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42-507: New Vileika emerged as a separate town in the second half of the 19th century when the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway was built. It grew as a narrow strip along the rails. Then another major Libau–Romny Railway line connecting Vilnius with Minsk was built. Before World War I , Naujoji Vilnia was one of the most industrialized cities in Lithuania , growing to 10,300 inhabitants in 1903, one of

84-677: A 9km long line built in 1933, today designated PKP rail line 449 branches of from the former Warsaw-Sankt Petersburg railway south to the former Warsaw–Terespol railway and through it to the Warsaw Cross-City Line and the other trunk lines of the Warsaw Railway Junction . The original route continues south-west as PKP rail line 21 terminating at the Warszawa Wileńska station in Warsaw Praga district, without reaching

126-613: A policeman for directions. In 1909, a gendarme chief was severely wounded in an ambush in Warsaw. In 1910, a bomb exploded at the Grodzisk station, killing or wounding several gendarmes. Ukrainians were officially considered "part of the Russian people " and at the time mostly referred to as Little Russians . Since they were seen as Russians they were not discriminated against at the individual level and (if they could speak Russian ) any career

168-506: A week. The battalions of 186 men each, divided into 9 companies, were taken to brothels under the command of an infantry sergeant. Each girl was required to service 20-21 members of a battalion, after which she would be allowed to take other men to make money in order to buy food. Jewish girls were especially vulnerable due to the totality of the tsarist official antisemitism including mass expulsions of Litvaks commanded by Alexander III of Russia which led to desperation and hunger. There

210-535: Is a 1,333 km (828 mi) long railway, built in the 19th century by the Russian Empire to connect Russia with Central Europe. At the time the entire railway was within the Russian Empire : Warsaw was under a Russian partition of Poland . Due to territorial changes, the line now lies within five countries and crosses the eastern border of the European Union three times. Therefore, no passenger trains follow

252-457: Is joined by a broad gauge track designated PKP rail line 57 , with several transshipment facilities along its route. Both lines extend across the border and continue from Bruzhi into Hrodna, with the standard gauge line electrified at 3 kV DC which is commonly used by the Polish railways, rather than 25 kV AC used on the two Belarusian trunk lines. This allows Polish trains to reach Hrodna without

294-453: Is one of the country's major trunk lines. Since 2014 the line is being modernized to ultimately allow passenger trains to run at 200 km/h (125 mph) and freight trains at 120 km/h (75 mph), works include renewal of tracks and overhead lines, replacing level crossings with tunnels or overpasses and installation of ETCS level 2. The line is electrified along its entire length, and has two tracks up to Białystok. In Zielonka

336-555: The 1830–1831 November Uprising which took place in the heartland of partitioned Poland, forming a government . Its subsequent defeat resulted in a new wave of Tsarist mass repressions and punitive actions. In 1863–1864 another insurrection, the January Uprising , broke out. This time, the Carmelite friars who helped the insurgents were sent on death marches to Siberia chained by their necks together. The January Uprising lead to

378-685: The Eastern Ukraine . Under the Third Partition of Poland Russia acquired Courland , all Lithuanian territory east of the Nieman River , and the remaining parts of Volhynian Ukraine . Major historical events of the Russian Partition included the Warsaw Uprising (1794) soon after Kościuszko's victory at Racławice . It ended up in the massacre of Praga district of Warsaw , in which

420-501: The January Uprising of 1863–1864. Many Poles were exiled to Siberia , some 80,000 of them in 1864 in the single largest deportation action commenced by the empire. Polish language was discriminated against, and it lost its official status. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote Norman Davies . There was no education in the Polish language, and publications in Polish were few. The only elementary schools were constantly underfinanced. The city of Warsaw under

462-720: The Kingdom of Poland within the Russian Empire in 1815. To both Russians and Poles, the term Russian Poland was not acceptable. To the Russians after partition, Poland ceased to exist, and their newly acquired territories were considered the long lost parts of Mother Russia . To Poles, Poland was simply Polish, never Russian. While the Russians used varying administrative names for their new territories ( see below ), another popular term, used in Poland and adopted by most other historiographies,

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504-578: The Russian Empire . The territories of the Russian Partition saw very moderate economic growth over time. No business activity could take place without bribing the Tsarist officials first. Much of the output of the Polish Partition was exported to Russia proper, especially after the border between Congress Poland and Russia was abolished in 1851. The emancipation reform of 1861 was a major step towards industrialization and urbanization . Particularly,

546-648: The factory . Before World War I , already more than 3 million scythes were produced at the factory annually. The scythes and nail factory in Naujoji Vilnia was the largest in the World at the time. In 1911, The Church of St. Casimir was built. During mass deportations to Siberia in June 1941, some 30,000 deportees passed through the Naujoji Vilnia railway station . After World War II , former shops were nationalized by

588-884: The "capital" at Naujoji Vilnia. In August of the same year Lithuanian authorities cracked down on these actions as separatists in the area had supported the failed August Putsch in Moscow. During the last two decades between the 2001 and 2021 censuses, the percentage of Lithuanians grew from 29,5% to 47,9% (17,493 persons), while the percentage of Poles shrank from 34,2% to 26,4% (9,646 inhabitants), Russians — from 19,8% to 13,3% (4,858 persons), Belarusians from 9% to 5,8% (2,105 inhabitants), Ukrainians — from 1,5% to 1,1% (390). There were also 2,008 inhabitants of other ethnicity. Warsaw %E2%80%93 Saint Petersburg Railway Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway (( Russian : Санкт-Петербурго-Варшавская железная дорога ) (transliteration: Sankt-Peterburgo–Varshavskaya zheleznaya doroga))

630-589: The Commonwealth: It consisted of 9 guberniyas : six Belarusian and Lithuanian ones that constituted the Northwestern Krai ( Vilna Governorate , Kovno Governorate , Grodno Governorate , Minsk Governorate , Mogilev Governorate and Vitebsk Governorate ) and three Ukrainian ones that constituted the Southwestern Krai ( Volhynia Governorate , Podolia Governorate and Kiev Governorate ). In

672-535: The Duchy was dissolved after just a few years following the 1815 Congress of Vienna , and all its territory returned to its previous rulers. The Tsarist Kingdom of Poland was established in the territory returned to Russia with the Tsar taking the title of King of Poland . The protectorate was gradually integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century. Notwithstanding, the relentless Russian exploitation activities led to

714-517: The Kingdom's autonomy being drastically reduced, and its renaming as Vistula Land . There is debate as to whether the Kingdom of Poland , as a state, was formally replaced by the Vistula Land . Towns were stripped of their charters in reprisal and turned into villages. The Russian Partition of Poland was made an official province of the Russian Empire in 1867. In the early 20th century, a major part of

756-524: The Russian Empire created a separate entity called Congress Poland out of some of the above governorates. See administrative division of Congress Poland for details. Territories in the Russian partition which were not incorporated into Congress Poland were officially known as the Western Krai , and in Poland as the taken lands ( Polish : ziemie zabrane ). The Western Krai comprised the following lands of

798-723: The Russian Revolution of 1905 was the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) . The return to Poland's independence was a result of the First World War on the Polish lands (1914–1918), the overthrow of the Tsarist regime, and the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918. The Russification policies were harsh, and there were many repressions, particularly in the aftermath of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and later,

840-549: The Russian imperial army killed up to 20,000 civilians in reprisal or revenge, regardless of gender and age. "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote Suvorov himself. In 1807, the victorious Napoleon formed the Duchy of Warsaw after his War of the Fourth Coalition against Prussia and Russia. The new Duchy was held in personal union by King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . However,

882-450: The Russian military brothels, of which there were some 185 in total, including 16 official ones (1884). In cheap army brothels sex could be bought for as little as 30 kopecks (less than 1/3 of a rouble); one woman for every 30 Russians stationed at a garrison, with beatings and instances of women getting killed by them in drunken rages. Sex slaves were obliged to drink with the clients as a general rule. Officers had their own brothels under

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924-519: The Soviet authorities and converted into large factories for machine tools, agricultural equipment and other factories. In 1957 it was incorporated into Vilnius city. In May 1991, pro- Soviet politicians associated with Yedinstvo unilaterally proclaimed the illegal establishment of the so-called Polish National-Territorial Region , projected in the ethnically-mixed Vilnius Region district just outside of Vilnius, complete with its own flag, anthem, bank and

966-450: The Tsarist rule resembled a military base with exclusively Russian stores and clubs as well as 12 Russian garrisons in the city, equipped with newly built horse stables, and amenities like laundry shacks, and cabbage pickleries. Polish stores – where Russian was not being spoken – were routinely denied a license. Polish names were removed even from botanical signs. Hunger and poverty were rampant with record number of women forced to work at

1008-522: The chief of police (1888–1895), known sex connoisseur Nikolai Kleigels ( Russian : Николай Клейгельс ) who was selling young Polish girls dressed in exotic costumes for 10 roubles a visit. The girls were categorized by the Russian authorities as either inexpensive, medium-priced, or exclusive based on age, beauty and demeanour. In all cities with the Russian garrisons, army-licensed brothels were required to provide so-called "patriotic duty" to their regiments by giving one free visit per soldier, at least once

1050-479: The city center. This segment is used only for local passenger traffic in the Warsaw metropolitan area , however due to large passenger volumes it is designated as a primary line . Line 21 also extends north-east from Zielonka to Wołomin along line 6, giving a total of four tracks on this segment. From Białystok to Kuźnica Białostocka line 6 has only one track, which shortly before the Polish-Belarusian border

1092-774: The entire route Daugavpils – Vilnius – Lentvaris – Kaunas – Kybartai . The end of summer of 1860 marked the end of the construction of the Ostrov-Daugavpils–Vilnius railway. The first train from Daugavpils arrived in Vilnius on 16 September 1860. In 1861, this branch was completed to the Prussian border, and between Verzhbolovo Station in Kybartai and Eydtkuhnen in Prussia (now Chernyshevskoye in Russian Kaliningrad Oblast )

1134-506: The entire route. Passenger trains between Saint Petersburg and Warsaw used to travel through Brest instead and a new line called Rail Baltica is under development to improve the direct connection between Poland and Lithuania . In February 1851 the Tsarist Government of Russia made a decision to build the St. Petersburg–Warsaw railway line with a length of approximately 1,250 kilometers. It

1176-598: The factory was bought by the wealthiest man in Lübeck of the time Emil Possehl . Additionally, 60 specialists from Styria were invited to work at the plant . Raw materials, from which scythes were produced were from Emil Possehl's steel factory in Sweden . In 1886, 1 million scythes were produced a year. In 1900 scythes produced in Naujoji Vilnia were demonstrated at The 1900 World's Fair in Paris . In 1905 there were 450 laborers working in

1218-643: The first junction between Russian gauge and standard gauge railway systems was built, with rails in both gauges between the border stations. The construction of the section from Lentvaris to Warsaw was completed on 15 December 1862. The first locomotives for the St. Petersburg–Warsaw railway were bought in England, France, and Belgium. They were “G” class 0-6-0s with two cylinders. They were produced in Manchester in 1857, in Paris in 1860, and in Belgium in 1862. Their weight

1260-409: The first partition, Russia gained 92,000 km and 1.3 million people. In the second, 250,000 km and 1 million people. In the third, 120,000 km and 1.2 million people. Overall, Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km ) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people). The Russian partition was thus the largest and most populous of

1302-487: The largest in Lithuania at the time (comp. to Alytus with 3,445, Marijampolė with 6,777 or Panevėžys with 12,968 inhabitants in 1897). It had a number of metal and wood manufacturing factories, yeast , scythes , knives, paper and knitting mills. In 1878, industrialists Wyszwianski and Szereszewski hailing from Berlin came to Naujoji Vilnia and established a German-Russian nail factory with 90 workers. In 1882,

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1344-521: The largest share of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's population, living on 463,200 km (178,800 sq mi) of land constituting the eastern and central territory of the former Commonwealth. The three partitions, which took place in 1772, 1793 and 1795, resulted in the complete loss of Poland 's and Lithuania 's sovereignty, with their territories split between Russia, Prussia and Austria . The majority of Lithuania's former territory

1386-570: The last three or four decades before World War I saw significant economic development and urbanization. However, in many areas of the economy, development stalled. The Russian Empire divided the former territories of the Commonwealth it obtained ( Rech Pospolitaya in Russian) by creating or enlarging the following guberniyas (Tsarist governorates, or provinces). After the Congress of Vienna in 1815,

1428-495: The line remains in use for local regional traffic, although there have been some sporadic connections between Vilnius and Daugavpils . Trains traveling between Warsaw and Vilnius today have to take a long detour through Ełk and Kaunas . It appears extremely unlikely a direct connection through Hrodna might be restored in the foreseeable future. Instead a project called Rail Baltica is underway to upgrade existing infrastructure and build new standard gauge lines in order to improve

1470-507: The need for time consuming break of gauge operations and replacing traction power, and before 2020 Polish companies offered regular connections there. From Hrodna however only the broad gauge track continues to Uzbieraž on the Belarusian–Lithuanian border . The track from the border to Marcinkonys in Lithuania has been dismantled at some point at the beginning of the 21st century, from Marcinkonys to Vilnius and further north-east

1512-588: The rail connection from Poland to Lithuania, Latvia, further to Estonia and eventually to Finland, running entirely within EU territory. Russian partition The Russian Partition ( Polish : zabór rosyjski ), sometimes called Russian Poland , constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were annexed by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Poland . The Russian acquisition encompassed

1554-631: Was 30–32 tons. The portion between Vilnius and Warsaw was rebuilt in the standard gauge in the 1920s when that area belonged to Poland. The railway was partly destroyed during both world wars. A 224km section of the line between Zielonka , some 13km north-east of Warsaw and Kuźnica Białostocka on the Polish-Belarusian border , some 54km north-east Białystok is today designated by the Polish National Railways PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe as PKP rail line 6 . It

1596-456: Was annexed by the Russian Empire, except for Užnemunė  [ lt ] (a geographical area on the left bank of the River Neman ) which was annexed by Prussia. The Napoleonic Wars saw significant parts of Prussia's and Austria's partitions reconstituted as the Duchy of Warsaw (a French client state in a personal union under Saxony ), most of which was then reconstituted as

1638-461: Was built to Russian gauge . Construction was completed in 1862. The first section of the railway was completed in 1853 between Saint Petersburg and Gatchina , with daily scheduled train service started on 31 October 1853. On 19 July 1858 the first train arrived in Pskov . In May 1858, construction started near Vilnius on the first section of 19 kilometers. On 1 May 1859 the ground works started along

1680-693: Was nonetheless growth in the national consciousness, and the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) resulted in the general improvement of the situation soon before the dissolution of the Empire. Some major political parties of the Second Polish Republic developed around that time in the Russian partition (ex. Polish Socialist Party ). The New York Times noted some aspects of society that were still "risky" or "distressing" in 1907. Police units sometimes feared being stabbed or shot, while civilians sometimes feared being imprisoned while merely asking

1722-538: Was open to them. Nonetheless, in 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. A following 1863 ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned the printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. Ukrainians living in Austria-Hungary were given more rights than Ukrainians living in

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1764-538: Was the Russian Partition . Even before the partitions from the late 18th century, the Russian Empire had already acquired some territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (a real union of Kingdom of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ). The first Russian partition took place in the late 17th century when the forced Treaty of Andrusovo signed in 1667 granted Russia the Commonwealth's territory in

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