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51-485: Today, it is considered relatively minor as compared with the three major organizations, ARENA , FMLN and Nuevas Ideas . At the legislative elections , held on 16 March 2003, the party won 13.0% of the popular vote and 16 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly . Its candidate in the presidential election of 21 March 2004, José Rafael Machuca Zelaya , won 2.7%. In the 12 March 2006 legislative election ,

102-640: A former major in the Salvadoran Army who was most well-known for commanding various death squads and ordering the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero in 1980. At the time, ARENA was considered to be a far-right political party. The party's initial membership primarily consisted of members of the Salvadoran Nationalist Movement  [ ru ] (MNS) and the National Broad Front  [ ru ] (FAN) opposed to

153-449: A full-page ad in a Salvadoran newspaper calling on President Mauricio Funes to recognise the interim Honduran government of Roberto Micheletti installed after the military had expelled President Manuel Zelaya . On 21 July 2022, Gustavo López Davidson , the leader of ARENA from August 2019 to February 2020, committed suicide amidst an ongoing investigation against him for embezzlement and arms trafficking . From 2021 to 2024 ,

204-546: A progressive member of the PDC. Dada Hirezi resigned on 3 March 1980 after Mario Zamora , another progressive PDC politician, was assassinated by a far-right death squad . He was replaced by José Napoleón Duarte , another member of the PDC and former presidential candidate of the National Opposing Union (UNO) during the 1972 presidential election . On the same day that the second junta formed, leftist groups created

255-522: A stronger government which was able to prevent such a revolution. The military gained the support of the US government and organized itself under Colonels Adolfo Arnoldo Majano and Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez . The military launched a coup d'état on 15 October 1979 and forced Romero to resign and go into exile. Many high-ranking military officials who were loyal to Romero, such as the Minister of National Defense and

306-399: Is a conservative , center-right to right-wing political party of El Salvador . It was founded on 30 September 1981 by retired Salvadoran Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson . It defines itself as a political institution constituted to defend the democratic , republican , and representative system of government, the social market economy system and nationalism . ARENA controlled

357-526: Is little likelihood that reform would have been needed in the first place. Despite these limiting factors, nearly 20% of the land and rural households were affected by the reform. While this is dismissed as insufficient, it should be noted that, with the exception of Nicaragua, this is a higher percentage than in any other land reform in Latin America. It is even higher than the vaunted reform in Taiwan." Meanwhile,

408-727: The Army and National Guard continued to kill anyone suspected of being a leftist militant. By the end of October 1979, over 100 civilians had been killed by the Army and the National Guard, but the junta claimed that the acts were committed by forces not under its control. From 2–5 January 1980, the three civilian members of the junta resigned. The entire cabinet, except the Minister of National Defense, Brigadier General José Guillermo García , also resigned. Majano and Gutiérrez remained in place and organized

459-514: The Constitutional Assembly were allowed to vote. The PDC, PCN, and minor Democratic Action (AD) joined in a coalition and elected Álvaro Magaña as president, defeating ARENA candidate, Hugo César Barrera , by a margin of 36 to 17 with 7 abstentions. D'Aubuisson accused Gutiérrez of fixing the election in Magaña's favor. Magaña was inaugurated as president of El Salvador on 2 May 1982,

510-593: The National Assembly of El Salvador until 1985, and its party leader Alfredo Cristiani was elected to the presidency in 1989 . ARENA controlled the presidency from 1989 until 2009 . The party gained a plurality in the Legislative Assembly in 2012. The Nationalist Republican Alliance was founded on 30 September 1981 during the Salvadoran Civil War . Its founding leader was Roberto D'Aubuisson ,

561-816: The National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Mario Antonio Andino , the ex-vice president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador (CCIES), and Román Mayorga Quirós , a rector of the Central American University . The junta styled itself as a "reformist junta" which rose to power via a "reformist coup" led by "reformist officers" in the military. The junta promised to redistribute wealth and implement several nation-wide reforms, including economic, political, and agrarian reforms. Promises to end human rights violations and political oppression were also made. The first reform put into place

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612-482: The Nationalist Democratic Union (UDN). The CRM had four goals: 1.) Overthrow the junta and end American imperialism, 2.) end the dominance of the oligarchy and nationalize land and industry, 3.) Assure democratic rights for the people, and 4.) Raise cultural standards, stimulate popular organizations, and create a new revolutionary armed forces. On 22 January 1980, the 48th anniversary of La Matanza ,

663-868: The Political Military Coordinating Committee (CPM) to combat the junta and the army. It was a coalition of the Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), and the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES). Two days later, the Revolutionary Coordinating Committee of the Masses (CRM) was created between the Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues "February 28" (LP-28), People's Revolutionary Bloc (BRP), and

714-527: The COENA, there are 14 Directors-in-Chief, one for each department and departmental councils called "Juntas Directivas Conjuntas" to coordinate political work in their respective department. In each department, a director is chosen who works with a specific member of COENA. The director's role is to organize and co-ordinate electoral campaigns and help the councils form party structures in the municipalities of their departments. On 19 February 2013, Jorge Velado assumed

765-656: The Central American Workers – El Salvador (PRTC), joined forces to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The group was named after Augustín Farabundo Martí Rodríguez , the communist leader of the 1932 uprising. Majano resigned as Chairman of the Junta and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on 14 May and gave the positions to Gutiérrez, but he remained as a member of

816-613: The Director of the National Guard , also resigned and went into exile. The coup is often cited as the beginning of the Salvadoran Civil War . Three days after the coup on 18 October 1979, Majano and Gutiérrez established the First Revolutionary Government Junta. It consisted of two military officers (Majano and Gutiérrez) and three civilians; Guillermo Manuel Ungo Revelo , a democratic socialist politician from

867-588: The National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), opposed the reforms the junta promised to implement. The leaders of the junta attempted to cater to the left to prevent an uprising by raising wages 30% and attempting to implement agrarian reforms by bringing members of the agriculture and reform bodies together to plan and then execute the reform. Despite ambitious beginnings the reform as laid out failed however some successes did result and Phase I, dealing with land over 500 hectares, mostly succeeded: "By

918-582: The Third Revolutionary Government Junta was formed. It consisted of the members of the previous junta: Gutiérrez, Duarte, Morales Ehrlich, and Ávalos Navarrete. Duarte served as the President of the junta while Gutiérrez served as vice president. The third junta continued the implementation of the agrarian reforms and promised democratization. The United States, under President Ronald Reagan , continued economic aid and diplomatic support to

969-458: The army near the town of Santa Rita , Chalatenango , with 8 being killed in the attack. The attack outraged many, especially in the Netherlands , where people demanded the removal of the junta from power. Duarte stated that it was not an attack but instead simply an accident and that the journalists were caught in the crossfire between army soldiers and FMLN guerrillas. In order to democratize

1020-464: The case, the Fourth Judge of Criminal Atilio Ramírez Amaya . The judge was nearly assassinated when armed men arrived to kill him at his residence. On 8 May, the army arrested D'Aubuisson during a meeting in which information allegedly related to the assassination of Romero was seized. An agenda of Captain Álvaro Saravia was seized under the name "Operation Pineapple." D'Aubuisson was not tried for

1071-515: The civil war. Archbishop Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez cautiously endorsed the coup and the junta stating that the goals and reforms were good-willed. The junta immediately faced problems from both the political right and left. In the weeks following the coup, thousands of civilians and members of the Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues "February 28" (LP-28), and People's Revolutionary Bloc (BRP), marched in

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1122-705: The country through fraudulent elections, political intimidation, and state-sponsored terrorism against civilians and leftist groups. In March 1979, President Carlos Humberto Romero had soldiers crush protests and strikes against his government to prevent a revolution in El Salvador from starting, similar to the revolution in Nicaragua which had begun the previous year. The eventual overthrow of Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in September 1979 prompted many military officers to remove Romero and replace him with

1173-575: The country, the junta scheduled a legislative election for 28 March 1982 and a presidential election for 29 April 1982. The legislative election resulted in the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) gaining the most seats at 24. The Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) gained 19, the National Conciliation Party (PCN) gained 14, and other minor parties gained the final 3 seats. During the presidential election , only members of

1224-515: The creation of a second junta. Civil War Massacres Aftermath The Second Revolutionary Government Junta was formed on 9 January 1980. The second junta consisted, again, of two military officers (Majano and Gutiérrez) and three civilians; José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete , an independent politician and a doctor, José Antonio Morales Ehrlich , a conservative member of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Héctor Dada Hirezi ,

1275-625: The death squads were made up of army soldiers and the United States was funding the army, the United States was indirectly funding the death squads as well. The most notorious US-trained army battalion was the Atlácatl Battalion . The battalion committed two of the deadliest massacres during the civil war: the El Calabozo massacre and the El Mozote massacre . Meanwhile, the National Guard,

1326-500: The description of the "rural poor" done by the AID in 1977." On the other hand Mitchell A. Seligson writes in 1995 that "The land-poor population in El Salvador is defined here as those farming less than 1 manzana (0.7 hectare) of land..." because "...analysis of the EHPM income data revealed that farmers who own 1 manzana or more of land earn incomes that match or exceed those who have steady jobs in

1377-437: The end of 1986, ISTA had expropriated 469 estates throughout the country." Montero says that co-operative members report: "On March 5th, we went to sleep as poor colonos [sharecroppers]. On March 6th, we woke up rich, as landholders." Velis Polío wrote that: "The reform was an economic, political and social earthquake in the countryside...Landholders saw before their eyes something that they never imagined could possibly happen on

1428-581: The fact "the present administration of FINATA has carried out its responsibilities with considerable energy, intelligence, and honesty", only 47,001 households (16.8% less than the expected figure.) received land. Regions under military control experienced smoother transfers but widespread evictions by landlords of potential claimants occurred including intimidation by paramilitaries although the military did provide protection and restorations occurred to varying degrees of success. Diskin in 1984 indicates that "the typical beneficiary of Phase III...quite closely fits

1479-576: The first civilian president since Arturo Araujo in 1931. The assumption of Magaña ended the rule of the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador. Duarte continued to serve in politics and became president in 1984 while Gutiérrez retired from military life. From 1979 to 1982, the juntas committed various human rights violations and war crimes. Several deaths squads and paramilitaries were formed by junta soldiers and officers that attacked leftist militants and civilians. Because

1530-431: The industrial sector." Thus Phase III although not living up to its objectives did ameliorate the land crisis in El Salvador by improving campesino income. Samuel Anthony McReynolds wrote: "While there is no question that influential political forces in El Salvador have tried to reduce the extent of the reform, this also is not unusual. If it were not the case, and the ruling elite had willingly supported reform, then there

1581-598: The junta's president. The Revolutionary Government Junta was the source of many human rights violations that were committed across the country during its rule. The National Conciliation Party (PCN) ruled El Salvador from 1962 to 1979 as an effective one-party system . The PCN had diplomatic support from the United States and the CIA trained and funded the Salvadoran Armed Forces . The party maintained control of

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1632-620: The junta. The FMLN launched the " Final Offensive " to overthrow the government and take control of the country on 10 January 1981. The junta contained the offensive, and by the end of January, the offensive ended in a strategic failure for the FMLN, but they did prove that they were a capable fighting force. The junta responded to the offensive by launching their own scorched-earth offensive in March 1981 in northern El Salvador. On 17 March 1982, 4 Dutch journalists and 5 FMLN guerrillas were ambushed by

1683-482: The junta. However, due to pressure from Gutiérrez and the United States to step down, Majano resigned from the junta entirely on 13 December 1980, effectively ending the second junta. The junta then filed a warrant for Majano's arrest. He was arrested by army on 20 February 1981 on charges of military disobedience, released on 20 March, and left for exile in Panama . After the resignation of Majano on 13 December 1980,

1734-756: The land reform." Phase II, dealing with land over 100 hectares, was delayed until 1982 and scrapped after opposition by hacienda owners. Unlike Phase I, which gave the land to co-operatives, Phase III, dealing with providing up to 7 hectare lots to individual families, was also a failure although land was transferred, "However, between January 1981 and August 1982 37,880 petitions were made and FINATA granted 32,748 provisional titles, 251 definitive titles, paid ₵1.4 million ($ 560,000) in compensation and received ₵842,000 ($ 337,000) in voluntary payments from smallholders towards amortisation of their debts." Martin Diskin indicates that by 1984 "only 63,611 have thus far applied" and despite

1785-417: The lands that they had always governed absolutely." Overall "Approximately 20% of all of El Salvador’s farm land was expropriated during Phase I of the agrarian reform. This expropriated land made up 14 percent of total coffee land, 31 percent of cotton land, and 24 percent of all sugarcane land in El Salvador. Roughly 31,000 working families, or one-fifth of agricultural laborers, in El Salvador, benefited from

1836-512: The massacre of 10,000–40,000 indigenous and communist rebels by the government of President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez , around 80,000 to 200,000 people marched in the streets of San Salvador. According to the Salvadoran Human Rights Commission, the National Guard killed 67 people and injured 250. On 8 March 1980, the junta approved the new agrarian reforms and nationalized the national bank. A death squad, acting under

1887-759: The murder, nor for treason, despite him attempting to overthrow the junta on 30 April, and he was released from prison in May 1980. He later founded the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) in September 1981. The Mass Revolutionary Coordinator joined the Salvadoran Democratic Front (FDS) to form the Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR) at the University of El Salvador on 17 April. The Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU)

1938-462: The orders of Major Roberto D'Aubuisson , assassinated Archbishop Romero while giving mass on 24 March. Around 250,000 people attended his funeral on 30 March and around 40 were killed by gunfire which is believed to have come from the National Guard. Majano, gave press statements stating that Interpol had the list of suspects in Romero's murder and that he would give that report to the judge assigned to

1989-492: The party claims to believe in is a system of democratic and representative government, emphasizing individual rights, the family as the nucleus of society and the respect for private property. In February 2007, three ARENA politicians were murdered in Guatemala , including Eduardo D'Aubuisson, the son of party founder Roberto D'Aubuisson , in what was considered by the police as a crime related to drugs. In 2009, ARENA took out

2040-984: The party of current president Nayib Bukele . In 2024 election , ARENA got only two seats in the Legislative Assembly, while Bukele's party Nuevas Ideast got supermajority. Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador The Revolutionary Government Junta ( Spanish : Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno , JRG) was the name of three consecutive joint civilian-military dictatorships that ruled El Salvador between 15 October 1979 and 2 May 1982. The first junta, from 1979 to 1980, consisted of two colonels, Adolfo Arnoldo Majano and Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez , and three civilians, Guillermo Ungo , Mario Antonio Andino and Román Mayorga Quirós . The second junta, from January through December 1980, consisted of Majano and Gutiérrez, and José Antonio Morales Ehrlich , Héctor Dada Hirezi , and José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete . The final junta, from 1980 to 1982, consisted of Gutiérrez, Morales Ehrlich, Ávalos Navarrete, with José Napoleón Duarte as

2091-586: The party received 38.55% of the vote, and again won 32 of the 84 seats. On 15 March 2009, ARENA candidate Rodrigo Ávila lost the presidential election to Mauricio Funes of the FMLN. After elections, the party president was changed to Alfredo Cristiani . On 9 March 2014, Salvador Sánchez Cerén of FMLN narrowly defeated the ARENA candidate Norman Quijano by 0.2% in a run-off vote in a controversial election. ARENA also lost both 2019 presidential election and 2021 legislative election dominated by Nuevas Ideas ,

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2142-585: The party was the second largest in the Legislative Assembly . Following the election of Nuevas Ideas ' Nayib Bukele , the party has lost members of its party delegation to the ruling party. The highest authority of the party ARENA is the Comité Ejecutivo Nacionalista (COENA, "Nationalist Executive Committee"), which consists of 13 members. The members must be re-elected annually through the General Assembly of ARENA members. In addition to

2193-455: The party won 11.0% of the popular vote and 10 out of 84 seats, a major decline in representation, but the party is still the third largest political party in El Salvador. At the January 18, 2009 legislative elections the party won 11 seats. With no party holding a majority, it can be seen as holding the balance of power. However, it usually sides with the conservative ARENA party. While the party

2244-540: The position as president of COENA, in a party leadership shake-up aimed at re-energizing a stale organization tainted by its association with the violent death squads of the 1980s, widespread corruption and the switch to the U.S. dollar as the national currency. At the legislative elections held on 16 March 2003, the party won 32.0% of the popular vote and 27 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly . ARENA's successful candidate in El Salvador's 2004 presidential election

2295-552: The ruling Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) and the preceding government of the National Conciliation Party (PCN). The party arose in response to "the insurgency of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front , FMLN, a group that united peasant farmers, unionists and intellectuals, which tried, through arms, to overthrow the dictatorship and to install a state regime inspired by the governments of revolutionary Cuba and Sandinista Nicaragua ". The ideology

2346-443: The streets of San Salvador demanding the release of all the information on the victims of the military regime. They also demanded that the junta follow through with their promises of reform and also include wage increases, lower consumer prices, and public trials of military officers who had previously committed human rights abuses against the people. Meanwhile, wealthy landowners and businessmen, most of whom had affiliations with

2397-463: The word 'Partido' ("party") to its full name, which allowed it to again use the traditional acronym PCN. Since 2018, the party has 9 out of 84 congressmen and 25 out of 262 mayorship offices. This article about a political party in El Salvador is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nationalist Republican Alliance The Nationalist Republican Alliance ( Spanish : Alianza Republicana Nacionalista , abbreviated ARENA )

2448-406: Was Antonio Saca . On 21 March 2004, Saca defeated Schafik Hándal , the candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), by a margin of 58% to 36% with 70% turnout. He was sworn in as president the following 1 June. In the 12 March 2006 legislative election , the party won 39.4% of the popular vote and 32 out of 84 seats. At the 18 January 2009 legislative elections ,

2499-595: Was technically to be disbanded after the 2004 election, in which its candidate did not gather the necessary 3% of the vote, it was allowed to hold on to its registration by decree; this decree was declared unconstitutional on 30 April 2011, and the party was thus disbanded. The party was de facto re-established, registering with the Supreme Electoral Tribunal as the National Coalition ('Concertación Nacional', CN) in September 2011. After one year, it added

2550-588: Was the abolition of the National Democratic Organization (ORDEN), an organization composed of several right-wing paramilitaries that tortured political opponents, intimidated voters, rigged elections, and killed peasants. During the abolition of ORDEN, the paramilitaries themselves were not dissolved, however, and they operated independently and committed various atrocities during the civil war. The "reformist junta," meanwhile, utilized its own death squads to commit human rights violations during

2601-575: Was then formed on 22 May. The junta was concerned of the popularity and influence of the FDR and sent the army to university to disperse the group. Around 20 people were killed in the event. On 10 October, the Farabundo Martí People's Forces of Liberation (FPL), Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES), National Resistance (RN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), and the Revolutionary Party of

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