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54-438: Ndele , Ndélé or N'Délé may refer to: Places [ edit ] N'Délé , Central African Republic Ndélé (Centre) , Centre Region (Cameroon) Ndélé (South) , South Region (Cameroon) People [ edit ] Albert Ndele (born 1930), Congolese politician José Ndele (1940–2000), Prime Minister of Democratic People's Republic of Angola Topics referred to by

108-451: A complete system of wall protection, flat roofing and finishes which in modern English usage is often referred to as adobe style , regardless of the construction method. The Great Mosque of Djenné , in central Mali , is the world's largest mudbrick structure. It, like much of Sahelian architecture, is built with a mudbrick called Banco , a recipe of mud and grain husks, fermented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as

162-508: A few courses of fired bricks from their bases up to the splash line to extend the life of the building. In Minoan Crete , at the Knossos site, there is archaeological evidence that sun-dried bricks were used in the Neolithic period (prior to 3400 BCE). Sun dried mudbrick was the most common construction material employed in ancient Egypt during pharaonic times and were made in pretty much

216-588: A greater extent to the northwest between the Nyong and Sanaga Rivers. Other major cocoa centres include the Sanaga River valley near Nanga Eboko and the regions around the towns of Akonolinga , Obala, and Saa. Some of these plantations are owned by peasant populations of Bassa and Ewondo, and SODECAO (Cocoa Development Company) is a major owner. The Centre is also home to Cameroon's only sugar-cane plantations, located at Mbandjock. SOSUCAM ( Société Sucrerie du Cameroun )

270-463: A whole. National Road 1 heads from Yaoundé all the way to Kousséri and Fotoko in the Far North Province . National Road 2 heads south from the capital to Ambam before continuing into Gabon and Equatorial Guinea . National Road 3, Cameroon's most heavily trafficked and thus most dangerous, covers the stretch between Yaoundé and Douala . National Road 4 travels northwest to Bafoussam in

324-521: Is Amarna . Mudbrick use increased at the time of Roman influence. In the Ancient Greek world, mudbrick was commonly used for the building of walls, fortifications and citadels, such as the walls of the Citadel of Troy (Troy II). These mudbricks were often made with straw or dried vegetable matter. In areas of Spanish influence, mud-brick construction is called adobe , and developed over time into

378-548: Is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks and thin posts. Roofs are sometimes made of thatched raffia palm, but they are more often of corrugated aluminium, iron, or tin today. The Centre is one of the most important centres for the Bantu group known as the Beti-Pahuin ( Béti-Pahouin ), the "Fang-Beti," or simply the "Fang". These peoples share a common language and have similar customs. The Beti-Pahuin are further broken down into

432-426: Is also a major fabric production centre. Rutile is mined at Akonolinga. The Centre is the crossroads of Cameroon, and as such, it is well equipped to handle the large amount of traffic that passes through. Most roads between towns and to neighbouring provinces are paved, and most of these lead to Yaoundé. The capital also serves as the transportation and shipping heart of the area, and to a smaller extent, Cameroon as

486-460: Is an air-dried brick , made of a mixture of mud (containing loam , clay , sand and water ) mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw . Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE. From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into fired bricks to increase strength and durability. Nevertheless, in some warm regions with very little timber available to fuel a kiln , mudbricks continued to be in use. Even today, mudbricks are

540-401: Is characterised by rolling, forested hills, the tallest of which have bare, rocky tops. Deep valleys separate these. The province's highest point is Mbam Minkom , northwest of Yaoundé, at 1,295 metres. The Centre falls completely within a Type A or Guinea-type climate . This gives the region high humidity and precipitation, with rainfall averaging 1,000–2,000 mm each year. Precipitation

594-476: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Centre Region (Cameroon) Yaoundé , capital of Cameroon, is at the heart of the Centre, drawing people from the rest of the country to live and work there. The Centre's towns are also important industrial centres, especially for timber . Agriculture is another important economic factor, especially with regard to

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648-524: Is highest in the southernmost portions and diminishes toward the north. Temperatures are fairly steady, averaging 24˚ for the entire region except for the northwestern portions of Mbam division, where they fall to 23˚. The Centre also experiences equatorial seasons , alternating between rainy and dry periods. The long dry season begins the year, running from December to May. After this comes the short rainy season, which lasts from May to June. The short dry season comes next, from July to October. The year ends in

702-588: Is one of Cameroon's strongest economic zones due in great part to the presence of the capital city. In fact, the area is second only to the coastal regions of the Littoral, South, and Southwest Provinces . Many international organisations are headquartered at Yaoundé, among them the Bank of Central African States and the African Organisation of Industrial Property . Most farmers in the Centre are largely concerned with

756-716: Is prone to flooding during the rainy season. It is navigable from Nachtigal Falls to Edéa in the Littoral Province. Several smaller tributaries that drain the Centre's Mbam division form the Sanaga. The Djérem flows in from the Adamawa and then through the far northeast of the area before entering the East Province to join the Lom (the upper Sanaga). The Djérem, like the Sanaga, is also subject to seasonal flooding. The Kim flows in from

810-590: Is the compound of Matip Ma Ndombol of the Ndjogjel district of Eséka. Cameroon's president, Paul Biya , has his official residence in Yaoundé, though he spends much of his time abroad. Biya enjoys a great deal of political support from the Centre's Beti majority, thanks in part to his policy of staffing the government and government-owned businesses with plenty of representatives of this ethnic group. Mudbrick Mudbrick or mud-brick , also known as unfired brick,

864-580: Is the crossroads for logging vehicles travelling from the South and East Provinces, the Centre also has a sizeable timber processing industry. Major sawmills are located in Eséka, Mbalmayo, and Yaoundé. Other specialised plants do joinery work, veneer , furniture and construction . The booming immigration to Yaoundé city has nourished a strong building industry there. Brick making and construction of homes and offices have ballooned in recent years. Rocks from around

918-476: Is the largest company in the region with 40 km . Peasant sugar plantations also operate in the area. A variety of other crops make up the rest of the plantation economy. Rice cultivation occurs along the Sanaga River valley in fields owned by SARIOECOO . Coffee is another important crop, grown in the eastern forests. Tobacco plantations owned by the Cameroon Tobacco Company (CTC) lie north of

972-549: Is usable as a building material, and traditional houses in the province are made from red, sun-dried bricks of mud. Toward the northern border, this soil becomes lightly evolved with large deposits of raw minerals, and at the confluence of the Sanaga and Mbam rivers, it is a mixture of several soil types. The Sanaga is the most important river in the province, as its many falls and rapids make it an important source of hydroelectric power . It also supports varied agriculture, as it

1026-485: The Atlantic Ocean via the Littoral and South. Most of the Centre's great demand for electricity is supplied from hydroelectric centres in neighbouring provinces. However, plans are in place for a dam on the Nyong at Njock-Mpoume and on the Sanaga at Nachtigal to better supply the region's power needs. Most lakes in the Centre are manmade and located in the Yaoundé area. The majority of these were created during

1080-402: The Beti-Pahuin people for over a century, but it has since experienced a great amount of immigration due to the placement of Cameroon's seat of government there in colonial times. Yaoundé's presence has prompted the construction of a large and well-maintained road system, and this has contributed to the area's boom. Another factor in the area's growth is its multiple plantations, particularly in

1134-649: The Levant over the following millennia. Well-preserved mudbricks from a site at Tel Tsaf, in the Jordan Valley, have been dated to 5200 BCE, though there is no evidence that either site was the first to use the technology. Evidence suggests that the mudbrick composition at Tel Tsaf was stable for at least 500 years, throughout the middle Chalcolithic period. The South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh constructed and lived in mud-brick houses between 7000–3300 BCE. Mud bricks were used at more than 15 reported sites attributed to

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1188-653: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (e.g., PPNA Jericho). These sun dried mudbricks, also known as adobe or just mudbrick, were made from a mixture of sand, clay, water and frequently tempered (e.g. chopped straw and chaff branches), and were the most common method/material for constructing earthen buildings throughout the ancient Near East for millennia. Unfired mud-brick is still made throughout the world today, using both modern and traditional methods. The 9000 BCE dwellings of Jericho were constructed from mudbricks, affixed with mud, as were those at numerous sites across

1242-596: The Yambassa live in and around Bafia-Banen territory. Though most of these tribal groups have their own distinct languages, most people in the Centre also speak French. European missionaries penetrated the territory under German and French colonial rule. Since, most of the region's inhabitants have converted to Christianity . The most prevalent denominations are Presbyterianism and Roman Catholicism , though traditional animist beliefs are commonly practiced alongside Christianity, especially in more rural areas. The Centre

1296-463: The 3rd millennium BCE in the ancient Indus Valley civilization . In the Mature Harappan phase fired bricks were used. The Mesopotamians used sun-dried bricks in their city construction; typically these bricks were flat on the bottom and curved on the top, called plano-convex mud bricks. Some were formed in a square mould and rounded so that the middle was thicker than the ends. Some walls had

1350-677: The Adamawa and through the northwestern portion of the Mbam division before merging with the Mbam River at the border with the West Province. The Mbam then empties into the Noun . The Noun, which flows in from the West Province, passes through the town of Bafia , and receives the flow of the Ndjim River north of Goura . The Noun then joins the Sanaga northeast of Monatélé . The Nyong is the only major river in

1404-547: The Adamawa border. Faults along the border with the South Province have deposited metamorphic schists and quartzites , with some granite. Laterites are also common, caused by the decomposition of the crystalline rock. Red ferrallitic soil dominates most of the province, including the forested zone and much of the savanna area. Though as deep as ten metres, this soil is leached by silica and percolating water, making it only marginally productive for agriculture. However, it

1458-558: The Beti, most of whom live in the Centre Province, and the Bulu and Fang, who primarily inhabit the South. The Beti consist of several smaller groups. The Ewondo (or Yaoundé) occupy the Centre's most populated region, including Yaoundé, Mbalmayo, and the Nyong and So division. The Yezum and Yebekolo are Ewondo sub-groups. The Bane are more numerous in the South Province, but they have some members in

1512-572: The Centre at northwestern border with the West Province and stretching north and east to the Njim River . Their main settlement in the province is Ngambe Tikar on the Kim River. The Centre's Tikar speak a language known as Tumu and its dialects. The Centre Province Tikar are further divided into the Bang-Heng , Bankim , Ditan , Ina , Ngambe , Ngume , Ue , and Yakong . Large numbers of Bassa live in

1566-546: The Centre in recent years. To combat this, MIDEVIV , the Food Development Authority, sets up growing zones around major towns, especially Yaoundé, for the growing of bananas , cocoyams, plantains, and other necessities. This region is one of Cameroon's most important cash-crop zones due to its hot, humid climate and well-developed infrastructure. Cocoa is king, and it grows in all areas but the Mbam division. The largest plantations are those outside of Yaoundé and to

1620-400: The Centre sees little tourism per se . Yaoundé does offer many hotels , however, to handle the business and diplomatic traffic through the city. It is also the location of several manmade lakes used for sport and bathing. Most of Cameroon's monuments and museums are located in the capital. Several of the province's traditional chief 's compounds are accessible to visitors. Among these

1674-818: The East and South Provinces is today a lucrative trade in Yaoundé and the large towns. Because of its immense territory devoted to cultivation, the Centre also has a substantial food processing industry. For example, CAMSUCO (Cameroon Sugar Company) has a large processing plant in Nkoetang that supplies eighty percent of Cameroon's sugar. SOCACAO (the Cameroon Cocoa Company) makes cocoa butter in Yaoundé. The Brasséries du Cameroun also operates in Yaoundé producing beers and soft drinks . Other food-processing plants are located in Nanga Eboko (rice hulling) and Eséka. As it

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1728-599: The Nyong and Kelle division near the border with the Littoral Province. They are primarily situated in small villages of isolated huts. The Vute (Babuti) are a Bantu people who inhabit large swathes of the Mbam division to the east of Tikar and Bafia. Their domains are almost equal of those of the Beti in area. Tribes present in smaller numbers in the province include the Bajem , Baki , Bamun , Bulu, Fa' (Balong), Gbete (Kepere), Gunu , Lafa , Maka , Njauti , Nyokon , and Pori . Several heterogeneous groups collectively known as

1782-504: The Nyong and So division. The Mbida-Mbane and Mvog-Nyenge live east of Yaoundé. The Eton-Beti, Eton-Beloua, and Beloua-Eton are headquartered in the Lekie division northeast of Yaoundé, including the towns of Saa and Obala . The territory of the Mvelle stretches east from Yaoundé along the Nyong valley to the northern portions of the Nyong and Mfoumou division, including the border town of Ayos and

1836-554: The Sanaga River at Batchenga . Palm plantations for palm oil and kernels , are located in the lower Sanaga and Nyong valleys, in the Nyong and Kelle division. Most of these are owned by SOCAPALM , headquartered in Eséka . Pineapples are grown commercially at Mbandjock by the Cameroon Pineapple Company . Livestock raising is another important economic sector, and Yaoundé is a major market for cattle from other regions of

1890-443: The West Province. National Road 9, one of the few that do not travel through the capital, begins at Mbalmayo and leads to the South Province towns of Sangmélima , Djoum , and Mintom . Finally, National Road 10 travels east from Yaoundé to Ayos and ultimately Bonis in the East Province. The Centre also forms an important hub of transportation by rail , air, and river. Train lines travel from Yaoundé to Douala and to Ngaoundéré in

1944-474: The beginning of the dry season. Such slash-and-burn agriculture is adequate for the needs of small villages away from larger urban centres. Soil is exhausted quickly, necessitating the change of fields every two or three years. The soil can remain infertile for as much as ten years. However, when settlements are sparse, this presents little problem. As one of Cameroon's most populous areas, however, soil exhaustion has become an increasingly troublesome problem for

1998-539: The capital are quarried for building material. Artisans also form a significant slice of the economy. Those of Yaoundé have a co-op to help meet the needs of the tourist trade, while those of Nanga Eboko are renowned for their highly decorated pottery . Diverse industries round out the Centre's repertoire. One example is the Bastos Company , which produces cigarettes in Yaoundé. Textiles are another major industry, and cotton gins operate in Yaoundé. The capital

2052-414: The cocoa-growing centre between the Sanaga and Nyong rivers and the sugar-cane area of Mbandjock , which draw thousands of migrant workers, mostly from the highly populated West and Littoral Provinces. As an important educational and government centre, Yaoundé also draws many more highly educated migrants. The majority of the Centre's residents live in the city of Yaoundé (population 1.1 million) or along

2106-560: The colonial period for the pursuit of water sports . The Centre Province is entirely situated on the South Cameroon Plateau . The land varies from 500 to 1000 metres above sea level except for the valleys of the Sanaga and its tributaries, which dip as low as 200 metres. The land rises gently in escarpments from the southwestern coastal plain before joining the Adamawa Plateau via depressions and granite massifs . The terrain

2160-594: The country. Cattle are raised on ranches owned by the Livestock Development Authority at Mbandjock, and poultry are raised in farms at Makak , Obala, and Yaoundé to supply the province's vast demand for eggs and chicken. Sheep , goats , pigs , and poultry are also raised more informally throughout the area. Hunting is practiced to some extent in more rural areas, but this has become increasingly rare as forest exploitation and firearms have depleted game species and their habitats. Bushmeat from

2214-462: The dry season and burn the resulting brush. Farmers take care to protect trees bearing edible fruit, such as mangoes , plums , and pears , though fires sometimes grow out of control and prevent this. Farmers then plant seeds after the first rains: spices and vegetables closer to the house, plantains and tubers in larger plots farther into the bush. Villagers traditionally group their farms together as protection against animals and harvest their crops at

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2268-435: The forested zones farther south. The Sudano-Guinea portion is similar, only the grass grows more thinly, and trees are both evergreen and deciduous . The region was once much more heavily forested, but exploitation of species such as ebony and iroko has thinned out the woodlands and allowed dense undergrowth to appear. This has also pushed the savanna farther south over time. Today there remains very little virgin land in

2322-476: The long rainy season from October to November. North of 5˚, the dry periods last up to four months. The Centre is forested except for the valleys of the Djérem, Mbam, and Noun rivers (most of the Mbam division) and the northern border region. These areas are woodland savanna and Sudano-Guinea savanna, respectively. The woodland savanna is characterised by large expanses of grass punctuated by small copses of trees from

2376-434: The north. An international airport is located just outside Yaoundé at Nsimalen , and airstrips are at Akonolinga, Bafia, Eséka, Mbandjock, and Nanga Eboko. The Nyong River is navigable from Mbalmayo northeast to Abong-Mbang in the East during the wet season. Many international visitors to Cameroon see at least the city of Yaoundé, if nowhere else. The majority of these travellers visit on company or government business, so

2430-652: The plantation centre of Mbandjock. The Eki live throughout the Upper Sanaga division with settlements at Nanga Eboko and Minta. In addition, some peoples in the Centre are not truly Beti-Pahuin but are currently in the process of being assimilated by that group. Among these are the Manguissa , who live in a small territory in the Lekie division between the Sanaga River and the town of Sa'a, the Bamvele , Batchanga (Tsinga), Evuzok , Omvang , Yekaba , and Yetudi . The area around

2484-645: The province that does not flow into the Sanaga. It rises in the East Province, passes through Mbalmayo , continues west, then forms the border between the Littoral and South provinces. Because the Nyong flows completely through an equatorial climate, it has one period of high water during the rainy season (March to October), during which it is navigable from Mbalmayo to Abong-Mbang in the East Province. Other Centre Province rivers flow through both equatorial and tropical climate zones where rainy seasons occur at different times, and so they never experience great fluctuations in water level. All Centre Province rivers empty into

2538-658: The province's most important cash crop , cocoa . Outside of the capital and the plantation zones, most inhabitants are sustenance farmers . In 2008, the President of the Republic of Cameroon, President Paul Biya signed decrees abolishing "Provinces" and replacing them with "Regions". Hence, all of the country's ten provinces are now known as Regions. The Centre's soil is primarily composed of Precambrian deposits of metamorphic rocks , such as gneiss , mica , migmatites , and schists . Granite dominates from about 4˚ N and to

2592-684: The province. The Mfou Reserve ( Réserve du Mfou ) is one such area, recently created by the WWF and the GTZ to protect various bird , monkey , and snake species. Cameroonian wildlife also lives in the Mvog Betsi Zoo in Yaoundé. In April 2019, 2 lions were discovered in Mpem and Djim National Park . With a population of more than 4 million, the Centre is one of the more densely populated of Cameroon's provinces . The area has been an important population center for

2646-486: The raising of crops such as plantains (common south of Yaoundé) and cocoyams and yams (common west and northwest of the capital). Rice and yam cultivation are practiced along the banks of the Sanaga in the Upper Sanaga division. Groundnuts , maize and other cereals are common in the province's less humid north, and manioc grows throughout. Sustenance farmers first clear small patches of forest. They remove trees with traditional tools such as axes or machetes during

2700-420: The roads and in the major towns. The population density thins out away from the major thoroughfares, especially in the Mbam and Upper Sanaga divisions. A few isolated settlements, such as Nanga Eboko , also support a larger population. Settlements in the Centre are traditionally placed along roads, resulting in large numbers of houses near the road with forest beginning directly behind them. The traditional house

2754-498: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ndele . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ndele&oldid=1125551268 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

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2808-532: The same way for millennia. Mud from some locations required sand, chopped straw or other binders such as animal dung to be mixed in with the mud to increase durability and plasticity. Workers gathered mud from the Nile river and poured it into a pit. Workers then tramped on the mud while straw was added to solidify the mold. The mudbricks were chemically suitable as fertilizer , leading to the destruction of many ancient Egyptian ruins, such as at Edfu . A well-preserved site

2862-428: The standard of vernacular architecture in some warmer regions- mainly in parts of Africa and western Asia . In the 20th century, the compressed earth block was developed using high pressure as a cheap and eco-friendly alternative to obtain non-fired bricks with more strength than the simpler air-dried mudbricks. The history of mudbrick production and construction in the southern Levant may be dated as far back to

2916-586: The town of Bafia and the west-jutting finger of land on the border of the Littoral Province is the home of several related peoples, collectively referred to as the Banen or Bafia . Tribes in this group include the Ndiki , Ntundu , Lemande , and Yambetta . The Bape and Bekke are also a part, though they were assimilated only fairly recently. Though more numerous in the West and Northwest Provinces, several Tikar groups live in

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