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116-555: It consists of three research institutes, one in the field of Humanities (Institute of Historical Research) and two in the field of Science (Institute of Chemical Biology and Institute of Theoretical and Theoretical Sciences). The National Research Foundation also owns the Library of Science, Technology and Culture "K.H. Dimaras", which has served the Greek scientific community as a whole since its founding in 1958. Professor Dimosthenis Sarigiannis

232-437: A foreign language usually include study of important works of the literature in that language, as well as the language itself. In everyday language, law refers to a rule that is enforced by a governing institution, as opposed to a moral or ethical rule that is not subject to formal enforcement. The study of law can be seen as either a social science or a humanities discipline, depending on one's perspective. Some see it as

348-522: A communist realm set on world domination", according to the American magazine The Atlantic . The term here was criticized again for including right-wing dictatorships such as Francoist Spain , and Nikita Khrushchev said in the 21st Congress of the Soviet Communist Party that "the so-called free world constitutes the kingdom of the dollar". Although in decline after the mid-1970s, the term

464-487: A degree in the humanities. By 2010, this figure had risen to 2.6%. This represents a doubling of the number of Americans with degrees in the humanities over a 60-year period. The increase in the number of Americans with humanities degrees is in part due to the overall rise in college enrollment in the United States. In 1940, 4.6% of Americans had a four-year degree, but by 2016, this figure had risen to 33.4%. This means that

580-570: A deputy commander, former aide to the king and also a member of the administration of the Royal National Foundation. Furthermore, the participation of Leonidas Zervas , a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Athens and then a visiting researcher in the U.S., was important. Pesmazoglou corresponded with Zervas and sent him drafts of the foundation's Organization and Zervas replied with his observations. Pesmazoglu tells him that

696-513: A field called the digital humanities . Free World The Free World is a propaganda term, primarily used during the Cold War from 1945 to 1991, to refer to the Western Bloc and aligned countries. The term refers more broadly to all liberal democracies collectively, as opposed to authoritarian regimes and communist states . It has traditionally primarily been used to refer to

812-463: A mutual contempt for one another, the former looking down on the latter as unscientific, the latter regarding the former as philistine . […] The difference comes down to the fact that social science really wants to be predictive, meaning that man is predictable, while the humanities say that he is not. For many decades, there has been a growing public perception that a humanities education inadequately prepares graduates for employment. The common belief

928-433: A particular path. In the liberal arts tradition, musicology is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills, including concentration and listening. Theatre (or theater) (Greek "theatron", θέατρον ) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed any one or more elements of

1044-454: A red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead. The physical and rational certainties depicted by

1160-561: A significant contribution to Greece's economic development. The individual development goals of the ICB Institute include: An integral part of ICB's activities is the training of young scientists in the preparation of diplomas and the acquisition of postgraduate (MSc) and doctoral (PhD) degrees. ICB also organizes seminars, workshops and conferences with national and international participation by major scientists, with an emphasis on Chemical Biology. Since 2015, ICB has been participating in

1276-421: A significant historical element —as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of science . The humanities include the studies of philosophy , religion , history , language arts ( literature , writing , oratory , rhetoric , poetry , etc.), performing arts ( theater , music , dance , etc.), and visual arts ( painting , sculpture , photography , filmmaking , etc.). Some definitions of

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1392-437: A social science because of its objective and measurable nature, while others view it as a humanities discipline because of its focus on values and interpretation. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. Law has been defined in various ways, such as "a system of rules", "an interpretive concept" for achieving justice, "an authority" to mediate between people's interests, or "the command of

1508-589: A source of reliable benchmarks to guide analysis of the state of the humanities in the United States. The 1980 United States Rockefeller Commission on the Humanities described the humanities in its report "The Humanities in American Life": Through the humanities we reflect on the fundamental question: What does it mean to be human? The humanities offer clues but never a complete answer. They reveal how people have tried to make moral, spiritual, and intellectual sense of

1624-575: A sovereign" backed by the threat of punishment. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy is shaped by the practical application of ideas from many social science and humanities disciplines, including philosophy, history, political science, economics, anthropology, and sociology. Law is politics , because politicians create them. Law is philosophy , because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history 's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. Law

1740-481: A surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , pastels , and markers . Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching , crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling , and blending. A computer aided designer who excels in technical drawing

1856-589: A universally accepted definition, but which has variably included all written work; writing that possesses literary merit; and language that emphasizes its own literary features, as opposed to ordinary language . Etymologically the term derives from the Latin word literatura /litteratura which means "writing formed with letters", although some definitions include spoken or sung texts . Literature can be classified as fiction or non-fiction ; poetry or prose . It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as

1972-569: A variety of projects covering a wide range of research fields and specialties, publishing sources and highlighting archival collections (such as the Archives of Mount Athos and Patmos Monasteries). The Department of Byzantine Studies is one of the most important and authoritative centers of Byzantine studies internationally. Founded in 1979, the Section of Greek and Roman Antiquity—originally called "Center of Greek and Roman Antiquity" (ΚΕΡΑ)—has as its object

2088-541: A variety of settings, from small dance studios to large theaters. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social , cultural , aesthetic , artistic , and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance ) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet . The great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Japan , Greece and Rome , China , India , Greater Nepal , Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica . Ancient Greek art saw

2204-520: A veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g., Zeus ' thunderbolt). The emphasis on spiritual and religious themes in Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages reflected the dominance of

2320-551: A world where irrationality, despair, loneliness, and death are as conspicuous as birth, friendship, hope, and reason. The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences 2013 report "The Heart of the Matter" supports the notion of a broad " liberal arts education ", which includes study in disciplines from the natural sciences to the arts as well as the humanities. Many colleges provide such an education; some require it. The University of Chicago and Columbia University were among

2436-722: Is also a reference library for the 233 libraries of the National Library of Science and Technology (NLST). Apart from these six institutes, the following national scientific facilities are operated by the NHRF: [REDACTED] Media related to National Hellenic Research Foundation at Wikimedia Commons 37°58′25.1″N 23°44′43.9″E  /  37.973639°N 23.745528°E  / 37.973639; 23.745528 Humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture , including certain fundamental questions asked by humans . During

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2552-636: Is also a specialized form of fine art in which the artists perform their work live to an audience. This is called Performance art . Most performance art also involves some form of plastic art, perhaps in the creation of props . Dance was often referred to as a plastic art during the Modern dance era. Musicology as an academic discipline can take a number of different paths, including historical musicology , music literature, ethnomusicology and music theory . Undergraduate music majors generally take courses in all of these areas, while graduate students focus on

2668-517: Is also economics, because any rule about contract , tort , property law , labour law , company law and many more can have long-lasting effects on how productivity is organised and the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the Old English word lagu , meaning something laid down or fixed, and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word LEX . Literature is a term that does not have

2784-529: Is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language ) between humans or animals ( bee dance , mating dance), and motion in inanimate objects ( the leaves danced in the wind ). Choreography is the process of creating dances, and the people who create choreography are known as choreographers. Choreographers use movement, music , and other elements to create expressive and artistic dances. They may work alone or with other artists to create new works, and their work can be presented in

2900-404: Is commonly regarded as a social science . Based on current knowledge, it seems that all known cultures, both in the past and present, have some form of belief system or religious practice. While there may be isolated individuals or groups who do not practice any form of religion, it is not known if there has ever been a society that was entirely devoid of religious belief. The definition of religion

3016-450: Is contested. While the scientific study of language is known as linguistics and is generally considered a social science , a natural science or a cognitive science , the study of languages is also central to the humanities. A good deal of twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether, as Wittgenstein claimed, many of our philosophical confusions derive from

3132-471: Is cut or shaved down to the desired form, like stone and wood. In the West, the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. During Roman times, the concept of the seven liberal arts evolved, involving grammar , rhetoric and logic (the trivium ), along with arithmetic , geometry , astronomy and music (the quadrivium ). These subjects formed

3248-403: Is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument, rather than experiments ( experimental philosophy being an exception). Philosophy used to be a very comprehensive term, including what have subsequently become separate disciplines, such as physics . (As Immanuel Kant noted, "Ancient Greek philosophy

3364-506: Is no formalized register of colors. However, the Pantone system is widely used in the printing and design industry to standardize color reproduction. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage . This began with cubism and is not painting in strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand , cement , straw or wood for their texture. Examples of these are

3480-546: Is no longer statistically significant. Humanities graduates can boost their incomes if they obtain advanced or professional degrees. Humanities majors are sought after in many areas of business, specifically for their critical thinking and problem-solving skills. While often considered "soft skills", humanities majors gain skills such as "include persuasive written and oral communication, creative problem-solving, teamwork, decision-making, self-management, and critical analysis". The Humanities Indicators , unveiled in 2009 by

3596-524: Is no single leader of the 'free world'; others queried whether Merkel remained the "leader of the free world" and the champion of liberal values. Questioned about Merkel's standing following her performance in the German elections in September 2017 , former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton opined that Merkel was "the most important leader in the free world". However, after Merkel's party suffered losses in

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3712-456: Is not universal, and different cultures may have different ideas about what constitutes religion. Religion may be characterized with a community since humans are social animals . Rituals are used to bound the community together. Social animals require rules. Ethics is a requirement of society, but not a requirement of religion. Shinto, Daoism, and other folk or natural religions do not have ethical codes. While some religions do include

3828-415: Is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman . Literally, painting is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium ) and a binding agent (a glue ) to a surface (support) such as paper , canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense, it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing , composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest

3944-459: Is supported by the Publications Unit. The findings of the research are published in three internationally acclaimed scientific journals: Tekmeria , Βyzantina Symmeikta , and Historical Review , as well as in individual volumes. The institute's total publishing work by 2018 is estimated at 500 titles, making it one of the largest publishers in historical content. Other activities include

4060-440: Is systematically collected information about the past . When used as the name of a field of study , history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans , societies , institutions, and any topic that has changed over time. Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. In modern academia , history can occasionally be classified as a social science , though this definition

4176-476: Is that graduates from such programs face underemployment and that incomes are too low for a humanities education to be worth the investment. Humanities graduates find employment in a wide variety of management and professional occupations. In Britain, for example, over 11,000 humanities majors found employment in the following occupations: Many humanities graduates may find themselves with no specific career goals upon graduation, which can lead to lower incomes in

4292-643: Is the Director and Chairman of the Board at the National Hellenic Research Foundation. The National Research Foundation was founded on 10 October 1958 under the name "Royal Research Foundation" by Royal Decree of 9   October 1958. The purpose of the establishment was to enhance the scientific research carried out in Greece and to provide more opportunities for creative research by Greek scientists. After

4408-428: Is the education and training of new undergraduate, postgraduate and postdoctoral scientists in the methodology and practice of modern research. The director of the institute is Stratos Kamitsos . The Library of Science, Technology, Culture "Dimaras", founded in 1958, is one of the largest libraries of scientific and technological journals in Greece. The library serves the entire scientific community while being open to

4524-511: Is the former Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology of the NHRF (formerly there were separate Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology) and was established in March 2012. Its goal is to develop an interdisciplinary research approach in areas such as biotechnology, medicine and health, being a focal point of innovation at the interface of Chemistry and Biology. According to

4640-590: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences , are the first comprehensive compilation of data about the humanities in the United States, providing scholars, policymakers and the public with detailed information on humanities education from primary to higher education, the humanities workforce, humanities funding and research, and public humanities activities. Modeled after the National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators, Humanities Indicators are

4756-1058: The Baháʼí Faith . Religions must adapt and change through the generations because they must remain relevant to the adherents. When traditional religions fail to address new concerns, then new religions will emerge. The performing arts differ from the visual arts in that the former uses the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal, or paint, which can be molded or transformed to create some art object . Performing arts include acrobatics , busking , comedy , dance , film , magic , music , opera , juggling , marching arts , such as brass bands , and theatre . Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, comedians , dancers , musicians , and singers . Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting and stagecraft . Performers often adapt their appearance , such as with costumes and stage makeup , etc. There

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4872-611: The European Parliament , the then US Vice President Joe Biden , stated that Brussels had a "legitimate claim" to the title of "capital of the free world", normally a title reserved for Washington. He added that Brussels is a "great city which boasts 1,000 years of history and serves as capital of Belgium, the home of many of the institutions of the European Union and the headquarters of the NATO alliance." When Time declared

4988-745: The German Chancellor Angela Merkel Time Person of the Year for 2015, they referred to her as "Europe's most powerful leader", and the cover bore the title "Chancellor of the Free World". Following the election of Donald Trump to the US presidency in November 2016, The New York Times called Merkel "the Liberal West's Last Defender", and a number of commentators called her "the next leader of

5104-574: The National Documentation Center (NDC). The library offers search and access to online collections and services, and allows its users to search for free access magazines and resources on the Internet. In addition, users can use online services to search international bibliography, citation index & bibliometric indices and order complete texts. The library serves 30,000 readers and 10,000 users annually by sending copies of its material. It

5220-612: The Renaissance , the term "humanities" referred to the study of classical literature and language, as opposed to the study of religion, or " divinity ". The study of the humanities was a key part of the secular curriculum in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently defined as any fields of study outside of natural sciences , social sciences , formal sciences (like mathematics ), and applied sciences (or professional training ). They use methods that are primarily critical , speculative, or interpretative and have

5336-554: The Western academic tradition, refers to the studies of the cultures of classical antiquity , namely Ancient Greek and Latin and the Ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Classical studies is considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities; however, its popularity declined during the 20th century. Nevertheless, the influence of classical ideas on many humanities disciplines, such as philosophy and literature, remains strong. History

5452-467: The comparative method and comparative research . Other methods used in the humanities include hermeneutics , source criticism , esthetic interpretation , and speculative reason . The word humanities comes from the Renaissance Latin phrase studia humanitatis , which translates to study of humanity . This phrase was used to refer to the study of classical literature and language, which

5568-425: The novel , short story or drama ; and works are often categorised according to historical periods, or according to their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations ( genre ). Philosophy—etymologically, the "love of wisdom"—is generally the study of problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, justification, truth, justice, right and wrong, beauty, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy

5684-408: The president of the United States . The term when used in this context suggested that the United States was the principal democratic superpower , and the U.S. president was by extension the leader of the world's democratic states, i.e. the "Free World". But remember, we have differences with our allies all over the world. They are family differences, and sometimes they are acute, but, by and large,

5800-477: The "Kaiser Wilhelm Institut" and the "Center de la Reaserhe Scientifique" are modeled on. Among those wishing to participate were Xenophon Zolotas , Konstantinos Dimaras, Caesar Alexopoulos, Ioannis Saregiannis and Evangelos Papanoutsos . Pesmazoglou was also in touch with Waldemar Nielsen, a spokesman for the Ford Foundation, with the aim of financially supporting the establishment. The proposed original name of

5916-436: The 19th-century Enlightenment were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by Einstein and of unseen psychology by Freud , but also by unprecedented technological development. Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art. Drawing is a means of making a picture , using a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on

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6032-408: The 2017 election and there were delays in forming a government, the claim that Merkel is the true leader of the free world was referred to as a "joke", described as a media phenomenon, and otherwise called into question. When Merkel retired as chancellor, Hillary Clinton wrote that "she led Europe through difficult times with steadiness and bravery, and for four long years, she was the leader of

6148-514: The American propaganda film series Why We Fight . At this time, the term was criticized for including the Soviet Union (USSR) , which critics saw as a totalitarian dictatorship. However, the term became more widely used against the USSR and its allies during the 1950s in the wake of Truman Doctrine , when the United States depicted a foreign policy based on a struggle between "a democratic alliance and

6264-474: The American ambassador visited King Paul and handed him a letter announcing the donation of 100,000,000 drachmas. The money was invested by the Board of Directors of foundation on PPC ( Greek Public Power Corporation ) bonds with yields of approximately 8,000,000 drachmas and from 1963 to 1967 buying stores in Athens and Piraeus. Initially, a plot of 8,000 m was allocated on Rigillis and Vassileos Georgiou Street, near

6380-524: The Athens Conservatory. This building block was behind the Athens Club of Officers. In the 1950 Athens city map the area was called Lyceum (Λύκειον). In 1959, the foundation first launched a national competition called "The Royal Research Foundation Building". Eventually the competition did not take place, since a plot was chosen on the opposite side of "Vasileos Constantinou" street, eleven acres. As it

6496-546: The NHRF it is the only institute in Greece that operates with similar capabilities in cutting-edge biological research (biological targeting, biological evaluation of new substance properties) and organic and pharmaceutical chemistry with rational design and synthesis of bioactive compounds—potential drugs—specific for the above goals. Therefore, an integrated interdisciplinary approach to disease prevention and treatment can be achieved. The Institute of Chemical Biology relies on interdisciplinary coupling of chemistry and biology with

6612-554: The NHRF, its main objectives are: The institute has 19 doctoral researchers, one operational scientist, one technical scientist and one secretary and is supported by a growing number of postdoctoral and postgraduate researchers as well as distinguished collaborating researchers from Greece and other countries. The institute's infrastructures include laboratories of computational physics & chemistry, synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new materials, as well as photonics & applications and spectroscopy. The expenditures of

6728-486: The United States or the Soviet Union , viewed the claim of "Free World" leadership by the United States as grandiose and illegitimate. One of the earliest uses of the term Free World as a politically significant term occurs in Frank Capra's World War II propaganda film series Why We Fight . In Prelude to War , the first film of that series, the "free world" is portrayed as a white planet, directly contrasted with

6844-437: The West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe , Kandinsky , Isaac Newton , have written their own colour theories . Moreover, the use of language is only a generalization for a colour equivalent. The word " red ", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. Unlike music, where notes such as C or C# are universally accepted, there

6960-729: The black planet called the "slave world". The film depicts the free world as the Western Hemisphere, led by the United States and Western Europe, and the slave world as the Eastern Hemisphere, dominated by Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy and the Japanese Empire . While "Free World" had its origins in the Cold War , the phrase is still used after the end of the Cold War and during the Global War on Terrorism . Samuel P. Huntington said

7076-423: The bulk of medieval education, with the emphasis being on the humanities as skills or "ways of doing". A major shift occurred with the Renaissance humanism of the fifteenth century, when the humanities began to be regarded as subjects to study rather than practice, with a corresponding shift away from traditional fields into areas such as literature and history ( studia humaniora ). In the 20th century, this view

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7192-405: The church. However, in the Renaissance , a renewed focus on the physical world was reflected in art forms that depicted the human body and landscape in a more naturalistic and three-dimensional way. Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art , namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for

7308-417: The concept of deities, others do not. Therefore, the supernatural does not necessarily require the existence of deities. Rather, it can be broadly defined as any phenomena that cannot be explained by science or reason. Magical thinking creates explanations not available for empirical verification. Stories or myths are narratives being both didactic and entertaining. They are necessary for understanding

7424-643: The countries allied and aligned with the United States , the European Union and NATO . The term "leader of the free world" has been used to imply a symbolic and moral leadership, and was mostly used during the Cold War in reference to the president of the United States . During World War II , the Allied powers viewed themselves as opposing the oppression and fascism of the Axis powers , thus making them "free". Following

7540-504: The creation and dissemination of new knowledge as well as the training of new researchers with the ultimate aim of scientific research of Greek history, the establishment of Greek national self-knowledge and the promotion of international scientific cooperation in the fields of. The institute's infrastructure comprises specialized Libraries of the Sectors, micro-libraries, folders, archives and electronic databases. The institute's scientific work

7656-443: The development of educational activities, the organization of "Summer Schools" specialized scientific content, the organization of scientific seminars, such as the "Historical Science Tutorial", "Ermoupolis Seminars", "TERA Seminars" and the support of trainees. The dissemination of the institute's scientific work is carried out by publishing, organizing conferences and various other activities. The Institute of Chemical Biology (ICB)

7772-487: The early stages of their career. On the other hand, graduates from more career-oriented programs often find jobs more quickly. However, the long-term career prospects of humanities graduates may be similar to those of other graduates, as research shows that by five years after graduation, they generally find a career path that appeals to them. There is empirical evidence that graduates from humanities programs earn less than graduates from other university programs. However,

7888-405: The empirical evidence also shows that humanities graduates still earn notably higher incomes than workers with no postsecondary education, and have job satisfaction levels comparable to their peers from other fields. Humanities graduates also earn more as their careers progress; ten years after graduation, the income difference between humanities graduates and graduates from other university programs

8004-452: The end of World War II, the Cold War conception of the "Free World" included only anti-Soviet states as being "free", particularly democratically elected states with free speech , a free press , freedom of assembly and freedom of association . During the Cold War, many neutral countries, either those in what is considered the Third World , or those having no formal alliance with either

8120-682: The establishment of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (1954) and later "Democritos" (1961). In 1947, the Palace in Greece, represented by the successor to the royal throne Paul , founded the Royal National Foundation with the aim of undertaking various educational activities. It included palace officials, bank and chamber executives and prominent public figures. At that time conditions in America and Europe were favorable for scientific research , while Greek scientists abroad were calling for

8236-456: The expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting has been used throughout history to express spiritual and religious ideas, from mythological scenes on pottery to the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel , to body art. Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in

8352-471: The fields of health, nutrition, biochemistry and molecular diagnostics and environment. The Institute of Chemical Biology participates in the "CRIPIS" (Greek: "ΚΡΙΠΗΣ") program. The director of the institute is Alexander Pintzas. The Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry was founded in 1979 and is one of the three research institutes of the National Research Foundation. According to

8468-474: The first schools to require an extensive core curriculum in philosophy, literature, and the arts for all students. Other colleges with nationally recognized, mandatory programs in the liberal arts are Fordham University , St. John's College , Saint Anselm College and Providence College . Prominent proponents of liberal arts in the United States have included Mortimer J. Adler and E. D. Hirsch, Jr. In 1950, 1.2% of Americans aged 22 had earned

8584-446: The first twenty years of the sector's activity, New Hellenism is autonomous as a research field and attempts to "inventory the country's intellectual treasures at national level". Thus the main directions were the inventory of Greek bibliographical production, cataloging and publishing of archival material, bibliographic and literary interests. From 1980 to 2000, it integrates economic and social history, historical geography and demography,

8700-531: The first was considering approving $ 50,000 a year for five years, while the U.S. Mission was considering paying the amount of 100,000,000 drachmas and 50,000,000 drachmas more in the coming years. "Institutions and official America have begun to understand that the survival of the free world will not be ensured by the attraction and settlement in America of all prominent scientists, but by the encouragement of local scientists in their own countries." On October 10, 1958,

8816-558: The following groups: Primary role in the transfer of know-how from the institute to the users is played by the two application laboratories, which act as a dynamic interface between the institute's materials and photonics research activities and a wide range of industrial R&T requirements. The institute's facilities include laboratories of computational physics and chemistry, synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new materials, as well as photonics and applications and laser spectroscopy . Also an important part of TPCI's activity

8932-455: The free world ... but something greater than the leader of just another random country". References to America's abdication of its role as leader of the free world continued or increased after Donald Trump questioned the unconditional defence of NATO partners and the Paris climate accord . Jagoda Marinić , writing for The New York Times , noted that "Barack Obama all but literally passed on

9048-575: The free world". Merkel herself rejected the description. An article by James Rubin in Politico about a White House meeting between Merkel and Trump was ironically titled "The Leader of the Free World Meets Donald Trump". German commentators agreed with Merkel's assessment, and Friedrich Merz , a CDU politician, said that a German chancellor could never be "leader of the free world". In April 2017, columnist James Kirchick stressed

9164-584: The general public. In the Library of the "K. Th. Dimaras" in the NHRF, visitors have access to all the collections on site (printed and electronic subscriptions) through the Electronic Reading Room. Free WiFi connection from the laptop is possible and photocopies can be printed as the library is not lending. The K.Th. Dimaras Library is the basis for the development of the Digital Documentation Library of Science, Technology and Culture of

9280-477: The groundbreaking inter-institutional postgraduate program entitled "Bioentrepreneurship" ( Greek : "Βιοεπιχειρείν") organized by the Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology of the University of Thessaly and ICB / NHRF. The interinstitutional Postgraduate Diploma Program "Bioentrepreneurship" aims at the scientific training and specialization of scientists in the fields of bio-entrepreneurship and innovation in

9396-561: The history of Modern Hellenism from the 15th to the 20th century. It develops programs and projects organized in three main disciplines: History of Culture, Economic and Social History, Political History. Specific subjects emerging from the above are the history of ideas, institutions and ideology, modern Greek literature and historiography, religious art, the history of sciences, Ottoman studies, historical demography and geography, cartography, travel and consular networks, business history, modern political history. His scientific activities include

9512-569: The history of institutions, the history of technology and the history of modern Greek art. The institute's research horizons have been enriched by the convening of international scientific meetings. The Center for Modern Greek Studies has been slow to acquire a scientific journal of its own, and its collaborators have published their work in the journal "The Eranist" of the Hellenic Enlightenment Study Group. In 1981 he acquired "Tetradia Ergasias". The Institute of Byzantine Research

9628-573: The human predicament. Some other possible characteristics of religion are pollutions and purification, the sacred and the profane, sacred texts, religious institutions and organizations, and sacrifice and prayer. Some of the major problems that religions confront, and attempts to answer are chaos, suffering, evil, and death. The non-founder religions are Hinduism , Shinto , and native or folk religions . Founder religions are Judaism , Christianity , Islam , Confucianism , Daoism , Mormonism , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , Buddhism , Sikhism , and

9744-520: The humanities accounted for 15% of the bachelor's degrees awarded by colleges and universities in the United States. As of 2022, they accounted for less than 9%. Researchers in the humanities have developed numerous large- and small-scale digital corporations, such as digitized collections of historical texts, along with the digital tools and methods to analyze them. Their aim is both to uncover new knowledge about corpora and to visualize research data in new and revealing ways. Much of this activity occurs in

9860-547: The humanities and closer to the formal sciences , becoming much more analytic. Analytic philosophy is marked by emphasis on the use of logic and formal methods of reasoning, conceptual analysis, and the use of symbolic and/or mathematical logic , as contrasted with the Continental style of philosophy . This method of inquiry is largely indebted to the work of philosophers such as Gottlob Frege , Bertrand Russell , G.E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein . Religious Studies

9976-456: The humanities are called humanities scholars or sometimes humanists . The term humanist also describes the philosophical position of humanism , which antihumanist scholars in the humanities reject. Renaissance scholars and artists are also known as humanists . Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of literature , history , foreign language , and art . Human disciplines like history and language mainly use

10092-485: The humanities encompass law and religion due to their shared characteristics, such as the study of language and culture. However, these definitions are not universally accepted, as law and religion are often considered professional subjects rather than humanities subjects. Professional subjects, like some social sciences, are sometimes classified as being part of both the liberal arts and professional development education, whereas humanities subjects are generally confined to

10208-481: The importance of the German elections (on which "the future of the free world" depended) since America had "abdicated its traditional role as leader of the free world by electing Trump, the United Kingdom was turning inward after the referendum decision to leave the European Union, and France was also traditionally unilateralist and now had an inexperienced president"; he called Merkel "something less than leader of

10324-640: The institute are covered by the NHRF Regular Budget (grant from the General Secretariat for Research and Technology—GSRT), from inputs from competing programs of the GSRT, the European Union and international organizations, from the execution of applied research projects by industry, and by providing research services. The theoretical and experimental directions of the Institute include the research activity of

10440-443: The institute is Maria Christina Chatziioannou , since 2013. The institute's research objectives are the historical documentation and interpretation, the diffusion of new knowledge, and the training of young scholars, thus contributing to national self-awareness and active presence in the international scientific community. The individual sections that make up the institute are: Originally named "Center for Modern Greek Studies", it

10556-427: The institution was "Hellenic Royal Institute of Postgraduate Research". Zervas chose the name "Scientific Research Foundation" to indicate there were no educational goals, but its main role was to promote original scientific research. Over time, it will be able to set up its own research institutes. From April to early summer of 1958, messages about funding from American institutions (Ford and Rockefeller) were positive:

10672-456: The know-how of its staff and its developed infrastructures to produce work as a cutting-edge unit at Greek and international level. One of its main goals is the development of new drugs and high value-added biotech products in general. According to the institute, contributing to research in areas such as "Biomedical and Health", "Agro-biotechnology and Food", "Energy and the Environment" can make

10788-404: The mantle of 'leader of the free world' to Ms. Merkel (and not Mr. Trump), and most Germans feel empowered by that new responsibility" and that Germany "is coming to understand its role in standing up for liberal democracy in a world turning more and more authoritarian." Other commentators—in the United States and Europe—rejected the appellation "Leader of the Free World": some argued that there

10904-546: The organization of scientific institutions in Greece, which would encourage their repatriation and enhance domestic research. Yagos Pesmazoglou envisioned the development of research in Greece during his university years at Harvard . Moreover, he played a key role when he was General Director at the Ministry of Coordination (1951-1955). He moved in that direction when he set up the Bank of Greece's Directorate of Economic Studies in 1955 for

11020-433: The other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera , ballet , mime , kabuki , classical Indian dance , Chinese opera , mummers' plays , and pantomime . Dance (from Old French dancier , perhaps from Frankish ) generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social , spiritual or performance setting. Dance

11136-509: The political, economic, social and cultural phenomena and events of Greek and Roman Antiquity, with the aim of renewing and promoting archeological studies through the collection and publication of primary evidence and synthetic studies. The Institute for Historical Research investigates the political, economic, social, and cultural history of Hellenism and the areas where Hellenism was active, from prehistoric antiquity to modern times. In addition, it aims to develop scientific activities aimed at

11252-616: The production of print and digital publications, the creation of electronic applications of historical content, the organization of conferences and the development of an international network of collaborations on contemporary issues. The directors of the section since its establishment were Michael Laskaris (1960-1962), Konstantinos Th. Dimaras  [ el ] (1962-1972), Dionysios Zakythinos (1971-1975), Deputy Director Manusos Manusakas (1975-1980), Loukia Drarou (1981-1995), Vassilis Panagiotopoulos (1995-2000) Paschalis Kitromilides (2000-2012) and Taxiarchis Kolias (2012-2013). In

11368-484: The purpose of preparing financial studies. In 1958, Pesmazoglou met King Paul and presented his ideas for setting up a research center. The second person to share these ideas was Konstantinos Th. Dimaras  [ el ] , General Director at the Ministry of Coordination in 1951 and General Director at the State Scholarship Foundation (ΙΚΥ). Another contributor to this effort was Charalambos Potamianos,

11484-537: The reason we call it "free world" is because each nation in it wants to remain independent under its own government and not under some dictatorial form of government. — Dwight D. Eisenhower (to the Associated Press , 1 October), The Los Angeles Times , 2 October 1958 The phrase has its origin in the 1940s during the Second World War , especially through the anti-fascist Free World magazine and

11600-544: The sector has been designed to enhance research and promote the history and culture of Byzantium and medieval Hellenism. An additional goal is to explore Byzantine relations with medieval Europe, the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean. Testimonials from written sources, literary and archival, artwork and archaeological finds form the basis of the research. The department's activity is organized into programs that implement

11716-425: The term has been replaced by the concept of the international community , which, he argued, "has become the euphemistic collective noun (replacing "the Free World") to give global legitimacy to actions reflecting the interests of the United States and other Western powers." The "Leader of the Free World" was a colloquialism , first used during the Cold War , to describe either the United States or, more commonly,

11832-457: The total number of Americans with college degrees has increased significantly, resulting in a greater number of people with degrees in the humanities as well. The proportion of degrees awarded in the humanities has declined in recent decades, even as the overall number of people with humanities degrees has increased. In 1954, 36% of Harvard undergraduates majored in the humanities, but in 2012, only 20% took that course of study. As recently as 1993,

11948-422: The traditional liberal arts education . Although sociology , anthropology , archaeology , linguistics and psychology share some similarities with the humanities, these are often considered social sciences . Similarly, disciplines such as finance , business administration , political science , economics , and global studies have closer ties to the social sciences rather than the humanities. Scholars in

12064-401: The vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical, associative, and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time. Literature, covering a variety of uses of language including prose forms (such as the novel ), poetry and drama , also lies at the heart of the modern humanities curriculum. College-level programs in

12180-453: The war, the palace attempted to establish basic social welfare and education institutions with the aim of legal, political and social prosperity and the social development of Greece. At the same time it seeks to justify and promote the royal institution. Scientific research up to that time was carried out by universities and the Academy of Athens , so the most important efforts outside the NHRF were

12296-569: The works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer . Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of concept ( conceptual art ); this has led some e.g. Joseph Kosuth to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work. Sculpture involves creating three-dimensional forms out of various materials. These typically include malleable substances like clay and metal but may also extend to material that

12412-465: Was divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.") Today, the main fields of philosophy are logic , ethics , metaphysics , and epistemology . Still, it continues to overlap with other disciplines. The field of semantics , for example, brings philosophy into contact with linguistics . Since the early twentieth century, philosophy in English-speaking universities has moved away from

12528-609: Was established on May 10, 1965. The building was completed after 3.5 years and was received on October 25, 1968. In 1990 a 6th floor was added to the building. Today the building has a total area of 13,880 square meters. NHRF governing bodies are: The Institute emerged in 2012 as a merger of the three oldest institutes for the historical and literary sciences of the National Research Foundation: Center for Greek and Roman Antiquity, Institute for Byzantine Research and Institute for Modern Greek Studies. The director of

12644-452: Was estimated at 50 million drachmas: 1m the consultant, 25m the construction, 3m the architect, 15m the building equipment and 6m the laboratory equipment and magazines. The building permit was approved on April 22, 1964. The building was auctioned in March with invitations from 15 contractors, but the tender was canceled as unprofitable. Finally, the project was undertaken by Theoharis Economou and G. Georgiou and G. Balkabassi SA. The foundation

12760-576: Was first established under the name of the Byzantine Research Center on May 11, 1960, by an act of the Board of Directors of the then Royal Research Institute and started operating in December of the same year. His successors were Dionysios Zakythinos (1960-19750), Manusos Manusakas (1976-1980), Chryssa Maltezou (1980-1995), Nikolaos Economidis (1995-2000), Evangelos Chrysos (2000-2005) and from in 2006 to 2012 Taxiarchis Colias. Since its inception,

12876-536: Was founded on May 11, 1960, by an act of the Board of Directors of the then Royal Research Foundation and began operating in December of the same year. It was originally housed in Alexandra Michael Mela's privately owned apartment at 4   Vasilissis Sofias Street. Since the winter of 1967 it has moved to the fifth floor of the newly completed NHRF building. In 1989 it was renamed the Institute for Modern Greek Studies. The Section of Neohellenic Research studies

12992-471: Was heavily referenced in US foreign policy up until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. After the presidency of George H. W. Bush the term has largely fallen out of use, in part for its usage in rhetoric critical of U.S. foreign policy . However, the term is still used at times to described the president of the United States. On 6 May 2010, upon an address to the plenary chamber of

13108-570: Was in turn challenged by the postmodernist movement, which sought to redefine the humanities in more egalitarian terms suitable for a democratic society since the Greek and Roman societies in which the humanities originated were elitist and aristocratic. A distinction is usually drawn between the social sciences and the humanities. Classicist Allan Bloom writes in The Closing of the American Mind (1987): Social science and humanities have

13224-408: Was never opened. The foundation's Board of Directors entrusted the study of the buildings to Dimitris Pikionis and Konstantinos Doxiadis . The reason for the direct assignment was that Zervas and Dimaras had proposed to undertake the study a mixed group of architects: three well-known and distinguished and three young people of the best. Doxiadis also promised a 10 to 15% reduction in pay. The project

13340-522: Was seen as an important aspect of a refined education in the Renaissance . In its usage in the early 15th century, the studia humanitatis was a course of studies that consisted of grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy, primarily derived from the study of Latin and Greek classics. The word humanitas also gave rise to the Renaissance Italian neologism umanisti , whence "humanist", " Renaissance humanism ". Classics , in

13456-458: Was situated on the outskirts of ancient Athens and the modern Greek capital, it was of semantic interest, given that the country's central and also the most important institution was in the heart of the state. The building block chosen was the stable of the Evzonean guard and its parking lot. It was surrounded by "Vasileos Georgiou", "Vasileos Konstantinou", "Rizari", and "Pavlou Mela" avenues, but it

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