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61-795: Neah Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Makah Reservation in Clallam County, Washington , United States. The population was 935 at the 2020 census . It is across the Canada–US border from British Columbia . Europeans originally called it "Scarborough Harbour" in honor of Captain James Scarborough of the Hudson's Bay Company . It was changed to Neah in 1847 by Captain Henry Kellett . Kellett spelled it "Neeah Bay". The name "Neah" refers to

122-552: A first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language. The Makah Tribe is also working to revive the language, and has established preschool classes to teach its children. The Makah Tribe owns the Makah Indian Reservation on the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula ; it includes Tatoosh Island . They live in and around the town of Neah Bay, Washington ,

183-585: A gray whale on May 17, 1999. According to federal law, the Makah are entitled to hunt and kill one baleen whale, typically a gray whale, each year. Archaeological records and oral history indicate a significant number of humpback whales were historically hunted as well. The Makah had gone over 70 years without catching a whale. The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor-intensive. The men hunt from cedar canoes , each seating six to nine people and more recently, from small fishing vessels. They take these into

244-421: A CDP have no legal status and may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name. However, criteria established for the 2010 census require that a CDP name "be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community" (not "a name developed solely for planning or other purposes") and recommend that a CDP's boundaries be mapped based on

305-477: A White Man takes place in the late 1950s, describing Neah Bay High School through the eyes of a white home economics teacher. French writer Frédéric Roux's novel L'hiver indien (2007) ( Indian Winter , éditions Grasset & Fasquelle) explores the struggle between tradition and modernity for the Makah in northwestern Washington. In the realm of non-fiction, Voices of a Thousand People (2002) by Patricia Pierce Erikson with Helma Ward & Kirk Wachendorf recounts

366-483: A collapsed state until the 1970s, when they were excavated by the Makah and archaeologists from Washington State University . Over 55,000 artifacts were recovered, representing many activities of the Makah, from whale and seal hunting to salmon and halibut fishing. Artifacts included toys, games, and bows and arrows. Archaeological test pits were excavated at the Ozette site in 1966 and 1967 by Richard Daugherty. However, it

427-461: A grand parade and street fair as well as canoe races, traditional games, singing, dancing, feasting, and fireworks. Many Makah tribal members derive most of their income from fishing. Makah fish for salmon , halibut , Pacific whiting , and other marine fish. This makes them particularly vulnerable to effects of global warming : ocean acidification disrupts the development of the shells of molluscs (the fishes' main food source) and warming waters

488-483: A gray whale using a .460 caliber rifle, similar to that used in hunting elephants , despite court-imposed regulations governing the Makah hunt. The whale died within 12 hours, sinking while heading out to sea after being confiscated and cut loose by the United States Coast Guard . The tribal council denounced the killing and announced their intention to try the individuals in tribal court. Makah women chew

549-464: A great deal of it is consumed during a potlatch . The Makah assert that their right to whaling is guaranteed in the 1855 Treaty of Neah Bay, which states in part: "The right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the United States." In September 2007, five members of the Makah tribe shot

610-526: A line is thrown from the canoe with seal skin floats attached, to provide drag to weaken the whale. In the past, a series of smaller lances were used to repeatedly strike the whale, gradually weakening and killing it, often over a period of hours, and in some cases, days. Recently, hunters have adopted use of a big-game rifle after the harpoon strike, to ensure a more efficient kill. The International Whaling Commission permits four cartridges in whaling: .458 Winchester Magnum , .460 Weatherby Magnum , .50 BMG , and

671-572: A mudslide around 1750 at Ozette , providing a snapshot of pre-contact tribal life. The museum includes a replica longhouse , canoes , basketry and whaling and fishing gear. Many people visit Neah Bay to hike the Cape Trail or camp at Hobuck Beach. While camping, tourists spend time surfing and fishing. The United States Coast Guard maintains a base in Neah Bay on the Makah Indian reservation . The base

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732-455: A population of at least 10,000. For the 1970 Census , the population threshold for "unincorporated places" in urbanized areas was reduced to 5,000. For the 1980 Census , the designation was changed to "census designated places" and the designation was made available for places inside urbanized areas in New England. For the 1990 Census , the population threshold for CDPs in urbanized areas

793-464: A small fishing village. Tribal census data from 1999 show that the Makah Tribe has 1,214 enrolled members; some 1,079 live on the reservation. The unemployment rate on the reservation is approximately 51% . Several books have explored Makah history, usually from the arrival of white settlers onward. The historical-adventure novel When Wolf Comes (2009) by John Pappas gives a glimpse into the lives of

854-429: Is 16–18 feet long, composed of two pieces of yew wood spliced together. Historically, hunters used a mussel shell tip, in conjunction with barbs from elk horns. Since the late 20th century, hunters have used a steel "yankee style" head, but they have retained the yew wood shaft because of its flexibility, water resistance, and strength. Held fast to the whale, the harpoon shaft comes loose, to be recovered later, and

915-472: Is an exonym derived from the S'Klallam language name for the Makah, màq̓áʔa . It means "generous with food". Archaeological research suggests that Makah people have inhabited the area now known as Neah Bay for more than 3,800 years. Traditionally, the Makah lived in villages consisting of large longhouses made from western red cedar . These longhouses had cedar-plank walls which could be tilted or removed to provide ventilation or light. The cedar tree

976-671: Is maintained for search and rescue, environmental protection and maritime law enforcement operations. The Coast Guard cutter stationed in Cleveland, Ohio is named the Neah Bay (WTGB-105). In order to prevent disabled ships and barges from grounding and causing possible oil spills in the western Strait of Juan de Fuca or off the outer coast, the state funded an emergency response tug stationed at Neah Bay. It has saved 41 vessels since its introduction in 1999. Census-designated place CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as

1037-422: The .577 Tyrannosaur , which the Makah fired in the 1999 hunt. Once the whale has been killed, a crew member called the "diver" jumps into the water and cuts a hole through the bottom and top of the whale's jaw, to which a tow line and float are attached. This holds the whale's mouth shut and prevents the carcass from filling with water and sinking. Hunters tow the whale to shore, where it is received by members of

1098-643: The 1890 Census , in which the Census mixed unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" or "village" as its label. This made it confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated. The 1900 through 1930 Censuses did not report data for unincorporated places. For the 1940 Census , the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially defined this category as "unincorporated places" in

1159-455: The 1950 Census and used that term through the 1970 Census. For the 1950 Census, these types of places were identified only outside " urbanized areas ". In 1960 , the Census Bureau also identified unincorporated places inside urbanized areas (except in New England , whose political geography is based on the New England town , and is distinctly different from other areas of the U.S.), but with

1220-463: The Gulf Coast , the wettest place in the eastern US . Although it is a pretty damp city, its average amount of snow falling is only slightly higher than Norfolk , VA . Sunshine hours are typical for an often hazy temperate climate . Climate data is taken from a weather station on nearby Tatoosh Island . As of the census of 2010, there were 865 people, 282 households, and 181 families residing in

1281-522: The Hudson's Bay Company , who had provided assistance to the expedition. The Wilkes map contained the first use of the word "Neah", but for the bay's island, now called Waadah Island . The bay was first called Neah in 1847 by Captain Henry Kellett during his reorganization of the British Admiralty charts. Kellett spelled it "Neeah Bay". In 1929, the Neah Bay Dock Company , a subsidiary of

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1342-638: The Makah Chief Dee-ah, pronounced Neah in the Klallam language . During the summer months, Neah Bay is a popular fishing area for sports fishermen. Another attraction is the Makah Museum , which houses artifacts from a Makah village partly buried by a mudslide around 1750. Many people also visit to hike the Cape Trail or camp at Hobuck Beach. An emergency response tug is stationed at Neah Bay which has saved 41 vessels since its introduction in 1999. According to

1403-473: The Makah Cultural and Research Center . Opened in 1979, the museum displays replicas of cedar long houses as well as whaling, fishing, and sealing canoes. Much of what is known about the traditional way of life of the Makah is derived from their oral traditions . Abundant archeological evidence excavated at the Ozette village site has also provided great insight into traditional Makah life. Historically,

1464-463: The Mexico–United States border , and unincorporated resort and retirement communities and their environs. The boundaries of any CDP may change from decade to decade, and the Census Bureau may de-establish a CDP after a period of study, then re-establish it some decades later. Most unincorporated areas within the United States are not and have not been included in any CDP. The boundaries of

1525-474: The Pacific Ocean adjacent to their reservation territory. Various traditional criteria are used to determine the best whale to harvest. By counting the whale's exhalations, the hunters determine when the whale is about to dive, and determine from this the best time to strike. Approaching the whale's left side, the hunter strikes when the whale is 3–4 feet deep, to avoid the force of the whale's tail. The harpoon

1586-489: The Pacific Ocean , with the warm currents and patterns of the west as well as the mountains to the east that shape an extremely light climate, even between places in close conditions. Its climate is similar to southern New Zealand , but with cool summers to cold and rarely warm as it is most common in these places. To the west of the Olympic Mountains , Neah Bay has an often rainy climate and usually in larger numbers than

1647-618: The Puget Sound Navigation Company , owned a wharf and a hotel at Neah Bay. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Neah Bay and the Makah Reservation were closed to anyone who was not a Makah tribal member. The tribal council decided to reopen the reservation on 15 March 2022. The local economy is sustained mostly by fishing and tourism. During the summer Neah Bay is a popular fishing area for sports fishermen. Any visitor to

1708-554: The Strait of Juan de Fuca in British Columbia , Canada. The Makah people refer to themselves as the qʷidiččaʔa·tx̌ , which translates to somewhere near to "the people who live by the rocks and seagulls". Other thought translations include "the people who live on the cape by the seagulls", and "people of the point", as well as several others. This has sometimes been anglicized as Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx . The English name, "Makah,"

1769-412: The Strait of Juan de Fuca , and Swiftsure Bank — a few miles out into the open ocean. Larger boats (including many of the commercial charter boats available) often travel 30 nautical miles (60 km) or more into the open ocean, to such places as Blue Dot and 72-Square. Neah Bay's significant attraction is the Makah Museum . It houses and interprets artifacts from a Makah village partly buried by

1830-470: The United States Census Bureau , Neah Bay has a total area of 2.4 sq mi (6.2 km), all of it land. The community is approximately 118 mi (190 km) west-northwest of Seattle . Neah Bay has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), common in the small coastal cities of Washington . Generally speaking, temperatures have little annual fluctuation being strongly influenced by

1891-606: The salmon run . In response, the Makah tribe is drawing on traditional knowledge to create action plans for climate resilience that center tribal socioeconomic priorities. With the Hoh , Quileute , and Quinault Indian Nation , as well as the scientific community, the Makah conduct climate research at and monitor the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary . The Makah language is the Indigenous language spoken by

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1952-449: The CDP was $ 11,338. About 26.3% of families and 29.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 32.6% of those under age 18 and 32.6% of those age 65 or over. The name "Neah" refers to the Makah Chief Dee-ah, pronounced Neah in the Klallam language . The town is named for the water body Neah Bay, which acquired its name in the early 19th century. A number of names were used for

2013-445: The CDP. The population density was 335.8 people per square mile (129.9/km). There were 322 housing units at an average density of 136.2/sq mi (52.7/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 12.1% White , 0.2% African American , 77.1% Native American , .7% from other races , and 9.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.42% of the population. There were 282 households, out of which 37.6% had children under

2074-493: The Census Bureau considers some towns in New England states, New Jersey and New York as well as townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. In such states, CDPs may be defined within such towns or spanning the boundaries of multiple towns. There are a number of reasons for the CDP designation: Makah people The Makah ( / m ə ˈ k ɑː / ; Makah : qʷidiččaʔa·tx̌ ) are an Indigenous people of

2135-416: The Makah land must buy a recreational permit for US$ 20. The permit is good for the calendar year. Fishing for bottom fish, such as ling cod, kelp greenling, black rockfish (sea bass), china rockfish, yellow eye and canary rockfish, among others. Ling cod fishing is good in spring and summer, while salmon fishing is good during summer runs. However, Neah Bay is mostly known for the best halibut fishing in

2196-546: The Makah people of 1801. Young adult book Ghost Canoe (1998) by Will Hobbs takes place on and near the reservation, while Indian Days at Neah Bay by James G. McCurdy details life in Neah Bay in the early days of mandatory schooling from the perspective of the schoolteacher's son. The children's book Written in Stone (2014) by Rosanne Parry takes place in the 1920s, featuring an orphaned Makah girl who works to preserve her people's culture. Meanwhile, Arlyn Conly's memoir Never Trust

2257-599: The Makah people. The endonym for the language is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq . Makah linguistically belongs to the Southern Nootkan branch of the Wakashan family of languages. It is also the only Wakashan language in the United States. Other tribes speaking Wakashan are located in British Columbia , Canada, immediately across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the west coast of Vancouver Island , and northwards as far as that province's Central Coast region. Makah has been extinct as

2318-645: The Pacific Northwest Coast living in Washington , in the northwestern part of the continental United States . They are enrolled in the federally recognized Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian Reservation , commonly known as the Makah Tribe. Linguistically and ethnographically, they are closely related to the Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht peoples of the West Coast of Vancouver Island , who live across

2379-533: The Treaty of Neah Bay with the U.S. federal government , ceding much of their traditional lands. The treaty required the Makah to be restricted to the Makah Reservation (at 48°19′20″N 124°37′57″W  /  48.32222°N 124.63250°W  / 48.32222; -124.63250 in Clallam County), banned slavery, and preserved the Makah people's rights to hunt whales and seals in the region. The Makah language

2440-426: The age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.38. In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 34.0% under

2501-461: The age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 21,635, and the median income for a family was $ 24,583. Males had a median income of $ 28,750 versus $ 27,917 for females. The per capita income for

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2562-474: The bay before it was established as Neah Bay. In August 1788 Captain Charles Duncan , a British trader, charted a bay at the location of Neah Bay, but did not give it a name. In 1790 Manuel Quimper took possession of the bay for Spain and named it "Bahía de Núñez Gaona" in honor of Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta , viceroy of New Spain . In 1792 Salvador Fidalgo began to build a Spanish fort on Neah Bay, but

2623-484: The boundaries for CDPs. The PSAP was to be offered to county and municipal planning agencies during 2008. The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation; the territories thus defined are strictly statistical entities. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities,

2684-419: The boundaries of the CDP may not correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name. Recognized communities may be divided into two or more CDPs while on the other hand, two or more communities may be combined into one CDP. A CDP may also cover the unincorporated part of a named community, where the rest lies within an incorporated place. By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in

2745-518: The counterparts of incorporated places , such as self-governing cities , towns , and villages , for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data. CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated community, for which the CDP is named, plus surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and, occasionally, other, smaller unincorporated communities as well. CDPs include small rural communities, edge cities , colonias located along

2806-409: The founding of The Makah Cultural and Research Center and the work to preserve their heritage. Beyond books, the final scene of Jim Jarmusch 's 1995 film Dead Man takes place in a reconstructed Makah village. Many of the actors featured in the scene are Makah tribal members; dialogue is in the Makah language. Additionally, the song "The Renegade" by Ian and Sylvia recounts conflict in the life of

2867-788: The geographic extent associated with inhabitants' regular use of the named place. There is no provision, however, that this name recognition be unanimous for all residents, or that all residents use the community for which the CDP is named for services provided therein. There is no mandatory correlation between CDP names or boundaries and those established for other human purposes, such as post office names or zones, political precincts, or school districts. The Census Bureau states that census-designated places are not considered incorporated places and that it includes only census-designated places in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities. In addition, census city lists from 2007 included Arlington County, Virginia 's CDP in

2928-543: The list with the incorporated places, but since 2010, only the Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii, representing the historic core of Honolulu, Hawaii , is shown in the city and town estimates. The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the first census in 1790 (for example, Louisville, Kentucky , which was not legally incorporated in Kentucky until 1828), though usage continued to develop through

2989-551: The lower 48 states. The United States halibut season generally lasts a handful of days in May and June, ending when a seasonal quota is attained. When the United States halibut season is closed, some fishermen obtain Canadian fishing licenses and launch from Neah Bay, running approximately 10 miles (16 km) to the portion of Swiftsure Bank that lies in Canadian waters. Popular spots for halibut include "The Garbage Dump", located just inside

3050-557: The practice was suspended in the 1920s because the commercial whaling industry had depleted the stocks of humpback and gray whales ; all hunting was called off. After the gray whale was removed from the Endangered Species List , the Makah re-asserted their whaling rights. With the support and guidance of the United States government and the International Whaling Commission , the Makah successfully hunted

3111-524: The project failed within the year and the cannon and supplies were transported to the more northerly colony of Santa Cruz de Nuca . While Fidalgo was working on the fort George Vancouver charted but did not stop at the bay. American traders called Neah Bay "Poverty Cove". In 1841 the United States Exploring Expedition under Charles Wilkes mapped the region and named Neah Bay "Scarborough Harbour" in honor of Captain James Scarborough of

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3172-620: The roots and leaves of Viola adunca while giving birth. In 1936, the Makah Tribe signed the Makah Constitution, accepting the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and establishing an elected tribal government. The constitution provided for a five-member Tribal Council. Each year the council elects a Tribal Chairperson. The Council develops and passes laws for the Makah Reservation. The Makah Tribe hosts its annual major public gathering, Makah Days , in late August. It features

3233-457: The same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category. The population and demographics of the CDP are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. Generally, a CDP shall not be defined within the boundaries of what the Census Bureau regards to be an incorporated city, village or borough. However,

3294-407: The structure of Makah society is a class system; people in the middle or lower classes could gain better social status by marrying into the upper levels. The community was in mostly a cognatic descent structure. The Makah traditional family consisted of parents and children living in a particular area. Members of Makah families were ranked in society according to their relationship to the chief of

3355-540: The surrounding forests. Women also gathered a wide variety of nuts, berries and edible plants and roots for their foods. In 1834, a dismasted, rudderless ship from Japan ran aground near Cape Flattery . The Makah took the three survivors of the broken ship and held them as slaves for several months before taking them to Fort Vancouver . From there, the United States transported them by ship to London and eventually China, but they never reached Japan again. On January 31, 1855, government-selected Makah representatives signed

3416-400: The tribe. There were no stratifications in gender roles; all genders were equal, participating in the hunting of whales and other livestock. Although men were more fishermen and hunters, women's activities centered on gathering resources for the family. Makah oral history relates that their tradition of aboriginal whaling has been suspended and re-established several times. Most recently,

3477-460: The village. Traditional ceremonies and songs are performed to welcome the whale's spirit. Following this, the whale is divided in a precise and traditional fashion, with certain families having ownership of particular cuts. The "saddle piece" located midway between the center of the back and the tail is the property of the harpooner. It is taken to his home where a special ceremony is performed. The meat and oil are distributed to community members, and

3538-528: Was not until 1970 that it became apparent what was buried there. After a storm in February 1970, tidal erosion exposed hundreds of well-preserved wooden artifacts. The excavation of the Ozette site began shortly after. University students worked with the Makah under the direction of archaeologists using pressurized water to remove mud from six buried long houses. The excavation went on for 11 years. It produced more than 55,000 artifacts, many of which are on display in

3599-477: Was not used during the negotiation of the treaty, and the government used the S'Klallam-language name to refer to the tribe, rather than the Makah-language endoynm. In the early 17th century, a mudslide engulfed part of a Makah village near Lake Ozette . The oral history of the Makah mentions a "great slide" which engulfed a portion of Ozette long ago. The mudslide preserved several houses and their contents in

3660-407: Was of great value to Makah, who also used its bark to make water-resistant clothing and hats. Cedar roots were used in basket making. Whole trees were carved out to make canoes to hunt seals , gray whales and humpback whales . Makah acquired much of their food from the ocean. Their diet consisted of whale, seal, fish, and a wide variety of shellfish . They would also hunt deer, elk, and bear from

3721-477: Was reduced to 2,500. From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau specified other population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs in Alaska , Puerto Rico , island areas, and Native American reservations . Minimum population criteria for CDPs were dropped with the 2000 Census . The Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program (PSAP) allows designated participants to review and suggest modifications to

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