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52-635: The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 ( NAECA ; Pub. L.   100–12 , 101  Stat.   103 , enacted March 17, 1987 ) is a United States Act of Congress that regulates energy consumption of specific household appliances. Though minimum Energy Efficiency Standards were first established by the United States Congress in Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), those standards were then amended by

104-644: A slip law and in the United States Statutes at Large after receiving the act. Thereafter, the changes are published in the United States Code . Through the process of judicial review , an act of Congress that violates the Constitution may be declared unconstitutional by the courts. A judicial declaration that an act of Congress is unconstitutional does not remove the act from the Statutes at Large or

156-539: A body of study defines " word ") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon ; dedicated to God ; Smith 's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god ; the smith 's apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a swede in the soup; a Swede who came to see me). Such words that vary according to case are sometimes called capitonyms (although only rarely: this term

208-480: A formal style, this may include the , as in the inimitable Henry Higgins . They may also take the in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique: the young Mr Hamilton (not the old one), the Dr Brown I know ; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent: the young Einstein (Einstein when he was young). The indefinite article a may similarly be used to establish

260-509: A ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This

312-430: A new referent: the column was written by a [ or one] Mary Price . Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally: beautiful King's College is acceptable, but not King's famous College . As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has

364-528: A nickname for Cab Calloway and as the title of a film about him). Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as naming expressions . Sometimes they are called simply names ; but that term is also used more broadly (as in " chair is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name is called a common name to distinguish it from a proper name . Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are agency , boulevard , city , day, and edition . In such cases

416-437: A previously unknown label was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However, if the object already had an established name , there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals: In English, children employ different strategies depending on

468-519: A proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., " jump that shark, Fonz!", " O Pacific, be so on our voyage", "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!"). In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally does not use it, only a single article is used (e.g., " the Matterhorn at Disneyland is not the Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at

520-571: A royal name were enclosed in a cartouche : an oval with a line at one end. In Chinese script , a proper name mark (a kind of underline ) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard Pinyin system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as word and phrase . Sanskrit and other languages written in

572-482: Is a statute enacted by the United States Congress . Acts may apply only to individual entities (called private laws ), or to the general public ( public laws ). For a bill to become an act, the text must pass through both houses with a majority, then be either signed into law by the president of the United States , be left unsigned for ten days (excluding Sundays) while Congress remains in session, or, if vetoed by

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624-438: Is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length). Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant ( David , the United States of America ) and an informal variant ( Dave , the United States ). In languages that use alphabetic scripts and that distinguish lower and upper case , there

676-518: Is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See Letter case § Title case . Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis "

728-616: Is considered a unique abstract entity. Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named New Haven ; Jupiter may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named Mata Hari , as well as a racehorse, several songs, several films, and other objects; there are towns and people named Toyota , as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include

780-564: Is made by the third method, the presiding officer of the house that last reconsidered the act promulgates it. Under the United States Constitution , if the president does not return a bill or resolution to Congress with objections before the time limit expires, then the bill automatically becomes an act; however, if the Congress is adjourned at the end of this period, then the bill dies and cannot be reconsidered (see pocket veto ). If

832-883: Is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: the Londoner , some Londoners ). Similarly, African , Africanize , and Africanism are not proper names, but are capitalized because Africa is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized ( Swiss in Swiss cheese ; Anglicize ; Calvinistically ; Petrarchism ) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic , Buddhist , Hollywoodize , Freudianism , and Reagonomics are capitalized; quixotic , bowdlerize , mesmerism , and pasteurization are not; aeolian and alpinism may be capitalized or not. Some words or some homonyms (depending on how

884-530: Is often capitalized (" Cuban Missile Crisis ") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most style guides give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not. Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: Dr , Baptist , Congregationalism , His and He in reference to

936-523: Is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary ). In most alphabetic languages, brand names and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names. Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names. In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means. In Egyptian hieroglyphs , parts of

988-452: Is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context. Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a definite article as redundant, and personal names (like John ) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with

1040-403: Is sometimes called onomastics or onomatology , while a rigorous analysis of the semantics of proper names is a matter for philosophy of language . Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of ellipsis (for instance, the three Kennedys = the three members of

1092-410: Is sometimes used in informal speech to indicate something for which getting permission is burdensome. For example, "It takes an act of Congress to get a building permit in this town." An act adopted by simple majorities in both houses of Congress is promulgated , or given the force of law, in one of the following ways: The president promulgates acts of Congress made by the first two methods. If an act

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1144-471: Is used for a class of single words ( tree , beauty ), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: Peter and Africa are both proper names and proper nouns; but Peter the Great and South Africa , while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper noun phrases ). The term common name is not much used to contrast with proper name , but some linguists have used

1196-488: Is usually an association between proper names and capitalization . In German, all nouns are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance: der Große Bär (the Great Bear, Ursa Major ). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of

1248-584: The Bill of Rights (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment (1865) capitalizes only proper nouns. In Danish , from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized. In modern English orthography , it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas ). It

1300-694: The Devanagari script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or syllabic scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically. There is evidence from brain disorders such as aphasia that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain. There also appear to be differences in language acquisition. Although Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names) and names of individuals (equivalent to proper names): When

1352-630: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act and was introduced and supported by democratic Senator Bennett Johnston, Jr. from Louisiana in January 1987. The new amendments to the act established minimum efficiency standards for many household appliances, including: Congress set the initial efficiency standards at the start of the act then set a schedule for the United States Department of Energy to review them. The act also put into place laws prohibiting manufacturers from making any representations about

1404-608: The Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: northerner or Northerner ; aboriginal trees but Aboriginal land rights in Australia . When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House , it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to

1456-562: The Himalayas ), and collections of islands (e.g., the Hebrides ). However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the mighty Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., " the Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop

1508-552: The Kennedy family ) and metaphor (for instance, the new Gandhi , likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi). Current linguistics makes a distinction between proper nouns and proper names but this distinction is not universally observed and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously. When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with the ), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as noun phrases such as

1560-505: The Kingdom ). Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, Mountain Bluebird does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called common name (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with

1612-856: The Mediterranean , the Thames ), buildings (e.g., the Parthenon ), institutions (e.g., the House of Commons ), cities and districts (e.g., The Hague , the Bronx ), works of literature (e.g., the Bible ), newspapers and magazines (e.g., The Times , The Economist , the New Statesman ), and events (e.g., the '45 , the Holocaust ). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g.,

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1664-682: The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . All of these laws and regulations have to do with creating mandatory standards that deal with the energy efficiency of certain household appliances. These standards were put in place to ensure that manufacturers were building products that are at the maximum energy efficiency levels are that are technically feasible and economically justified. The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1975 (NAECA)

1716-543: The United Kingdom , North Carolina , Royal Air Force , and the White House . Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their head ; the United Kingdom , for example, is a proper name with the common noun kingdom as its head, and North Carolina is headed by the proper noun Carolina . Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film Being There ; Hi De Ho as

1768-459: The United States Code; rather, it prevents the act from being enforced. However, the act as published in annotated codes and legal databases is marked with annotations indicating that it is no longer good law. Proper noun and common noun A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names . By this strict distinction, because the term noun

1820-584: The article the , as in the Netherlands , the Roaring Forties , or the Rolling Stones . A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named Rose is not a flower). If it once had a descriptive meaning, it may no longer be descriptive. For example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have

1872-449: The article. The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., " Da Vinci's Mona Lisa", " our United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in these United States", " that spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., " whose Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is no Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want another Holocaust"). An indefinite article phrase voids

1924-453: The common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example: Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in English. They may take titles, such as Mr Harris or Senator Harris . Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles , or historic York ; in

1976-492: The definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language terms these weak proper names , in contrast with the more typical strong proper names , which are normally used without an article. Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g.,

2028-418: The energy efficiency of any product on this list without first being tested by Federal testing procedure, and disclosing the results of such tests. Lastly the new act set new rules for when state regulations will be superseded by federal regulations in regard to testing and labeling requirements, and energy conservation standards. Act of Congress#Public law, private law, designation An act of Congress

2080-562: The head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., " the Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin"). Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It

2132-443: The initial element, though with many exceptions. European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient texts. In past centuries, orthographic practices in English varied widely. Capitalization

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2184-445: The president rejects a bill or resolution while the Congress is in session, a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress is needed for reconsideration to be successful. Promulgation in the sense of publishing and proclaiming the law is accomplished by the president, or the relevant presiding officer in the case of an overridden veto, delivering the act to the archivist of the United States . The archivist provides for its publication as

2236-416: The president, receive a congressional override from 2 ⁄ 3 of both houses. In the United States, acts of Congress are designated as either public laws , relating to the general public, or private laws , relating to specific institutions or individuals. Since 1957, all Acts of Congress have been designated as "Public Law X–Y" or "Private Law X–Y", where X is the number of the Congress and Y refers to

2288-482: The proper name Newtown though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town. In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization, but the details are complex and vary from language to language (French lundi , Canada , un homme canadien , un Canadien ; English Monday , Canada , a Canadian man , a Canadian ; Italian lunedì , Canada , un uomo canadese , un canadese ). The study of proper names

2340-408: The sequential order of the bill (when it was enacted). For example, P. L. 111–5 ( American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) was the fifth enacted public law of the 111th United States Congress . Public laws are also often abbreviated as Pub. L. No. X–Y. When the legislation of those two kinds are proposed, it is called public bill and private bill respectively. The word "act", as used in

2392-430: The term proper name ). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species ( Sialia currucoides ), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains. Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Londoner is capitalized because it derives from the proper name London , but it

2444-483: The term "act of Congress", is a common, not a proper noun . The capitalization of the word "act" (especially when used standing alone to refer to an act mentioned earlier by its full name) is deprecated by some dictionaries and usage authorities. However, the Bluebook requires "Act" to be capitalized when referring to a specific legislative act. The United States Code capitalizes "act". The term "act of Congress"

2496-410: The term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply names , but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives (or proper adverbs , and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. Chastity, for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity

2548-550: The use of the definite article (e.g., " a restored Sistine Chapel", " a Philippines free from colonial masters"). The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., " Hague residents are concerned ...", "... eight pints of Thames water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., " the Amazon jungle ", " the Bay of Pigs debacle "). Vocative phrases that address

2600-659: The week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has House of Representatives , in which lexical words are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian Državni zbor , "National Assembly"). In Czech , multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in

2652-463: Was enacted to help create uniform appliance efficiency standards at a time when individual states were creating their own standards. The NAECA established a conservation program for major household appliances, however no real standards came into existence until the 1980s when appliance manufacturers realized it was easier to conform to a uniform federal standard then individual state standards. The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 amended

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2704-553: Was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and all of the Constitution (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized;

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