53-571: Pantone LLC (stylized as PANTONE ) is an American limited liability company headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey , and best known for its Pantone Matching System (PMS), a proprietary color order system used in a variety of industries, notably graphic design , fashion design , product design , printing , and manufacturing and supporting the management of color from design to production, in physical and digital formats, among coated and uncoated materials, cotton, polyester, nylon and plastics. X-Rite ,
106-409: A corporation , LLCs are required to register in the states they are "conducting (or transacting) business". Each state has different standards and rules defining what "transacting business" means, and as a consequence, navigating what is required can be quite confusing for small business owners. Simply forming an LLC in any state may not be enough to meet legal requirements, and specifically, if an LLC
159-454: A business formed as an LLC rather than a corporation. An LLC with either single or multiple members may elect to be taxed as a corporation through the filing of IRS Form 8832. After electing corporate tax status, an LLC may further elect to be treated as a regular C corporation (taxation of the entity's income prior to any dividends or distributions to the members and then taxation of the dividends or distributions once received as income by
212-467: A collection of bags inspired from Pantone's authority on color. Pantone also produced Hexachrome , a patented six-color printing system. In addition to custom CMYK inks, Hexachrome added orange and green inks to expand the color gamut, for better color reproduction. It was therefore also known as a CMYKOG process. Hexachrome was discontinued by Pantone in 2008 when Adobe Systems stopped supporting their HexWare plugin software. In 2015 7-color printing system
265-416: A corporation. The primary characteristic an LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability , and the primary characteristic it shares with a partnership is the availability of pass-through income taxation . As a business entity, an LLC is often more flexible than a corporation and may be well-suited for companies with a single owner. Although LLCs and corporations both possess some analogous features,
318-458: A design enters production stage, regardless of the equipment used to produce the color. This system has been widely adopted by graphic designers and reproduction and printing houses. Pantone recommends that PMS Color Guides be purchased annually, as their inks become yellowish over time. Color variance also occurs within editions based on the paper stock used (coated, matte or uncoated), while interedition color variance occurs when there are changes to
371-460: A device-independent manner, but ideally X-rite InkFormulation is needed to emulate substrates and all 14 base colors of main Pantone system or 7 colors of CMYKOGV. Support is being phased out in favour of Pantone Connect plugin from Adobe Exchange of Creative Cloud. Adobe Illustrator removed five acb files (Adobe Color Books) of Pantone+ colors in 2023 when Pantone+ was deprecated by Pantone. Since 2000,
424-619: A dispute with Continental Lithograph over the rights to Zyglo and Magnaglo, the brothers established the independent Switzer Brothers, Inc. in 1946 to continue developing and marketing new uses for fluorescent materials. The company changed its name to Day-Glo Color Corp. in 1969. In the 1940s, the company began developing a new class of pigments that fluoresced in daylight by converting ultraviolet light to visible light, resulting in brighter colors than other types of pigments. These daylight fluorescing pigments are also known as DayGlo. During World War II , DayGlo products were used extensively by
477-475: A document evidencing ownership rights in an LLC is called a "membership certificate" rather than a "stock certificate." In the absence of express statutory guidance, most American courts have held that LLC members are subject to the same common law alter ego piercing theories as corporate shareholders. However, it is more difficult to pierce the LLC veil because LLCs do not have many formalities to maintain. As long as
530-411: A freeware clone of Pantone's color lists for use with Adobe software. The Pantone Color Matching System is largely a standardized color reproduction system; as of 2019 it has 2161 colors. By standardizing the colors, different manufacturers in different locations can all refer to the Pantone system to make sure colors match without direct contact with one another. One such use is standardizing colors in
583-551: A part-time employee. Herbert used his chemistry knowledge to systematize and simplify the company's stock of pigments and production of colored inks ; by 1962, Herbert was running the ink and printing division at a profit, while the commercial-display division was US$ 50,000 in debt; he subsequently purchased the company's technological assets from the Levine Brothers for US$ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 500,000 in 2023) and renamed them "Pantone". The company's primary products include
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#1732837728491636-598: A personal liability in cases where distributions to members render the LLC insolvent. The first state to enact a law authorizing the creation of limited liability companies was Wyoming in 1977. The law was a project of the Hamilton Brothers Oil Company , which sought to organize its business in the United States with liability and tax advantages similar to those it had obtained in Panama . From 1960 to 1997,
689-534: A press. The Pantone Goe system was discontinued in November 2013, but 4 new base colors were added into PMS and some of new colors too, though those 4 base colors are harder to purchase. In mid-2006 Pantone, partnering with Vermont-based Fine Paints of Europe , introduced a new line of interior and exterior paints. The color palette uses Pantone's color research and trending and has more than 3,000 colors. In November 2015, Pantone partnered with Redland London to create
742-444: A state professional license, such as legal or medical services , may not be allowed to form an LLC but may be required to form a similar entity called a professional limited liability company ( PLLC ). An LLC is a hybrid legal entity having certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership or sole proprietorship (depending on how many owners there are). An LLC is a type of unincorporated association , distinct from
795-655: A supplier of color measurement instruments and software, purchased Pantone for US$ 180 million in October 2007, and was itself acquired by Danaher Corporation in 2012. At the end of September 2023, Danaher spun-off its Environmental and Applied Solutions segment as Veralto Corporation. Pantone began in New Jersey in the 1950s as the commercial printing company of brothers Mervin and Jesse Levine, M & J Levine Advertising. In 1956, its founders, both advertising executives, hired recent Hofstra University graduate Lawrence Herbert as
848-463: A variety of governance and protective provisions for the corporation and its shareholders, most states do not dictate detailed governance and protective provisions for the members of a limited liability company. In the absence of such statutory provisions, members of an LLC must establish governance and protective provisions pursuant to an operating agreement or similar governing document. Dayglo The Day-Glo Color Corp. (also styled as DayGlo )
901-587: Is a privately held American paint and pigments manufacturer based in Cleveland, Ohio . It was founded in 1946 by brothers Joseph and Robert Switzer and is currently owned by RPM International . It specializes in fluorescent paint and pigments, such as those used in safety applications, artwork and signage. It invented black-light fluorescent and daylight fluorescent paints and nondestructive testing methods using fluorescent dyes. Robert and Joseph Switzer of Berkeley, California began investigating fluorescence in
954-471: Is called a "member", rather than a " shareholder ". Additionally, ownership in an LLC is represented by a "membership interest" or an "LLC interest" (sometimes measured in "membership units" or just "units" and at other times simply stated only as percentages ), rather than represented by " shares of stock " or just "shares" (with ownership measured by the number of shares held by each shareholder). Similarly, when issued in physical rather than electronic form,
1007-400: Is formed in one state, but the owner (or owners) are located in another state (or states), or an employee is located in another state, or the LLC's base of operations is located in another state, the LLC may need to register as a foreign LLC in the other states it is "transacting business". For U.S. federal income tax purposes, an LLC is treated by default as a pass-through entity. If there
1060-502: Is only one member in the company, the LLC is treated as a "disregarded entity" for tax purposes (unless another tax status is elected), and an individual owner would report the LLC's income or loss on Schedule C of his or her individual tax return. Thus, income from the LLC is taxed at the individual tax rates. The default tax status for LLCs with multiple members is as a partnership, which is required to report income and loss on IRS Form 1065. Under partnership tax treatment, each member of
1113-469: The Adobe Creative Suite and Creative Cloud as well as other software to import the most up to date information inclusive of L*a*b* numbers as well as CMYK and sRGB representations of all the various palettes (including chromatic adaptation under default D50 or D65 with 2 degree or 10 degree observer or even any ICC profile ). L*a*b* numbers allow for the most accurate representation of color in
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#17328377284911166-508: The CMYK process. The CMYK process is a method of printing color by using four inks—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. A majority of the world's printed material is produced using the CMYK process, and there is a special subset of Pantone colors that can be reproduced using CMYK. Those that are possible to simulate through the CMYK process are labeled as such within the company's guides. However, about 30% of
1219-579: The limited liability of a corporation . An LLC is not a corporation under the laws of every state; it is a legal form of a company that provides limited liability to its owners in many jurisdictions. LLCs are well known for the flexibility that they provide to business owners; depending on the situation, an LLC may elect to use corporate tax rules instead of being treated as a partnership, and, under certain circumstances, LLCs may be organized as not-for-profit. In certain U.S. states (for example, Texas), businesses that provide professional services requiring
1272-584: The zeitgeist ; for example, the press release declaring Honeysuckle the color of 2011 said "In times of stress, we need something to lift our spirits. Honeysuckle is a captivating, stimulating color that gets the adrenaline going – perfect to ward off the blues." The results of the meeting are published in Pantone View , which fashion designers, florists, and many other consumer-oriented companies purchase to help guide their designs and planning for future products. In 2016 and 2021, Pantone chose two colors for Color of
1325-708: The 1930s using a black light to identify naturally occurring fluorescent compounds. By mixing these compounds with shellac , they invented the first black light fluorescent paints . Joseph used these paints in his amateur magic show and sold magic kits based on the black light fluorescent costumes they created. The brothers established the Fluor-S-Art Co. in 1934 to develop and sell black light paints for advertising purposes. They later partnered with Continental Lithograph (a subsidiary of Warner Brothers Pictures ) of Cleveland, Ohio, to develop fluorescent paints for movie posters and advertising displays. In 1936, they moved
1378-514: The 1960s by their extensive use in psychedelic art , such as the album artwork for Cream 's 1967 album Disraeli Gears . In February 1969, the company changed its name from Switzer Brothers, Inc. to DayGlo Color Corp. In September 1985, the Nalco Chemical Company of Oak Brook purchased Day-Glo Color for approximately $ 40 million. They then sold it to RPM International in 1991 for an undisclosed price. In 2012, Day-Glo Color Corp.
1431-679: The Delaware Limited Liability Company Act provides that the managers and controlling members of a Delaware-domiciled limited liability company owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the limited liability company and its members. Under the amendment (prompted by the Delaware Supreme Court's decision in Gatz Properties, LLC v. Auriga Capital Corp ), parties to an LLC remain free to expand, restrict, or eliminate fiduciary duties in their LLC agreements (subject to
1484-628: The Goe System. Goe consisted of 2058 new colors in a new matching and numbering system. In addition to the standard swatch books (now called the GoeGuide), the new system also included adhesive-backed GoeSticks, interactive software, tools, and an online community where users were able to share color swatches and information. The Goe system was streamlined to use fewer base colors (ten, plus clear coating for reflections, only 4 base colors were new) and accommodate many technical challenges in reproducing colors on
1537-550: The LLC and the members do not commingle funds, it is difficult to pierce the LLC veil. Membership interests in LLCs and partnership interests are also afforded a significant level of protection through the charging order mechanism. The charging order limits the creditor of a debtor-partner or a debtor-member to the debtor's share of distributions, without conferring on the creditor any voting or management rights. Limited liability company members may, in certain circumstances, also incur
1590-563: The LLC seriously and enacted their own LLC statutes. By 1996, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had LLC statutes. In 1995, the IRS came to the conclusion that the widespread enactment of LLC statutes had undermined the Kintner regulations, and in 1996 it promulgated new regulations establishing a so-called "check the box" (CTB) entity classification election system that went into effect throughout
1643-405: The LLC, as is the case for all partners of a partnership, annually receives a Form K-1 reporting the member's distributive share of the LLC's income or loss that is then reported on the member's individual income tax return. On the other hand, income from corporations is taxed twice: once at the corporate entity level and again when distributed to shareholders. Thus, more tax savings often result if
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1696-597: The Pantone Color Institute has declared a particular color "Color of the Year". Twice a year the company hosts, in a European capital, a secret meeting of representatives from various nations' color standards groups. After two days of presentations and debate, they choose a color for the following year; for example, the color for summer 2013 was chosen in London in the spring of 2012. The selected color purportedly connects with
1749-522: The Pantone Guides, which consist of a large number of small (approximately 6×2 inches or 15×5 cm) thin cardboard or plastic sheets, printed on one side with a series of related color swatches and then bound into a small "fan deck". For instance, a particular "page" might contain several yellows of varying tints . The idea behind the PMS is to allow designers to "color match" specific colors when
1802-536: The Pantone system colors are beyond the printed CMYK gamut, it was only in 2001 that Pantone began providing translations of their existing system with screen-based colors. Screen-based colors use the RGB color model —red, green, blue—system to create various colors. A lot of colors are outside sRGB . The (discontinued) Goe system has RGB, LAB , SPD values with each color and has 10 base colors while only 4 of those new: Bright Red, Pink, Medium Purple and Dark Blue. Other 6 were in
1855-1022: The Pantone system's 1114 spot colors (as of year 2000) cannot be simulated with CMYK but with 13 base pigments (14 including black) mixed in specified amounts, called base colors. Those 1114 colors included 387 colors with numbers 100 to 487 from 1975 and some lighter colors from 600 to 732 in 1991. The original four-digit colors introduced in 1987 were remapped into three digits. The Pantone system also later allowed for many special colors to be produced, such as metallics, fluorescents (neons) and pastels. There are 56 fluorescents from 801 to 814 (first 7 here are base colors, so called Dayglo ) and from 901 to 942. Packaging metallics (previously premium metallics) are placed from 10101 to 10454 (54 of those added later, 354 altogether, 2 base colors Silver 10077 and Rose Gold 10412), while normal metallics are placed from 871 to 877 (first 7 here are base colors) and from 8001 to 8965. Pastels are from 9140 to 9163 with base colors being 0131, 0331, 0521, 0631, 0821, 0921 and 0961. While most of
1908-633: The U.S. military where high visibility was required. U.S. ground troops in North Africa used daylight fluorescent fabric panels to identify themselves and prevent friendly fire bombings, and DayGlo paints were used on aircraft to prevent midair collisions. Navy aircraft carriers used DayGlo's black light fluorescent paints to allow planes to land at night, an advantage enemy pilots did not have. Military equipment manufacturers, particularly those of aircraft parts, employed DayGlo's Zyglo and Magnaglo processes to identify defects in fabricated metal parts. After
1961-522: The United States on January 1, 1997. LLCs are subject to fewer regulations than traditional corporations, and thus may allow members to create a more flexible management structure than is possible with other corporate forms. As long as the LLC remains within the confines of state law, the operating agreement is responsible for the flexibility the members of the LLC have in deciding how their LLC will be governed. State statutes typically provide automatic or "default" rules for how an LLC will be governed unless
2014-569: The Year, executive director of the Pantone Color Institute Leatrice Eiseman , explained in an interview how 2014's Color of the Year, Radiant Orchid, was chosen: Limited liability company A limited liability company ( LLC ) is the United States -specific form of a private limited company . It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with
2067-1468: The Year. 2000 Cerulean Pantone 15-4020 #9BB7D4 2001 Fuchsia Rose Pantone 17-2031 #C74375 2002 True Red Pantone 19-1664 #BF1932 2003 Aqua Sky Pantone 14-4811 #7BC4C4 2004 Tigerlily Pantone 17-1456 #E2583E 2005 Blue Turquoise Pantone 15-5217 #53B0AE 2006 Sand Dollar Pantone 13-1106 #DECDBE 2007 Chili Pepper Pantone 19-1557 #9B1B30 2008 Blue Iris Pantone 18-3943 #5A5B9F 2009 Mimosa Pantone 14-0848 #F0C05A 2010 Turquoise Pantone 15-5519 #45B5AA 2011 Honeysuckle Pantone 18-2120 #D94F70 2012 Tangerine Tango Pantone 17-1463 #DD4124 2013 Emerald Pantone 17-5641 #009473 2014 Radiant Orchid Pantone 18-3224 #B163A3 2015 Marsala Pantone 18-1438 #955251 2016 Rose Quartz Pantone 13-1520 #F7CAC9 2016 Serenity Pantone 15-3919 #92A8D1 2017 Greenery Pantone 15-0343 #88B04B 2018 Ultra Violet Pantone 18-3838 #5F4B8B 2019 Living Coral Pantone 16-1546 #FF6F61 2020 Classic Blue Pantone 19-4052 #0F4C81 2021 Ultimate Gray Pantone 17-5104 #939597 2021 Illuminating Pantone 13-0647 #F5DF4D 2022 Very Peri Pantone 17-3938 #6667AB 2023 Viva Magenta Pantone 18-1750 #BB2649 2024 Peach Fuzz Pantone 13-1023 #FFBE98 In 2012,
2120-476: The basic terminology commonly associated with each type of legal entity, at least within the United States, is sometimes different. When an LLC is formed, it is said to be "organized", not "incorporated" or "chartered", and its founding document is likewise known as its " articles of organization ", instead of its " articles of incorporation " or its "corporate charter". Internal operations of an LLC are further governed by its " operating agreement ". An owner of an LLC
2173-587: The classification of unincorporated business associations for the purpose of U.S. federal income tax law was governed by the " Kintner regulations", which were named after the prevailing taxpayer in the 1954 legal precedent of that name. As promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1960, the Kintner regulations set forth a complex six-factor test for determining whether such business associations would be taxed as corporations or partnerships. Some of these factors had equal significance, so that
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2226-583: The color of the year, Tangerine Tango, was used to create a makeup line, in partnership with Sephora . The product line, named Sephora + Pantone Universe collection, features Tangerine Tango–embellished false lashes, nail lacquers, cream, glitters, and high-pigment lip glosses. 2013 Emerald color was reported to be out of sRGB gamut. Also new Very Peri color of 2022 is present in TCX (dyed cotton reference) and TPG (Textile Paper – "Green") form, here TCX for sRGB hex values are mentioned. The person behind Pantone's Color of
2279-614: The colors of flags and seals ). In January 2003, the Scottish Parliament debated a petition (reference PE512) to refer to the blue in the Scottish flag as "Pantone 300". Countries such as Canada and South Korea and organizations such as the FIA have also chosen to refer to specific Pantone colors to use when producing flags. US states including Texas have set legislated PMS colors of their flags. On September 5, 2007, Pantone introduced
2332-425: The company to Cleveland, a center of the paint industry. In 1938, they invented Zyglo and Magnaglo, two flaw-detection processes using fluorescent dyes. The dyes are suspended in fluids which emphasize defects in parts (by penetrant action in the case of Zyglo and by the attraction of magnetic particles in the case of Magnaglo), both allowing the defects to be detected by inspecting the parts under black light. After
2385-507: The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing). Under 6 Del. C. Section 18-101(7), a Delaware LLC operating agreement can be written, oral or implied. It sets forth member capital contributions, ownership percentages, and management structure. Like a prenuptial agreement, an operating agreement can avoid future disputes between members by addressing buy-out rights, valuation formulas, and transfer restrictions. The written LLC operating agreement should be signed by all of its members. Like
2438-421: The members) or as an S corporation (entity level income and loss passes through to the members). Some commentators have recommended an LLC taxed as an S-corporation as the best possible small business structure. It combines the simplicity and flexibility of an LLC with the tax benefits of an S-corporation (self-employment tax savings). Some legal scholars argue that corporate income taxes are intended to limit
2491-400: The operating agreement provides otherwise, as permitted by statute in the state where the LLC was organized. The limited liability company has grown to become one of the most prevalent business forms in the United States. Even the use of a single member LLC affords greater protection for the assets of the member, as compared to operating as an unincorporated entity. Effective August 1, 2013,
2544-560: The power of corporations and to offset the legal benefits corporations enjoy, such as limited liability for their investors. There is concern that LLCs, by combining limited liability with no entity-level taxation, could contribute to excessive risk-taking and harm to third parties. Although there is no statutory requirement for an operating agreement in most jurisdictions, members of a multiple member LLC who operate without one may encounter problems. Unlike state laws regarding stock corporations, which are very well developed and provide for
2597-634: The presence of only half of them would result in classification as a partnership. Accordingly, the Wyoming Legislature tailored its statute to grant LLCs particular corporate features without exceeding this threshold. For several years, other states were slow to adopt the LLC form because it was unclear how the IRS and courts would apply the Kintner regulations to it. After the IRS finally decided in 1988 in Revenue Ruling 88-76 that Wyoming LLCs were taxable as partnerships, other states began to take
2650-456: The specific paper stock used. In 2022, a dispute between Pantone and Adobe resulted in the removal of Pantone color coordinates from Photoshop and Adobe's other design software, causing colors in graphic artists' digital documents to be replaced with black unless artists paid Pantone a separate $ 15 monthly subscription fee. Artists accused Pantone and Adobe of holding their work hostage. UK artist Stuart Semple responded by releasing FREETONE,
2703-634: The system before: Yellow 012, Orange 021, Rubine Red, Green, Process Blue and Black that in Goe were named Medium Yellow, Bright Orange, Strong Red, Bright Green, Medium Blue and Neutral Black. (PMS has 8 more basic base colors, some not monopigmented: Yellow 010, Red 032, Warm Red, Rhodamine Red, Purple, Violet, Reflex Blue, Blue 072.) Pantone colors are described by their allocated number (typically referred to as, for example, "PMS 130"). PMS colors are almost always used in branding and have even found their way into government legislation and military standards (to describe
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#17328377284912756-473: The war, advertisers used daylight fluorescent paints to make their products more visible to consumers. Tide detergent became known for its fluorescent packaging beginning in 1959, but other products such as clothing, posters and hula hoops also used fluorescent colors. Daylight fluorescent pigments were also used in safety products such as construction cones , street signs and safety vests due to their high visibility. DayGlo pigments were popularized in
2809-470: Was developed, adding Violet in CMYKOGV, that can cover 90% of 1114 spot colors, while CMYK only about 60%. 1729 new colors were added, marked XGC (extended gamut coated), some colors do not have a number, like Process Blue XGC or Purple XGC. Base colors of OGV were new mono-pigment inks, pigments PO34, PG7 and PV23 were used respectively with 58°, 180° and 311° hue angles. Pantone Color Manager allows for users of
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