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141-428: The Nationalist Republican Alliance ( Spanish : Alianza Republicana Nacionalista , abbreviated ARENA ) is a conservative , center-right to right-wing political party of El Salvador . It was founded on 30 September 1981 by retired Salvadoran Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson . It defines itself as a political institution constituted to defend the democratic , republican , and representative system of government,
282-566: A gang crackdown , referred to as a state of exception and a war against gangs, which resulted in the reported arrests of over 75,163 alleged gang members by 11 January 2024 and 144 to 152 deaths in custody by 10 May 2023. The crackdown, which had since been extended several times, has been accused of engaging in arbitrary arrests , torture , and human rights abuses by organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . On 3 January 2023, Minister of Defense René Merino Monroy announced that 496 homicides were recorded in 2022,
423-597: A one-party state . She also argued that the time to make electoral reforms had passed and that the changes would violate Article 291-A of the electoral code, which prohibits electoral reforms up to one year before an election. On 15 March 2023, the Legislative Assembly voted to repeal Article 291-A, which ARENA deputy René Portillo Cuadra described as unconstitutional. and the Washington Office on Latin America ,
564-564: A popular vote . El Salvador's constitution mandated that the election would be "free, direct, equal and secret ". On 11 August 2022, the Supreme Electoral Court announced that the elections for the presidency, vice presidency, and the Legislative Assembly would be held on Sunday, 4 February 2024, and that the elections for the 44 municipalities and the Central American Parliament would be held on Sunday, 3 March 2024. If
705-557: A Fundaungo poll in March 2023, 48.8 percent of Salvadorans supported reducing the number of municipalities, while 44.2 opposed it. Meanwhile, 80.2 percent supported reducing the number of legislative seats, while only 16.4 opposed it. A May 2023 poll conducted by UFG found that 66.4 percent supported the reduction of municipalities while 39.4 percent opposed it. A later Fundaungo poll in September 2023 found that 66.9 percent of Salvadorans supported
846-552: A New El Salvador, the Salvadoran Veteran Party, Somos, and i. Citizen Power announced its primary elections in March 2023, but the TSE declared the announcement invalid because they were not registered to participate in the 2024 election. In mid-April 2023, the party turned in 50,000 signatures to the TSE to be registered as a political party. MAS abandoned its efforts to register in early-April 2023. In late-2022, Paul Monroy,
987-821: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. 2024 Salvadoran general election Nayib Bukele NI Nayib Bukele NI General elections were held in El Salvador in February and March 2024. In
1128-530: A U.S. non-governmental organization, described as "the latest backstep in the country". In February 2023, GANA deputy Newman Salgado claimed that the country's population would support the reductions of Assembly deputies and municipalities. According to a poll conducted by the Francisco Gavidia University that month, around 48.5 percent of Salvadorans erroneously believed that El Salvador was already divided into only 50 municipalities. According to
1269-556: A US$ 109 million loan to fund the Territorial Control Plan , a security program initiated by Bukele, in what critics described as an attempted coup d'état . In September 2020, El Faro accused Bukele of negotiating with criminal gangs in the country , notably Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street gang , to lower crime rates. Bukele and his government denied those accusations. The United States government labeled various Bukele government officials as corrupt . In
1410-588: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
1551-489: A decrease from 1,147 homicides in 2021; Merino attributed the decrease to the gang crackdown. Politicians from ARENA, the FMLN, and Nuestro Tiempo described the crackdown as a political and electoral strategy to support the government and intimidate the opposition. Despite controversies and negative press coverage, Bukele remains extremely popular with approval ratings consistently hovering between 80 and 90 percent. He
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#17328372864721692-629: A decrease from 3,206 in 2021. A total of 1,595 voting centers were available across the country. Voting was not compulsory. Electronic voting for Salvadoran expatriates began at midnight on 6 January 2024. Expatriates were able to vote at 81 voting centers in 60 of the country's embassies and consulates in 30 countries; 42 eligible voters in 22 countries were unable to vote. The designs for all four ballots—presidential, legislative, municipal, and PARLACEN—were finalized on 6 December 2023. In December 2022, TSE magistrate Noel Orellana estimated that it would cost between US$ 25 and 30 million to finance
1833-409: A director is chosen who works with a specific member of COENA. The director's role is to organize and co-ordinate electoral campaigns and help the councils form party structures in the municipalities of their departments. On 19 February 2013, Jorge Velado assumed the position as president of COENA, in a party leadership shake-up aimed at re-energizing a stale organization tainted by its association with
1974-517: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
2115-411: A face of legitimacy to everything with these gimmicks" (" todo es inconstitucional y solo están tratando de darle una cara de legitimidad a todo con estos artilugios "). Manuel Flores , then the FMLN's presidential pre-candidate, stated that "the law is the law [and] the law says that there is no re-election" (" la ley es la ley [y] la ley dice que no hay reelección "), adding that the constitution
2256-476: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
2397-480: A former TSE magistrate TSE, denounced the idea, claiming that it was a part of Bukele's "political vision" to consolidate a military dictatorship . Gallegos expressed his support for Bukele's proposal, adding that he believed the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly should also be reduced. Ulloa supported reducing the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly and suggested decreasing it from 84 to 50 seats. In February 2023, Castro confirmed that Nuevas Ideas
2538-471: A leave of absence or express permission from the Supreme Court six months before the election. In April 2023, Ulloa stated that Bukele was seeking a "second mandate" (" segundo mandato ") rather than re-election, adding that, while immediate re-election was prohibited by the constitution, a second mandate was not. Some politicians, including Ulloa, also suggested that Bukele should resign six months before
2679-501: A list of 39 countries the International Monetary Fund (IMF) considers "developed," and stated that all the countries on the list, except for South Korea , allowed re-election. He also claimed that restrictions on re-election only exists in third-world countries. According to Bukele, a developed country criticizing his announcement would be hypocritical. On 25 June 2023, Bukele officially registered his pre-candidacy for
2820-471: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
2961-427: A magistrate of the TSE, stated that individuals arrested during the country's gang crackdown were ineligible to vote. In the legislative election, votes cast from outside of the country were counted towards selecting deputies in the department of San Salvador . There were a total of 6,214,399 registered voters. Six political parties had their 2024 presidential and vice presidential candidates officially registered by
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#17328372864723102-498: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
3243-599: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
3384-518: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
3525-404: A second presidential round had been necessary, it would have occurred on 3 March. Voting was held from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Central Standard Time . To win the presidential election, a candidate needs an absolute majority (50% + 1). If no candidate received an absolute majority, a second round between the two candidates with the most valid votes would have occurred within 30 days of
3666-418: A successor would be designated as president. On 28 November, Bukele announced he would ask for a leave of absence from the Legislative Assembly on 1 December to relieve him of his duties as president to focus on his presidential election campaign. Bukele was granted a leave of absence on 30 November and Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara , his private secretary, was named as presidential designee; she assumed office
3807-493: A total of ten formal requests were submitted to the TSE calling for the body to not register Bukele's presidential candidacy or void his candidacy after he initiated the registration process. Nuestro Tiempo , ARENA, and various NGOs filed these requests. On 9 November, the TSE reaffirmed that Bukele's candidacy was legal and dismissed all the petitions to void his candidacy. Vice President Félix Ulloa , who supports Bukele's re-election bid, had suggested that Bukele should seek
3948-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
4089-402: Is "clear" (" clara ") in prohibiting re-election. Citizen Resistance politician Rubén Zamora stated that the Legislative Assembly had to suspend Bukele's rights as a Salvadoran citizen in accordance with the constitution for registering as a pre-candidate for presidential re-election. Both Zamora and Claudia Ortiz , a deputy from Vamos, argued that articles 75, 88, 131, 152, 154, and 248 of
4230-436: Is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish
4371-657: Is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and
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4512-678: Is considered to be one of the most popular presidents in El Salvador's history, as well as one of the most popular incumbent Latin American heads of state. On 3 September 2021, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that the president of El Salvador is eligible to run for re-election in consecutive terms, discarding a 2014 ruling that required presidents to wait ten years before running for re-election. The 2021 court ruling made Bukele eligible to run for president in 2024. Despite protests from ARENA and
4653-399: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
4794-740: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
4935-806: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
5076-804: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
5217-484: Is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by
5358-478: Is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian),
5499-567: Is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
5640-533: The 2021 legislative election , Nuevas Ideas , the political party Bukele established, won supermajorities in the Legislative Assembly , municipalities , and the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN). The 13th session of the Legislative Assembly assumed office on 1 May 2021, and Ernesto Castro was elected as the president of the Legislative Assembly . Following Castro's election,
5781-766: The Center-Democratic Integration Group , the four deputies from ARENA and the PCN belong to the Integrationist Democratic Unity, and the sole FMLN deputy belongs to the Parliamentary Group of the Left . In the years following the 2021 legislative election, three deputies and twenty-two mayors from ARENA left the party and become independents , as had eleven mayors from the FMLN, and one deputy and two mayors from GANA. Eighteen deputies elected to
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5922-616: The National Broad Front [ ru ] (FAN) opposed to the ruling Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) and the preceding government of the National Conciliation Party (PCN). The party arose in response to "the insurgency of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front , FMLN, a group that united peasant farmers, unionists and intellectuals, which tried, through arms, to overthrow
6063-647: The Salvadoran Civil War . Its founding leader was Roberto D'Aubuisson , a former major in the Salvadoran Army who was most well-known for commanding various death squads and ordering the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero in 1980. At the time, ARENA was considered to be a far-right political party. The party's initial membership primarily consisted of members of the Salvadoran Nationalist Movement [ ru ] (MNS) and
6204-531: The Salvadoran Patriotic Fraternity (FPS). Ten parties participated in the legislative elections, eleven in the municipal elections, and nine in the PARLACEN election. Opinion polling indicated significant leads for Nuevas Ideas in the presidential, legislative, and municipal elections, as well as high support for Bukele's re-election. In September 2021, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that
6345-509: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
6486-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
6627-673: The Third World , coincidentally." (" Prácticamente todos los países desarrollados tienen reelección ... las prohibiciones de reelección solo existen en el tercer mundo, coincidentalmente. ") Nayib Bukele , 15 September 2022 During a speech on the country's 201st anniversary of independence from Spain on 15 September 2022, Bukele officially announced his re-election campaign despite having previously voiced his opposition to immediate re-election both before and during his presidency. Bukele justified his re-election bid by arguing that most developed countries allow re-election; he read
6768-489: The country's 14 departments (first-level subdivisions), the 44 mayors and municipal councils were elected for each constituency, and the 20 Central American Parliament deputies were elected from one nationwide constituency. Presidential and vice presidential candidates must be at least 30 years old, legislative candidates must be at least 25 years old, and municipal candidates must be at least 21 years old. All candidates must be Salvadoran citizens by birth. Per article 38 of
6909-466: The social market economy system and nationalism . ARENA controlled the National Assembly of El Salvador until 1985, and its party leader Alfredo Cristiani was elected to the presidency in 1989 . ARENA controlled the presidency from 1989 until 2009 . The party gained a plurality in the Legislative Assembly in 2012. The Nationalist Republican Alliance was founded on 30 September 1981 during
7050-530: The "destruction" (" destrucción ") of democratic institutions, and the "illegal control" (" control ilegal ") exerted by the presidency, the judiciary, the Office of the Attorney General, and other state institutions. The presidential candidates for ARENA, the FMLN, and Nuestro Tiempo participated in the protest, as did various opposition deputies of the Legislative Assembly. In October and November 2023,
7191-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
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#17328372864727332-574: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
7473-458: The 3 October 2023 campaigning period for presidential candidates, and called on the TSE to take action against the supposed early campaigns being undertaken by Nuevas Ideas . In October 2023, the TSE stated that it was investigating 20 to 25 cases of early campaigns. On 4 February 2024, four days after the beginning of a period of election silence , Bukele called upon voters to vote for him; ARENA criticized Bukele's call to voters, denouncing what
7614-418: The 44 municipalities elected 1 mayor and a varying number of members to the municipal council. Each municipal council consisted of 1 trustee, 4 proprietary aldermen, and 4 substitute alderman, however, two municipalities elected 8 proprietary alderman and two more elected 10 proprietary alderman due to those municipalities' larger size. In total, 624 people were elected to hold public office in the 2024 elections,
7755-566: The 64 legislators representing Nuevas Ideas , GANA, the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and the National Coalition Party (PCN) voted to remove Attorney General Raúl Melara and five Supreme Court justices from the constitutional court. Bukele later appointed a new attorney general and new justices in what has since been described as a self-coup . Following a spike in murders in March 2022, Bukele's government began
7896-550: The 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary
8037-608: The Defense of Human Rights, a Salvadoran governmental agency, was an observer for the 2024 elections. In March 2023, Votante , a voter's initiative created by five Salvadoran civil society organizations, petitioned the TSE to allow the United Nations , the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union (EU) to monitor the elections. On 26 March, the TSE began the process of accepting international observers to monitor
8178-639: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
8319-589: The FMLN, the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) accepted the Supreme Court's ruling. Chargé d'Affaires Jean Elizabeth Manes compared the path the Salvadoran government was taking to that of Venezuela under Hugo Chávez . On 1 March 2023, four of the five members of the Supreme Court's Constitutional Chamber confirmed that presidential re-election is allowed. "Practically all developed countries have re-election ... prohibitions on re-election only exist in
8460-691: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
8601-491: The Law of Political Parties, at least 30 percent of a party's total candidates for the legislative, municipal, and PARLACEN elections must be women. In addition to the 60 deputies elected to the Legislative Assembly and the 20 deputies elected to PARLACEN (referred to as proprietary deputies), an additional 60 substitute deputies were elected to the Legislative Assembly and 20 substitute deputies were elected to PARLACEN. Voters in each of
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#17328372864728742-466: The Legislative Assembly in 2021 did not run for re-election in 2024 because they chose to run for another office, were eliminated during their party's primary elections, were suspended by their party prior to the election, or they chose not to seek public office in 2024. The TSE mandated that the parties had to announce their primary elections by 5 March 2023. The TSE initially required that the parties hold their primary elections by 5 July 2023, but after
8883-455: The Legislative Assembly passed a law making it illegal to impede the registration process for electoral candidates. According to the updated penal code, impeding a candidate's registration process is legally considered electoral fraud and would result in 6–20 years of imprisonment. Lawyers and electoral experts alleged that the updated law would be used against those who opposed Bukele's re-election campaign; Eduardo Escobar and Ruth Eleonora López,
9024-643: The Legislative Assembly voted to reduce the number of municipalities in June 2023, the TSE delayed the deadline for primary elections until 20 July 2023. Political parties had until 7 August 2023 to register presidential and legislative coalitions. Parties had until 4 September 2023 to form municipal and PARLACEN coalitions. In total, there were 7 presidential candidates, 7 vice presidential candidates, 313 legislative candidates, 202 municipal candidates, and 80 PARLACEN candidates. According to Citizen Action, only 67,415—or 26.4 percent—of registered political party members voted in
9165-417: The Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly approved the TSE's request on 15 March 2023, making the 2024 election the most expensive election in Salvadoran history. On 10 June 2023, the TSE announced that it came to an agreement with El Salvador Products and Services Exchange (BOLPROS) regarding procurement procedures for the election. On 20 June, the TSE announced that it had signed an agreement with
9306-512: The National Charity Lottery (LNB) regarding the verification of financial information of political parties. Through the agreement, the TSE was able to compare the financial information the political parties presented, with the LNB handling the data. On 29 June, the TSE announced that it had contracted Indra Solutions to implement electronic voting. Political parties must be registered with
9447-460: The OAS election observation mission. In October 2023, the TSE announced that it had signed an agreement with Mexico's Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education to audit the expatriate electronic voting process and another agreement with CGTS Corp. to audit both the expatriate electronic voting process and the expatriate electoral registry. On 18 October 2022, the Legislative Assembly passed
9588-529: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
9729-571: The Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn,
9870-602: The Special Law for the Exercise of Suffrage Abroad, which allowed Salvadorans living outside of the country to vote electronically in the presidential and legislative elections, but not the municipal or PARLACEN elections. The TSE announced on 17 November 2022 that it would guarantee the right of Salvadorans abroad to vote in the 2024 election. According to the TSE, a total of 685,026 Salvadoran expatriates in 53 countries were eligible to vote as of 19 August 2023 . Under
10011-423: The Supreme Court and constitutional reforms, respectively, in their own countries to allow themselves to run for re-election. According to a poll conducted by the Francisco Gavidia University (UFG) in October 2022, 76 percent of respondents believed that if Bukele were re-elected in 2024, he would run for a third term in the 2029 presidential election . Bukele's announcement that he was running for re-election
10152-407: The TSE dismissed both petitions. Nuevas Ideas won 28 municipalities, its allies won an additional 15 municipalities, and the opposition won 1 municipality. The elected deputies, mayors, and municipal councils assumed office on 1 May, while Bukele and Ulloa assumed office on 1 June. Nayib Bukele , the former mayor of San Salvador , won the 2019 Salvadoran presidential election with 53 percent of
10293-583: The TSE to be able to participate in elections. The following table shows the thirteen political parties that were eligible to participate in the 2024 election. Additionally, various civil movements attempted to register with the TSE to gain political party status and to run in the 2024 election. Such civil movements included Citizen Power, the Authentic Republican Movement, the Authentic Salvadoran Movement (MAS), We Shall Construct
10434-456: The TSE. One party's presidential and vice presidential candidates were rejected by the TSE. Nuevas Ideas held a majority in the 13th Legislative Assembly ; GANA, the PDC, and the PCN supported Nuevas Ideas ' government. The opposition consisted of ARENA, the FMLN, Nuestro Tiempo , and Vamos . Within the Central American Parliament, the fifteen deputies from Nuevas Ideas and GANA belong to
10575-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
10716-451: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
10857-399: The campaign period began, some Nuevas Ideas politicians began to promote their electoral campaigns on Twitter and others purchased online advertising through Google Ads . López criticized the campaigns as illegal, arguing they violated article 172 of the electoral code. Legal experts and opposition politicians also accused Nuevas Ideas of "promoting the figure of Nayib Bukele" ahead of
10998-466: The candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), by a margin of 58% to 36% with 70% turnout. He was sworn in as president the following 1 June. In the 12 March 2006 legislative election , the party won 39.4% of the popular vote and 32 out of 84 seats. At the 18 January 2009 legislative elections , the party received 38.55% of the vote, and again won 32 of the 84 seats. On 15 March 2009, ARENA candidate Rodrigo Ávila lost
11139-480: The chief of Cristosal's anti-corruption committee, claimed that it was intimidation and a threat. In addition to the Unique Identity Document [ es ] (DUI; the primary identity document for Salvadorans), TSE magistrates Julio Olivo [ es ] and Dora Martínez de Barahona suggested using biometrics , specifically fingerprinting , to ensure election security. The Office for
11280-731: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
11421-495: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
11562-475: The corner do not like this announcement because ARENA and the FMLN, in that farce they signed, added 24 more deputies and it was the only thing that they accomplished in those 'peace accords'" (" esta Asamblea tenía 60 diputados, no se nos ocurrió en este Gobierno, a esos de la esquina no les gusta este anuncio porque ARENA y el FMLN en esa farsa que firmaron añadieron a 24 diputados más y fue lo único que cumplieron en esos 'acuerdos de paz' "). ARENA stated that
11703-506: The country's two-party system . Throughout his presidency, Bukele's government was described as authoritarian and autocratic , resulting in what many journalists described as democratic backsliding . His COVID-19 lockdowns were criticized when the National Civil Police arrested more than 4,200 people. In February 2020, he was criticized for sending 40 soldiers into the Legislative Assembly to pressure lawmakers to approve
11844-424: The country's constitution prohibit immediate re-election. On 1 May 2023, 36 left-wing organizations—including the FMLN and Nuestro Tiempo — held a protest march on International Workers' Day against Bukele's re-election campaign and the gang crackdown. The protesters also demanded an increase of minimum wage from US$ 365 to US$ 500, respect for workers' rights, and the release of innocent people captured during
11985-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
12126-401: The country's legal system. On 31 July, Nuevas Ideas suspended Rebeca Santos's legislative candidacy after videos surfaced allegedly showing Santos's staffers soliciting party members for codes to vote in her favor. On 30 June 2023, Mayra Zetino, the mayor of Sacacoyo and a member of GANA, announced her departure from GANA, claiming that there was a lack of transparency and low confidence in
12267-411: The country's primary elections, the lowest percentage since the organization had been keeping track of this statistic since the 2015 primary elections . The TSE regulated campaigning on Facebook , TikTok , Twitter , and Instagram , but it did not regulate campaigning outside of the country. The following table lists the electoral registration and campaigning periods as defined by the TSE. Before
12408-419: The country—remained highly supportive of his campaign. In October 2022, the Legislative Assembly passed a law that allowed Salvadoran expatriates to vote in the election . Several opposition politicians criticized the decision, claiming that it would lead to electoral fraud . In December 2022, Bukele suggested reducing the number of municipalities and, in June 2023, he officially presented his proposals to reduce
12549-495: The dictatorship and to install a state regime inspired by the governments of revolutionary Cuba and Sandinista Nicaragua ". The ideology the party claims to believe in is a system of democratic and representative government, emphasizing individual rights, the family as the nucleus of society and the respect for private property. In February 2007, three ARENA politicians were murdered in Guatemala , including Eduardo D'Aubuisson,
12690-553: The election to be able to legally pursue re-election, but according to constitutional lawyer Enrique Anaya, resigning would have annulled Bukele's legal immunity and allow him to be prosecuted for alleged corruption and human rights violations. Other constitutional lawyers state that his re-election campaign would be unconstitutional regardless. Ulloa and Nuevas Ideas ' deputy Christian Guevara stated that both Bukele and Ulloa would resign before 1 December 2023, six months before their second inauguration if they win re-election, and that
12831-553: The election's legitimacy, and 9.7 percent believed there would be fraud. A poll conducted by the Central American University in November 2023 found that 45.2 percent of Salvadorans believed that the elections would be "clean" (" limpias "), while 31.5 percent believed there would be fraud. On 30 December 2022, Bukele tweeted that he believed the country's 262 municipalities should be reduced to only 50, claiming that it
12972-444: The election, anticipating that almost 5,800 national and international observers to monitor the election. In September 2023, the TSE officially accepted the OAS and the EU as election monitors for the 2024 election process; the OAS accepted the TSE's offer while the EU stated that it would support the electoral process. Isabel Saint Malo , a former vice president of Panama , was the head of
13113-541: The election. Seven parties ran presidential candidates; incumbent president Nayib Bukele ran for re-election with Nuevas Ideas , the political party he established in 2018, while the political opposition's presidential candidates were: Joel Sánchez of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), Manuel Flores of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), Luis Parada of Nuestro Tiempo , Javier Renderos of Solidary Force , Marina Murillo of
13254-472: The electoral law, their votes would be counted as part of San Salvador Department . Some opposition figures claimed that the law would lead to voter fraud , while Castro rejected the notion that fraud would occur in the expatriate voting process. Per the Law of Political Parties, the TSE did not monitor the political parties' primary elections for irregularities. In June 2023, some members of Nuevas Ideas claimed that there were irregularities present in
13395-399: The expatriate vote for the 2024 election, but later revised the estimate to US$ 120 million. In February 2023, the TSE announced that the expatriate vote would cost US$ 70.6 million and the national election would cost US$ 89 million, for a total cost of US$ 159.7 million for the 2024 election. In March 2023, the TSE reduced its estimate to US$ 129.3 million and formally requested that amount from
13536-430: The first round on 4 February, voters elected the president , vice president , and all 60 deputies of the Legislative Assembly . In the second round on 3 March, voters elected mayors and municipal councils for all 44 of the country's municipalities and all 20 of El Salvador 's deputies to the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN). The Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) allowed 13 political parties to participate in
13677-429: The first round. Deputies of the Legislative Assembly were elected by the D'Hondt method , which was changed in June 2023 from the hare quota largest remainders method used in previous elections. Meanwhile, mayors, municipal council members, and Central American Parliament deputies were elected by open list proportional representation . The 60 deputies of the Legislative Assembly were elected in 14 constituencies for
13818-405: The following day and her appointment was criticized as unconstitutional by analysts and lawyers. On 18 January 2023, the Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to increase the criminal penalty for electoral fraud to 15–20 years in prison from the previous penalty of 4–6 years. If the individual was a gang member, the penalty was increased further to 20–30 years of imprisonment. On 16 February,
13959-661: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
14100-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
14241-594: The gang crackdown. On 15 September, various organizations and civil movements held another protest march against re-election. The march traveled from the Rosales Hospital to the Plaza Gerardo Barrios . According to Francisco Omar Parada, a spokesman for the Resistance and Popular Rebellion Bloc, the march protested presidential re-election, the reductions of municipalities and seats on the Legislative Assembly,
14382-584: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
14523-659: The incumbent president could run for immediate re-election despite the country's constitution prohibiting immediate re-election, overturning a 2014 ruling that reaffirmed that re-election was prohibited. In September 2022, Bukele officially announced that he was running for re-election. In June 2023, he officially registered as a presidential candidate for Nuevas Ideas , and the following month, Nuevas Ideas formally confirmed Bukele as its presidential candidate. Various lawyers, journalists, and opposition politicians criticized Bukele's re-election bid as authoritarian and unconstitutional , while most Salvadorans—both inside and outside
14664-680: The language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian
14805-479: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
14946-405: The leader of ARENA from August 2019 to February 2020, committed suicide amidst an ongoing investigation against him for embezzlement and arms trafficking . From 2021 to 2024 , the party was the second largest in the Legislative Assembly . Following the election of Nuevas Ideas ' Nayib Bukele , the party has lost members of its party delegation to the ruling party. The highest authority of
15087-474: The leader of i, announced the movement abandoned its efforts to register with the TSE. Salvadoran citizens over the age of 18 living in El Salvador had until 7 August 2023 to register to vote, while those living outside of the country had until 5 November 2023 to register. Salvadorans in the country had until 3 April 2023 to change their address of residency on their Unique Identity Document, while those living abroad had until 5 November 2023. Guillermo Wellman,
15228-686: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
15369-475: The municipalities were reduced. Óscar Ortiz , the secretary-general of the FMLN, described the proposals as "institutional fraud" for occurring during the lead up to the 2024 election. On 7 June 2023, the Legislative Assembly approved the proposal to reduce the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 60 seats. Anabel Belloso, an FMLN deputy, claimed that the purpose of the legislative reduction was to "continue concentrating power", and other opposition figures argued that
15510-711: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
15651-418: The number of municipalities from 262 to 44 and the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 60 to the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly approved both proposals that same month. The reductions were criticized by lawyers, economists, and opposition politicians as gerrymandering , undemocratic, and an attempt to consolidate the government's power. On election day, Bukele declared himself
15792-508: The number of municipalities from 262 to 44, with the proposal stipulating that the reductions would go into effect on 1 May 2024. López described the process of reducing municipalities as having been conducted in an "arbitrary and whimsical" manner, and argued that the reductions would distance the municipal governments from the people they govern. Portillo Cuadra described the reductions as "counterproductive" as it would assign mayors to oversee more people in each municipality. Wright claimed that
15933-622: The party ARENA is the Comité Ejecutivo Nacionalista (COENA, "Nationalist Executive Committee"), which consists of 13 members. The members must be re-elected annually through the General Assembly of ARENA members. In addition to the COENA, there are 14 Directors-in-Chief, one for each department and departmental councils called "Juntas Directivas Conjuntas" to coordinate political work in their respective department. In each department,
16074-530: The party of current president Nayib Bukele . In 2024 election , ARENA got only two seats in the Legislative Assembly, while Bukele's party Nuevas Ideast got supermajority. Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it
16215-486: The party's primary election process. Guillermo Gallegos , the vice president of GANA and a deputy of the Legislative Assembly, responded to Zetino's announcement by stating that there were no irregularities within the party. According to a UFG opinion poll conducted in May and June 2023, 62.8 percent of Salvadorans believed the elections would be "clean and transparent" (" limpias y transparentes "), 25 percent had doubts about
16356-442: The party's primary elections. They criticized the party for presenting single-candidate primaries and promoting Bukele's family members for municipal races. On 1 July, Nuevas Ideas ' National Electoral Commission announced that it would open an internal investigation to guarantee that the party's statutes and regulations were followed and that those who attempted to manipulate the electoral process would be punished and turned over to
16497-492: The political opposition was becoming desperate because the country was returning to a "fair system". General elections were scheduled to be held in El Salvador five years after the 2019 presidential election and three years after the 2021 legislative election. The president, vice president, 60 Legislative Assembly deputies, 44 mayors and municipal councils of the country's municipalities (second-level subdivisions), and 20 Central American Parliament deputies were elected through
16638-529: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
16779-639: The presidency with Nuevas Ideas , and on 9 July, Nuevas Ideas officially elected Bukele as its presidential candidate. Bukele would have been be the first person since Brigadier General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (in office 1931–1934 and 1935–1944) to be re-elected and serve multiple terms as president. Additionally, he was the first president since Antonio Saca (served 2004–2009) to seek re-election. Bukele has been compared to Juan Orlando Hernández in Honduras and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua , who used
16920-449: The presidential election and officially declared Bukele the winner, having accumulated 84.65 percent of the popular vote in a landslide victory . On 18 February, the TSE finished counting votes for the legislative election; Nuevas Ideas won 54 of the Legislative Assembly's 60 seats. The political opposition submitted two petitions the TSE to nullify the results of the legislative election, citing irregularities and allegations of fraud, but
17061-454: The presidential election to Mauricio Funes of the FMLN. After elections, the party president was changed to Alfredo Cristiani . On 9 March 2014, Salvador Sánchez Cerén of FMLN narrowly defeated the ARENA candidate Norman Quijano by 0.2% in a run-off vote in a controversial election. ARENA also lost both 2019 presidential election and 2021 legislative election dominated by Nuevas Ideas ,
17202-571: The reduction of municipalities while 27.4 percent opposed it. During a speech celebrating his fourth year in office on 1 June 2023, Bukele formally proposed legislation to reduce the number of municipalities from 262 to 44 and the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 60. Regarding the municipal reduction, he stated that the present municipalities would be transformed into districts, adding that municipal employees would keep their jobs and that communities would still be able to celebrate their local traditions and customs. Bukele argued that
17343-480: The reduction would also reduce the budgetary burden on the municipalities, make a "more equitable" distribution of taxation possible, and make electing and auditing mayors easier. Regarding the legislative reduction, he stated that the number of seats would return to the number that were present before the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords . He criticized opposition politicians, stating "this Assembly once had 60 deputies, it did not occur to us this government that those in
17484-403: The reduction would diminish the smaller parties' political participation. In contrast, GANA deputy Romeo Aüerbach denied that the reductions would affect the representation of smaller parties. Claudia Ortiz and ARENA deputy César Reyes claimed that the reduction would assure and concentrate more power for Nuevas Ideas . On 13 June 2023, the Legislative Assembly approved the proposal to reduce
17625-468: The reductions were a "tactic to swing the electoral field in [ Nuevas Ideas '] favor" (" táctica para inclinar la cancha electoral a su favor "). Claudia Ortiz stated that the reduction of municipalities was to benefit Nuevas Ideas ' mayors who had done a "very bad job" since their election in 2021. Marleni Funes, an FMLN deputy, claimed that Bukele wanted to guarantee his grip on power and that every Salvadoran knows that fewer resources would arrive when
17766-421: The reductions would concentrate power among fewer people and that municipal representation was becoming "less democratic". He claimed that the municipal reductions were electoral objectives rather than a desire to promote development or save money and questioned the lack of studies conducted to determine if the 262 municipalities should be reduced to 44. In response to the opposition's criticism, Castro claimed that
17907-401: The son of party founder Roberto D'Aubuisson , in what was considered by the police as a crime related to drugs. In 2009, ARENA took out a full-page ad in a Salvadoran newspaper calling on President Mauricio Funes to recognise the interim Honduran government of Roberto Micheletti installed after the military had expelled President Manuel Zelaya . On 21 July 2022, Gustavo López Davidson ,
18048-528: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
18189-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
18330-623: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
18471-415: The violent death squads of the 1980s, widespread corruption and the switch to the U.S. dollar as the national currency. At the legislative elections held on 16 March 2003, the party won 32.0% of the popular vote and 27 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly . ARENA's successful candidate in El Salvador's 2004 presidential election was Antonio Saca . On 21 March 2004, Saca defeated Schafik Hándal ,
18612-611: The vote. He ran under the banner of the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), making him the first president since José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1989) to not be a member of one of the country's two largest political parties: the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). Bukele's election is considered one of the most impactful events in Salvadoran political history, with many politicians and journalists described it as breaking
18753-433: The winner in the presidential election and declared Nuevas Ideas the winner in the legislative election. Various foreign media outlets called the election for Bukele. These declarations came before the TSE made an official statement regarding the final results because vote counting for both the presidential and legislative elections was delayed due to technical problems. On 9 February 2024, the TSE finished counting votes for
18894-580: The world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in
19035-407: Was "absurd that 21,000 km are divided into 262 municipalities" (" absurdo que 21,000 kms estén divididos en 262 alcaldías "). Various economists, lawyers, and politicians argued that the proposed reduction was an attempt to consolidate power through gerrymandering , would grant Nuevas Ideas an electoral advantage, and would lead to data manipulation to favor the government. Eugenio Chicas,
19176-421: Was considering reducing the number of deputies in the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 64 and the number of municipalities from 252 to 50. John Wright , a Nuestro Tiempo deputy, described the proposal to reduce the number of deputies as "extremely irresponsible" for occurring within one year of the election. Claudia Ortiz criticized the announcement, stating the proposed reforms could help Nuevas Ideas form
19317-458: Was criticized by constitutional lawyers , who said his re-election would be unconstitutional and violate at least four articles of El Salvador's constitution. Following Bukele's registration as a presidential pre-candidate, Eduardo Escobar, the executive director of the Citizen Action non-governmental organization , stated that "everything is unconstitutional and they are only trying to give
19458-630: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
19599-604: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
19740-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
19881-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
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