98-451: Nenjil Or Aalayam ( transl. A Temple in the Heart ) is a 1962 Indian Tamil -language romantic drama film directed, produced and written by C. V. Sridhar . The film stars Kalyan Kumar , Devika and R. Muthuraman while Nagesh , Manorama and Kutty Padmini play supporting roles. The original soundtrack album and background score were composed by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy , while
196-434: A Nenjil Or Aalayam or a Kaadhalikka Neramillai , Sridhar films all, in those days was considered the work of a genius with form." In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight acclaimed directors were asked to list ten films they liked most. Directors Mahendran , Balu Mahendra and K. S. Ravikumar listed the film among their favourite films. Ravikumar was quoted saying, "Sridhar's Nenjil Or Aalayam depicts
294-586: A Special Mention certificate award at the 58th National Film Awards . Tamil language Sri Lanka Singapore Malaysia Canada and United States Tamil ( தமிழ் , Tamiḻ , pronounced [t̪amiɻ] ) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia . It is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India , along with Sanskrit , attested since c. 300 BCE. The language belongs to
392-455: A Tamira Samghatta ( Tamil confederacy ) The Samavayanga Sutra dated to the 3rd century BCE contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'. Southworth suggests that the name comes from tam-miḻ > tam-iḻ "self-speak", or "our own speech". Kamil Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iḻ , with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and " -iḻ " having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests
490-468: A lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached. Most Tamil affixes are suffixes . Tamil suffixes can be derivational suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or inflectional suffixes, which mark categories such as person , number , mood , tense , etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of agglutination , which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or
588-480: A , as with other Indic scripts . This inherent vowel is removed by adding a tittle called a puḷḷi , to the consonantal sign. For example, ன is ṉa (with the inherent a ) and ன் is ṉ (without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called virama , but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible puḷḷi to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without
686-740: A 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies. Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in Tamil Nadu , Puducherry , (in India) and in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include Karnataka , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Maharashtra , Gujarat , Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and
784-570: A classical language by the Indian government and holds official status in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Singapore. The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate the Pandiyan Kings for the organization of long-termed Tamil Sangams , which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these Tamil Sangams
882-409: A derivation of tamiḻ < tam-iḻ < * tav-iḻ < * tak-iḻ , meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". However, this is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature. The Tamil Lexicon of University of Madras defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness". S. V. Subramanian suggests
980-438: A different climax at parts of Kodaikanal resembling Kashmir. Patch work for certain scenes was done on a set built at Vijaya Studios. The final cut of the film measured 15,125 feet (4,610 m). A. M. Rajah composed Thennilavu 's music and Kannadasan wrote the lyrics. A. Maruthakasi was originally signed on as the film's lyricist and wrote three songs but differences arose between Rajah and Maruthakasi during
1078-467: A film financier for a paltry sum, for eternity. The financier demanded an exorbitant fee for giving up the rights. The fee amounted to 75% of Mundhra's budget. Whether Sridhar made a comedy or a tragedy, love was his basic theme. It may look clichéd now, that (as in Nenjil Or Aalayam ) a woman's former lover would turn out to be the very doctor who has to operate on her husband. But at that time, it
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#17331087239811176-591: A number of apparent Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew dating to before 500 BCE, the oldest attestation of the language. Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BCE to 700 CE. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil-Brahmi . The earliest long text in Old Tamil
1274-512: A number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Contact with European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with
1372-523: A relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking. According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form Tamil Thāi (Mother Tamil) was created by Lord Shiva . Murugan , revered as the Tamil God, along with sage Agastya , brought it to the people. Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the Proto-Dravidian language , which
1470-679: A sentence in English. To give an example, the word pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following morphemes : போக pōka go முடி muṭi accomplish Thennilavu Thennilavu ( pronounced [teːn nilaʋu] transl. Honeymoon ) is a 1961 Indian Tamil -language romantic comedy film written, produced and directed by Sridhar . It stars Gemini Ganesan (credited as Ganesh) and Vyjayanthimala , with K. A. Thangavelu , M. N. Nambiar , M. Saroja and Vasanthi in supporting roles. The film's plot
1568-620: A small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by France it is now being relearnt by students and adults. Tamil is also spoken by migrants from Sri Lanka and India in Canada , the United States , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , South Africa , and Australia . Tamil is the official language of
1666-595: A subject of study in schools in the French overseas department of Réunion . In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations, Tamil became the first legally recognised Classical language of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous President of India , Abdul Kalam , who
1764-458: A variety of dialects that are all collectively known as Brahmin Tamil . These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many Sanskrit loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates loan words from Portuguese , Dutch , and English. In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on
1862-444: A vow of lifelong celibacy and devotes himself to save people suffering from cancer . A few years later, a man named Venu happens to be critically ill with cancer and has to be operated upon. The treatment for Venu progresses well until Murali meets Venu's wife, who is revealed to be Seetha. When Seetha learns that the doctor treating Venu is Murali, whom she had left, she becomes upset. Though Murali does his best to cure Venu, Seetha
1960-438: A vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not differentiate voiced and unvoiced plosives . Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of Tamil phonology . In addition to
2058-412: Is Malayalam ; the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect, the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century. Additionally Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of
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#17331087239812156-427: Is Raj-2's wife and reconciles with Raj-1 while Sokkalingam and Thangam are still unaware. Raj-2 learns Shanti loves Raj-1 and becomes jealous. At the same time, he meets Lalitha, who he orders to return, otherwise she will be killed. Lalitha flees but secretly writes Raj-2 a love letter. Raj-2, touched by the letter, decides to take Lalitha on a boat ride but plans to kill her and frame Raj-1. When Lalitha joins Raj-2 on
2254-744: Is about a man who, due to mistaken identity, is appointed as a manager by a young woman for her father's honeymoon in Kashmir . The man and the woman fall in love but things go awry when the real manager arrives in Kashmir. Thennilavu is the first film Sridhar produced through his production company Chithralaya ; it is also the first South Indian film to be made in Jammu and Kashmir ; additional filming took place in Madras (now Chennai ) and Kodaikanal . Principal photography took about two months to complete. A. M. Rajah composed
2352-457: Is based on the dialect of Jaffna . After Tamil Brahmi fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called vaṭṭeḻuttu amongst others such as Grantha and Pallava . The current Tamil script consists of 12 vowels , 18 consonants and one special character, the āytam . The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel
2450-412: Is dismissed, and Sokkalingam and Thangam continue their honeymoon. Other supporting roles were played by K. Natarajan, V. Mahalingam, Padmini Priyadarshini , Veeraragavan and Balakrishnan. In the early 1960s, Sridhar founded the production company Chithralaya after making films for Venus Studios. When discussing with his associates what should be the company's first film, Sridhar devised
2548-563: Is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the Tolkāppiyam . Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam , with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu , col , poruḷ , yāppu , aṇi . Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. Tamil words consist of
2646-405: Is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic . In grammar, the most important change
2744-409: Is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of Tamil literature and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, koṭuntamiḻ has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of centamiḻ . Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example,
2842-410: Is in koṭuntamiḻ , and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of koṭuntamiḻ in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard' koṭuntamiḻ , rather than on any one dialect, but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of Thanjavur and Madurai . In Sri Lanka, the standard
2940-431: Is less about making words sit in a meter than about a musical empathy with the meaning. Could anyone else have set to tune the first line of 'Sonnadhu nee daana', of Nenjil Or Alayam (Muthuraman, 1962)?" A critic from Dina Thanthi noted Kannadasan had an uncanny ability to deliver perfect situational songs and cited "Sonnathu Neethaana" as an example. Nenjil Or Aalayam was released on 26 January 1962, coinciding with
3038-501: Is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name is found in Tholkappiyam , which is dated as early as late 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription , inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by Kharavela , the Jain king of Kalinga , also refers to
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3136-771: Is not always consistently applied. ISO 15919 is an international standard for the transliteration of Tamil and other Indic scripts into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants and vowels to Latin script , and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English. Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs. /f/ , /z/ , /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic. Tamil has two diphthongs : /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ ,
3234-493: Is now in Madras. Raj-2 abandons his wife Lalitha, who he had secretly married, when he learns of this proposed alliance; he leaves for Bangalore but misses the train. Raj-1 arrives in Bangalore, where Sokkalingam mistakes him for his friend's nephew. Sokkalingam and Thangam leave for Kashmir with Raj-1 and Shanti, who still dislikes Raj-1 but eventually returns his love. Raj-2 reaches Kashmir in search of Sokkalingam. Lalitha, fearing
3332-828: Is racy and superb." Kanthan of Kalki lauded the film for its making and the cast performances, praising Sridhar for casting less prominent actors in leading roles. Nenjil Or Aalayam won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and the President's Award for Sridhar at the 10th National Film Awards . Additionally, it won in two categories at the Film Fans' Association Awards: Best Film and Best Director (Sridhar). Sridhar remade Nenjil Or Aalayam in Hindi as Dil Ek Mandir (1963) and in Telugu as Manase Mandiram (1966). It
3430-409: Is the Tolkāppiyam , an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BCE. Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature . These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BCE and 5th century CE. The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil , which
3528-822: Is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English, Malay and Mandarin. A large community of Pakistani Tamils speakers exists in Karachi , Pakistan , which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka. There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in Madrasi Para colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi. Many in Réunion , Guyana , Fiji , Suriname , and Trinidad and Tobago have Tamil origins, but only
3626-478: Is worried that Murali might take revenge on her by not providing proper treatment to Venu, who in the meantime, learns of Murali and Seetha's love. Venu requests Murali to marry Seetha in case the operation is unsuccessful as he does not wish for his wife to become a widow. Seetha becomes infuriated when she discovers Venu's request and tells Murali that if Venu dies, she will die as well. Murali promises Seetha that he will save Venu even if he has to risk his own life on
3724-468: Is worrying Seetha, Venu gives her the freedom to marry Murali after his death. The remainder of the film shows how Murali sacrifices his love for the sake of the couple's happiness and cures Venu. Nenjil Or Aalayam was released on 26 January 1962, coinciding with Republic Day in India. The film received positive critical feedback and went on to become a commercial success. The songs "Sonnathu Neethaana" and "Engirundhaalum Vaazhga" attained popularity among
3822-620: The Carnatic raga known as Keeravani , while "Nilavum Malarum Paaduthu" is set in Mohanam . N. Krishnaswamy, writing for The Indian Express in 1988, said "Kaalaiyum Neeye" is set in Hamsanandi , a view that is shared by Shoba Narayan , who was writing for Mint in 2009. Singer Charulatha Mani said it only has "Hamsanandi-like phrases" and is not strictly based on the raga itself. Carnatic musicologist Sundararaman identifies it as being set in
3920-606: The Hindustani raga Basant , while K. Easwaralingam, writing for Thinakaran , said it is set in Hamsadhvani . "Oorengum Thaedinaen" is set in Charukesi . "Paattu Padava" was later adapted into a different song titled "All Your Beauty", which appears in the film Goli Soda (2014). It was also recreated as the theme song for the 2022 TV series Iniya . Thennilavu was released on 30 September 1961. Kanthan of Kalki praised
4018-465: The Republic Day of India. It was previously scheduled for 29 December 1961. According to Sridhar, the response during the first week was average but it picked up in the second week; the film ultimately ran for 175 days in theatres. To celebrate the film's successful outing at the box office, the film's crew members created an advertisement thanking the people who came to watch the film and appreciated it;
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4116-402: The Tamil diaspora . The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil and the President's Award for Sridhar at the 10th National Film Awards . The film became a trendsetter for both fast-paced filmmaking and triangular love stories with sacrifice as the theme. Sridhar remade the film in Hindi as Dil Ek Mandir (1963) and in Telugu as Manase Mandiram (1966). It
4214-584: The University of Madras , was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages. A strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties . This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain. According to
4312-412: The sitar , but the close-up shot of the fingers playing the sitar were actually those of Ahmed Hussain . Nenjil Or Aalayam was the first Tamil film to be shot entirely on a single set. Filming was completed in less than 30 days, although accounts vary on how many days were exactly taken to complete the shoot. While film historian Randor Guy and K. S. Sivakumaran of Daily News Sri Lanka state that
4410-486: The 11th century, retain many features of the Vaishnava paribasai , a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. Several castes have their own sociolects which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech. For example, Tamil Brahmins tend to speak
4508-476: The Indian state of Haryana , purportedly as a rebuff to Punjab , though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by Punjabi , in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in Tamil as the medium of instruction . The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in Myanmar to provide education completely in Tamil language by
4606-469: The Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India . It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore . Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with Sinhala . It was once given nominal official status in
4704-492: The Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan appreciated the film, mentioning it was an innovative film made like American films and a sincere attempt to improve the taste of filmgoers for quality films. On 8 April 1962, Link called the film "refreshingly different. What makes it better is, what it does not have", such as "star value", and involved or insipid dialogue. The reviewer praised the performances of Devika and Kalyan Kumar, and noted that though there were clichés, "the presentation
4802-673: The Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in Canada and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the Parliament of Canada . Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the Constitution of South Africa and is taught as a subject in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province. Recently, it has been rolled out as
4900-631: The advertisement was issued in Nadigar Sangam 's official magazine, Nadigan Kural , on 9 February 1962. Encouraged by the film's success, Sridhar wished to screen the film at the Cannes Film Festival , thus the screenplay was translated into French in time for the festival. Sridhar sent Sarma, one of his administrative managers, to France to attend the screening of the film on his behalf. Nenjil Or Aalayam received positive feedback from critics for its innovative storytelling. On 18 February 1962,
4998-442: The ancient language ( sankattamiḻ ), a modern literary and formal style ( centamiḻ ), and a modern colloquial form ( koṭuntamiḻ ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write centamiḻ with a vocabulary drawn from caṅkattamiḻ , or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking koṭuntamiḻ . In modern times, centamiḻ
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#17331087239815096-912: The approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages. In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware urns dating from at least 696 BCE in Adichanallur . Some of these urns contained writing in Tamil Brahmi script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin. Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in Keezhadi . These were sent to Beta Analytic in Miami , Florida , for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating. One sample containing Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions
5194-467: The boat ride, he forcefully rides the boat, causing her to fall into the lake. Subsequently, he frames Raj-1. Sokkalingam reports Lalitha's murder to the Kashmir Police, who chase Raj-1, who elopes with Shanti—his only source of an alibi. Raj-1 and Shanti run into a forest for shelter, where they discover Lalitha is still alive and has been captured by a group of terrorists. Raj-1 and Shanti are put into
5292-459: The company's first film should not be a tragic one, and came up with the lighter Thennilavu (1961). After that film's success, Nenjil Or Aalayam was revived. Inspired by an American film starring Mickey Rooney which was entirely set in prison, Sridhar decided to do a film set in a hospital. Sridhar initially planned a different plot line for this film with Sivaji Ganesan as an old age character suffering from terminal disease, but since Sridhar
5390-521: The definitive Gemini romance was Missiamma , which reportedly was our grandmothers' Titanic [...] I, however, go with [ Thennilavu ], if only for the too-cool image of him in swimming trunks, water-skiing alongside the charmingly young Vyjayanthimala." Mohan Raman named Thennilavu one of "the best examples" where Thangavelu played a "father" role. Thangavelu's dialogue " Kashmirikku ponakka cash meeruma?! " ("Will we have cash left if we go to Kashmir?") attained popularity. A sari brand named after
5488-936: The dialect of Madurai , and iṅkaṭe in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear " akkaṭṭa " meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India, and use many other words slightly differently. Tamil dialects include Central Tamil dialect , Kongu Tamil , Madras Bashai , Madurai Tamil , Nellai Tamil , Kumari Tamil in India ; Batticaloa Tamil dialect , Jaffna Tamil dialect , Negombo Tamil dialect in Sri Lanka; and Malaysian Tamil in Malaysia. Sankethi dialect in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by Kannada . The dialect of
5586-634: The district of Palakkad in Kerala has many Malayalam loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from Kanyakumari district is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. Hebbar and Mandyam dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil Vaishnavites who migrated to Karnataka in
5684-491: The female lead. This was the Tamil film debut of Vasanthi . Thennilavu is the South Indian film to be shot in Jammu and Kashmir , unlike most Tamil films of that period, which were mostly filmed in studios. The first scene was filmed during an India-Pakistan cricket match at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Madras (now Chennai ). This scene was also used as the background for the film's opening credits. One scene that
5782-434: The film was completed in 25 days. The final length of the film's prints were 14,810 metres (48,590 ft) long. The original soundtrack album and background score for Nenjil Or Aalayam were composed by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy (a duo consisting of M. S. Viswanathan and T. K. Ramamoorthy ), while the lyrics were written by Kannadasan . All the seven songs were composed and completed within one day. The inspiration for
5880-425: The film was completed in four weeks, Ramya Kannan of The Hindu , and Tamil Canadian journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj state the completion time to be 22 and 28 days respectively. According to Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen , the film was shot in 15 days, while Bhama Devi Ravi of The Times of India states it was shot in two weeks. Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu said
5978-466: The formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from the Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows
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#17331087239816076-699: The hill country . Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century CE. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern Andhra Pradesh districts of Chittoor and Nellore until the 12th century CE. Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as Kolar , Mysore , Mandya and Bengaluru . There are currently sizeable Tamil-speaking populations descended from colonial-era migrants in Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines , Mauritius , South Africa , Indonesia, Thailand, Burma , and Vietnam . Tamil
6174-432: The introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiran Vanakkam , thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The Tamil Lexicon , published by
6272-530: The language to sing a song perfectly, we need not know Tamil to enjoy her songs like ... Sonnathu neethanaa... ( Nenjil [ Or ] Aalayam )". Rajadhyaksha and Willemen called "Engirundhaalum Vaazhga" "a classic number about unrequited love." Following Viswanathan's death in July 2015, the news agency Press Trust of India wrote that "Ninaipadhellam" was "memorable for the deep sense of solace it offered to wounded hearts." Anand Venkateswaran of The Wire noted, "MSV's style
6370-456: The latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil employs agglutinative grammar, where suffixes are used to mark noun class , number , and case , verb tense and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard metalinguistic terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the Sanskrit that is standard for most Indo-Aryan languages . Much of Tamil grammar
6468-485: The line. Murali works hard to save Venu so as not to create a misconception that he killed Venu to be with Seetha. With great difficulty, Murali manages to cure Venu's cancer successfully. However, when Murali reads the results of the operation, he becomes so thrilled at its success that he unexpectedly dies of high blood pressure due to his over-excitement. Venu and Seetha realise that Murali had sacrificed his life for their happiness and remains in their hearts. Woven into
6566-419: The lyrics for the songs were written by Kannadasan . The film revolves around a young woman named Seetha, her husband Venu and Murali, who was Seetha's lover. Due to his tenure overseas, Seetha's parents force her to marry another person. A few years later, Venu contracts cancer and Seetha brings him to Chennai to meet a cancer specialist who, to her dismay, is revealed to be Murali. Realising that something
6664-571: The magazine Khabar , considered that the song reflects "accusation, sorrow, and disillusionment." Portions of the song "Ninaipadhellam" are based on the Keeravani raga. The album received positive reviews from critics and contributed to the film's success. Film critic Baradwaj Rangan , writing for The New Indian Express , opined that "Engirundhaalum Vaazhga" had set "the precedent for several generations of jilted lovers". P. K. Ajith Kumar of The Hindu stated, "Just as [Susheela] does not need to know
6762-599: The making of another Sridhar film Vidivelli (1960) and Maruthakasi swore not to work with Rajah again, and forced him to abandon the songs already written for Thennilavu . Vyjayanthimala was affectionately called "Pappa", which Kannadasan translated into English as "Baby" and wrote the song "Oho Endhan Baby". Writing for Scroll.in , Sruthisagar Yamunan noted many Tamil film songs in the 1960s have repetitive interludes, "the same notes and orchestration repeating before every charanam ", citing "Paattu Padava" as an example. Both "Oho Endhan Baby" and "Paattu Padava" are set in
6860-619: The meaning "sweet sound", from tam – "sweet" and il – "sound". Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages , a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent . It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups such as the Irula and Yerukula languages (see SIL Ethnologue ). The closest major relative of Tamil
6958-531: The old aspect and time markers. The Nannūl remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows
7056-516: The opening line of the song "Engirundhalum Vaazhga" came to Kannadasan when he happened to hear the speech of C. N. Annadurai , the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , on actor Sivaji Ganesan at a film function. When Annadurai heard of Ganesan joining the Indian National Congress , he wished the latter success by saying, "Sivaji ... nee engirundhalum vaazhga ..." (Sivaji, wherever you are, live long). The song "Muthana Muthallavo"
7154-441: The performances of the cast and the photography in Kashmir but criticised the story. Kumudam gave a more negative review, playing on the film's title by saying " Thennilavu Veen Selavu" ( Thennilavu is a waste of money). It was a success at the box office, running in theatres for over 100 days. Thennilavu inspired the filming of more Indian films in Kashmir. Baradwaj Rangan said; "People from an older era may claim that
7252-419: The police capture him. During Raj-1's trial in the high court, Shanti and Lalitha arrive, leading to his acquittal. The letter Lalitha wrote to her husband is discovered and after reading the last line, in which Lalitha advised her husband to kill her if wanted, the court suspects Raj-2 of her attempted murder. Lalitha claims she accidentally fell into the lake and does not identify Raj-2 as her husband. The case
7350-408: The safety of her husband, also reaches Kashmir in search of him. Lalitha meets Raj-1 and stays in his house; she also meets Sokkalingam and tells him she is married to "Raj". Sokkalingam misinterprets this as Raj-1 and fires him as Shanti's manager. Meanwhile, Raj-2 meets Sokkalingam, explains everything and replaces Raj-1 as Shanti's manager, despite Shanti's dislike for him. Shanti later learns Lalitha
7448-491: The same prison as Lalitha, who reveals she washed ashore and was discovered by one of the terrorists. He started torturing Lalitha and she pushed him over a cliff to his death, and was imprisoned for murder. A gypsy dancer from the terrorist group helps them escape the prison but nearby guards see them and start shooting at them. The three escapees climb onto a boat, which develops a crack and starts sinking, leading to Raj-1's separation from Lalitha and Shanti. Raj-1 swims ashore and
7546-685: The soundtrack and Kannadasan wrote the lyrics. Cinematography was handled by A. Vincent , art direction by Ganga and editing by T. R. Srinivasulu. The film was released on 30 September 1961 and became a commercial success. A man named Raj meets a woman named Shanti in Madras and falls in love with her. Shanti does not reciprocate his love and leaves for her home in Bangalore . Shanti's father Sokkalingam and his new wife Thangam decide to honeymoon in Kashmir ; Shanti also wants to come. A friend of Sokkalingam suggests an alliance between Shanti and his nephew Raj, who
7644-539: The southern branch of the Dravidian language family and shares close ties with Malayalam and Kannada . Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts. Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like Sri Lanka , Thailand , and Egypt . The language has a well-documented history with literary works like Sangam literature , consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later,
7742-465: The standard characters, six characters taken from the Grantha script , which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, Prakrit , and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but
7840-429: The story is a subplot following a girl, who is in the same hospital Murali works in and undergoes treatment for the same disease that Venu contracted. However, her fate is contrary. In the early 1960s, C. V. Sridhar founded the production company Chithralaya . When discussing with his associates what should be the company's first film, Sridhar came up with the story of Nenjil Or Aalayam ; however, he later decided that
7938-600: The story of Nenjil Or Aalayam but later decided the company's first film should not be a tragedy and devised the lighter Thennilavu . A. Vincent was the cinematographer, Ganga was the art director and T. R. Srinivasulu was the editor. Film News Anandan was Chithralaya's public relations officer for the film. Sridhar cast most of the actors who appeared in his directorial debut Kalyana Parisu (1959); Gemini Ganesan (credited as Ganesh), K. A. Thangavelu , M. N. Nambiar and M. Saroja . Despite being replete with Hindi film offers, Vyjayanthimala accepted to star as
8036-443: The story. Nagesh stayed with actor K. Balaji during his early days as an upcoming comedian for three years. Balaji introduced Nagesh to Sridhar, who offered him a role on Balaji's recommendation. Nagesh revealed that he was initially to play the role of a country bumpkin, but was chosen by Sridhar to play Peter, the hospital attendant. He was paid an advance of ₹ 501 (equivalent to ₹ 43,000 or US$ 510 in 2023). S. Rama Rao
8134-483: The supremacy of love." K. Hariharan, director of the L. V. Prasad Film and Television Academy in Chennai, noted in 2011, "The only film that could stake claim [in the 1960s] to an individual 'love story' was probably Sridhar's powerful Nenjil [ Or ] Aalayam ! And even here 'sacrifice' takes the upper hand!" It was one of the films featured in artist Jeeva 's book Thiraiseelai , a compilation of articles on cinema which won
8232-437: The vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. Tamil is predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu , India, and the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . It has significant speaking populations in Malaysia , Singapore , and among diaspora communities . Tamil has been recognized as
8330-517: The word for "here"— iṅku in Centamil (the classic variety)—has evolved into iṅkū in the Kongu dialect of Coimbatore , inga in the dialects of Thanjavur and Palakkad , and iṅkai in some dialects of Sri Lanka . Old Tamil's iṅkaṇ (where kaṇ means place) is the source of iṅkane in the dialect of Tirunelveli , Old Tamil iṅkiṭṭu is the source of iṅkuṭṭu in
8428-526: Was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the Indian Parliament on 6 June 2004. The socio-linguistic situation of Tamil is characterised by diglossia : there are two separate registers varying by socioeconomic status , a high register and a low one. Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example,
8526-526: Was also remade in Malayalam as Hridayam Oru Kshethram (1976) by P. Subramaniam , and in Kannada as Kumkuma Rakshe (1977) by S. K. A. Chari. California -based Indian filmmaker Jag Mundhra was keen on remaking Dil Ek Mandir in English and Hindi, effecting some marginal changes in the film treatment. Mundhra met Sridhar to ask for the rights to the film's script only to learn that Sridhar had assigned it to
8624-421: Was also remade in Malayalam as Hridayam Oru Kshethram (1976), and in Kannada as Kumkuma Rakshe (1977). The former was directed by P. Subramaniam while the latter was by S. K. A. Chari. Murali and Seetha are lovers. Murali goes abroad to pursue higher studies in medicine. During his tenure overseas, Seetha is forced by her parents to marry another person. Devastated upon hearing the news, Murali swears
8722-586: Was claimed to be dated to around 580 BCE. John Guy states that Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders from India. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BCE with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are
8820-502: Was determined to ensure all scenes in Kashmir were filmed well because returning to re-film them would be impossible. Because Kashmir did not have facilities, film rolls had to be sent to Vijaya Laboratory in Madras for processing. Before the film's release, the censor board objected to the climax where the lead character clashes with the Gurjar community as it would lead to severing ties between India and Kashmir; this forced Sridhar to shoot
8918-521: Was dissatisfied with this plot, he came up with a new plot. Sridhar strictly wanted newcomers/less prominent artistes to star. Kalyan Kumar , though popular in Kannada cinema , was a relative "stranger" to Tamil cinema, and was cast as the main character Murali. Sridhar was impressed with R. Muthuraman 's performance in a play, and subsequently selected him for the role of Venu. Sridhar initially wanted C. R. Vijayakumari to play Seetha and she agreed, but later approached Devika . She accepted as she liked
9016-539: Was filmed in Madras depicts several buildings near Marina Beach that were under construction. While filming at Dal Lake , where the song "Nilavum Malarum" was filmed, Vyjayanthimala almost drowned but was rescued by the cameraman. The song "Oho Endhan Baby" was picturised on Ganesan and Vyjayanthimala water skiing ; Vyjayanthimala refused to use a body double . Other shooting locations included Shalimar Bagh , Pahalgam and Gulmarg . Principal photography lasted about two months. In retrospect, Sridhar noted he
9114-604: Was most likely spoken around the third millennium BCE, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India, but it has also been related to the Harappan civilization . Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BCE–700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present). About of
9212-421: Was originally supposed to play that role, but lost it due to arriving late on the first day of shoot. The screenplay and dialogues for Nagesh's portions were written by Chitralaya Gopu . Principal photography took place entirely on a hospital set at Chennai 's Vijaya Vauhini Studios . Ganga was the art director, N. M. Shankar was the editor, and A. Vincent was the cinematographer. For the first scene, Nagesh
9310-451: Was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb kil ( கில் ), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ṉ ( ன் ). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – kiṉṟa ( கின்ற ) – which combined
9408-425: Was told to jump from the steps when Sridhar warned him not to do but Nagesh assured he will pull it off. After jumping, he was surprised to see Sridhar missing from the sets and this scene was instead directed by his assistant P. Madhavan . Gopu then said he did this to make sure Nagesh should not feel scared to perform in front of Sridhar. The song "Sonnathu Neethaana" is picturised on Devika's character Seetha playing
9506-550: Was totally off the beaten track. He has been an inspiration to all future filmmakers, including myself. Nenjil Or Aalayam attained cult status in Tamil cinema and became a trendsetter for fast-paced filmmaking and triangular love stories . The film became a major breakthrough in Nagesh's career, and the film critic S. Theodore Baskaran believed that his role as a ward boy "established his position" among Tamil cinema's prominent actors. In 2004, Baradwaj Rangan wrote "A Then Nilavu or
9604-607: Was written by Kannadasan in 10 minutes at a railway station, and recorded in 20 minutes. "Sonnathu Neethaana" is based on the Jaunpuri raga . Once when Kannadasan was late to the studio for song recording, an upset Viswanathan rebuked him and said he would not ask Kannadasan for lyrics any more. When Kannadasan learned of this, he met Viswanathan and presented him with lyrics beginning with "Sonnathu Neethaana? Sol... Sol..." ( transl. Did you say that? Say... Say... ), which impressed Viswanathan. Lakshmi Palecanda, writing for
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