams built as part of the development of the Upper Nepean Water Supply Scheme, one of the most important engineering works and items of public infrastructure in Australia, and had the highest wall of all the NSW water supply dams at the time of its construction. It was designed by the NSW Public Works Department under the direction of one of Australia's leading water supply engineers, E.M. de Burgh. The completion of
18358-600: Was the largest masonry dam in the world. The Hoover Dam is a massive concrete arch-gravity dam , constructed in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression . In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power . The winning bid to build
18495-595: Was there that the two practices, working together, would first use the name 'Gutteridge, Haskins and Davey', in early 1937. On 1 January 1939, the two practices were officially combined, under the newly incorporated entity, Gutteridge, Haskins and Davey. Gutteridge died in 1942 and also in 1942, Haskins retired, leaving Geoffrey Davey as the only original principal of the company. Haskins had met Dorothy Stanisland in New Zealand, before he came to Australia. For three years he returned on his annual leave to see her, before
18632-572: Was to live long enough to see his son return from captivity, in September 1945, but was in poor health by 1946. Haskins died on 21 November 1946, following an operation at the Mater Hospital in North Sydney. Dorothy Haskins died in 1985, severing the last connection between the original principals and the company that they founded. No longer known as Gutteridge, Haskins and Davey, the GHD Group
18769-522: Was with the N.S.W. Department of Public Works at Wagga —he was resident engineer for the town's new sewerage works in 1912 —and later he worked with them in Sydney. He then worked for the Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board , as Assistant Engineer, based in Newcastle, from around 1917. He supervised the construction of Newcastle Reservoir No.2 , completing it, in 1918, at below
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