Sir Nathaniel Brent (c. 1573 – 6 November 1652) was an English college head.
64-443: He was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wolford , Warwickshire, where he was born about 1573. He became 'portionist,' or postmaster, of Merton College, Oxford , in 1589; proceeded B.A. on 20 June 1593; was admitted probationer fellow there in 1594, and took the degree of M.A. on 31 October 1598. He was proctor of the university in 1607, and admitted bachelor of law on 11 October 1623. In 1613 and 1614 he travelled abroad, securing
128-467: A castellated parapet . To the north of Broadmoor Lodge is a 2011 Grade II listed milepost . Farther south is a house listed in 1987 as Double Lodges, divided into two residences. Dating to c.1830, of two storeys in coursed limestone and T-plan, it is in Tudor domestic style, with dutch gables with two-light mullion windows , and a porch on its front face at right angles to the road. Farther south still
192-491: A Thomas Spencer and an Edward Sheldon, by Catesby, Sir Thomas Leigh, and Lord Ellesmere whose wife was sister to the second wife of Henry, Lord Compton. Because of transaction inconsistency, the manors reverted to the Compton family. In 1819 they were sold, by Charles Compton, Marquess of Northampton , to Lord Redesdale , they subsequently passing to his son John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale . The unmarried earl then left
256-416: A gabled porch off centre to the right. Between these two buildings, and at the west side of Little Wolford Road at its junction with Rosary Lane, is a wellhead (listed 1987) which probably dates to the 19th century. Set into the pavement wall, and recessed within a structure of coursed limestone which includes fragments of architectural elements, it comprises an iron trough fed by a "beast head". Inset within
320-412: A presbyterian, on whom Laud repeatedly refused to confer the living of Chartham . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Stephen, Leslie , ed. (1886). " Brent, Nathaniel ". Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 6. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Little Wolford Little Wolford is a hamlet and civil parish in
384-582: A shoemaker. Although described as a hamlet of Great Wolford (under 'Wolford') in 19th and 20th-century trade directories, Little Wolford and Great Wolford had attained separate parish status under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1866, which established new civil parishes for the purposes of the New Poor Law of 1834, and collection of poor rate . Lowest tier of local government is direct democracy through Little Wolford Parish Meeting , whose remit
448-523: A type of scholar at Merton. In 1652, Wood amused himself with ploughing and bell-ringing . "Having had from his most tender years an extraordinary ravishing delight in music", he began to teach himself the violin and took his BA examinations. He engaged a music-master and obtained permission to use the Bodleian Library , "which he took to be the happiness of his life". He received the MA degree in 1655, and in
512-611: Is Bedlam Lodge (listed in 1987 with its attached buildings). This dates to the mid-19th century, and is built of coursed limestone in T-plan, and is of one storey and an attic in Tudor domestic style. There are mullioned windows and a gabled porch. The listed rear range outbuilding to the lodge contains a kitchen and a "small dog kennel with 4-centred arch." Farthest south is Weston Lodge (listed 1987), dating to c.1830, and again possibly designed by Edward Blore as part of his scheme for Weston House. It
576-504: Is at the south of Warwickshire , and borders the Todenham parish of Gloucestershire at the north-west. Adjacent Warwickshire parishes are Burmington at the north, Long Compton at the east, Barton-on-the-Heath at the south, and Great Wolford at the west with the boundary defined by the course of Nethercote Brook, a tributary of the River Stour . Most of the southern part of the parish
640-466: Is built in coursed limestone and in two storeys in Tudor domestic style, with a gabled and buttressed porch with Tudor-arch-style portal, and an upper sill course below a castellated parapet with "polygonal corner turrets". The windows are mullioned with hood moulds , the one on the ground floor facing the road, a bay . To the rear is a one-story gabled range. At the head of the drive at Weston Lodge are two gate piers (listed 1987), both probably dating to
704-482: Is in the Bodleian. On 29 July 1693, Wood was condemned and fined in the vice-chancellor's court for certain libels against the late Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon . He was punished by being banished from the university until he recanted, the offending pages being burnt. The proceedings were printed in a volume of Miscellanies , published by Edmund Curll in 1714. Wood was attacked by Bishop Burnet in A letter to
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#1732847924662768-655: Is more limited than a parish council . The next higher tier of government is Stratford-on-Avon District Council, to which Little Wolford sends one councillor under the Brailes and Compton ward, above this, Warwickshire County Council , where Little Wolford is represented by the seat for the Shipston division of the Stratford-on-Avon area. Little Wolford is represented in the UK Parliament House of Commons as part of
832-502: Is no evidence that they did so, and, in October 1651, Brent retired from the commission. On 27 November, following he resigned his office of Warden, nominally in obedience to an order forbidding pluralities, but his refusal to sign 'the engagement,' a statement of loyalty, was a probable cause of his resignation. Brent afterwards withdrew to his house in London, and died there on 6 November 1652. He
896-407: Is one Grade II* and nine Grade II listed buildings and structures. Little Wolford Manor House (Grade II* listed in 1987), within the hamlet on Little Wolford Road, with its attached bakehouse and gateway, dates to the late 15th or early 16th-century, but with later additions and changes. Of limestone courses, with earlier parts of ashlar , it is of two storeys and L-plan, previously U-plan until
960-530: Is part of the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The A3400 road runs north to south through the parish, locally from Shipston-on-Stour at the north to Chipping Norton at the south. The only other parish roads, apart from farm and residential tracks and cul-de-sacs , is the minor road running east from the A3400 to the village of Cherington , and the minor Little Wolford Road running from
1024-532: Is poor, and his taste and judgment are frequently warped by prejudice, but his two great works and unpublished collections form a priceless source of information on Oxford and her worthies. He was always suspected of being a Roman Catholic , and invariably treated Jacobites and Papists better than Dissenters in the Athenae , but he died in communion with the Church of England . Wood's original manuscript (purchased by
1088-573: The Athenae was written, as well as several large volumes of Wood's correspondence and all his diaries, are preserved in the Bodleian. A fictionalised version of Anthony Wood is one of four narrators in Iain Pears ' 1998 novel An Instance of the Fingerpost , which is set in the early 1660s. Wood regularly wrote in his diaries and in other writings. With this, he wrote several accounts of life in Oxford in
1152-755: The Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry (1693), and defended by his nephew Thomas Wood , in a Vindication of the Historiographer , to which is added the Historiographer's Answer (1693), reproduced in the subsequent editions of the Athenae . The nephew also defended his uncle in An Appendix to the Life of Bishop Seth Ward (1697). After a short illness Anthony Wood died, and was buried in the outer chapel of St John Baptist ( Merton College ), in Oxford, where he had superintended
1216-636: The Cottonian Library , and William Prynne showed him the same civility for the Tower records. On 22 October 1669, he was sent for by the delegates of the press, "that whereas he had taken a great deal of paines in writing the Hist. and Antiq. of the Universitie of Oxon , they would for his paines give him an 100 li. for his copie, conditionally, that he would suffer the book to be translated into Latine". He accepted
1280-606: The Fasti , or Annals for the said time. Wood contemplated publishing a third volume of the Athenae , printed in the Netherlands. The third appeared subsequently as "a new edition, with additions, and a continuation by Philip Bliss " (1813–1820, 4 vols. 4to). The Ecclesiastical History Society proposed to bring out a fourth edition, which stopped at the Life , ed. by Bliss (1848, 8vo; see Cent. Mag., N.S., xxix. 135, 268). Bliss's interleaved copy
1344-514: The Gentleman's Magazine (3rd ser., ix. x. xi.). Wood bequeathed his library (127 manuscripts and 970 printed books) to the Ashmolean Museum , and the keeper, William Huddesford , printed a catalogue of the manuscripts in 1761. In 1858 the whole collection was transferred to the Bodleian Library , where 25 volumes of Wood's manuscripts had been since 1690. Many of the original papers from which
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#17328479246621408-787: The Stratford-on-Avon constituency, its 2019 sitting MP being Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party . Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was part of the West Midlands constituency of the European Parliament . Little Wolford civil parish has no amenities, and is entirely rural, of farms, fields, and dispersed businesses and residential properties, the only nucleated settlement being the hamlet of Little Wolford. It approximates an oval in shape, 2.5 miles (4 km) north to south, and 1.5 miles (2 km) east to west at its widest. It
1472-638: The Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire , England. With the neighbouring parish of Great Wolford it is part of 'The Wolfords'. Little Wolford is significant for its Grade II* listed 15th- to 16th-century Little Wolford Manor . According to A Dictionary of British Place Names , Wolford derives from the Old English 'wulf' with 'weard', meaning a "place protected against wolves". The Concise Oxfordshire Dictionary of English Place-names adds that 'weard' might mean "guard", and as such might here be unique usage, as an "arrangement for protection, [or] fence",
1536-597: The Trent , acting for the archbishop in his metropolitical visitation of the province of Canterbury, reporting upon and correcting ecclesiastical abuses. He had a house of his own in Little Britain , London and was often absent from Merton. On 23 August 1629 he was knighted at Woodstock by Charles I of England , who was preparing to pay a state visit to Oxford. In August 1636, Brent presented Prince Charles and Prince Rupert for degrees, when Laud, who had become Chancellor of
1600-452: The University of Oxford . Unmarried, he led a life devoted to scholarship and antiquarian pursuits. Anthony Wood was born in Oxford on 17 December 1632, as the fourth son of Thomas Wood (1581–1643), BCL of Oxford , and his second wife, Mary (1602–1667), daughter of Robert Pettie and Penelope Taverner. Wood was sent to New College School in 1641, and at the age of twelve was removed to
1664-533: The diocese of Canterbury . During the 19th century Little Wolford was part of the Brailes division of the Kington Hundred , and described as a hamlet of Great wolford. In 1801 parish population was 229. By 1841 Little Wolford contained 274 inhabitants in 53 houses, in a parish area of 1,324 acres (536 ha), in which were 339 acres (137 ha) of common land or waste. The industrialist, politician and lord of
1728-483: The A3400, south through Little Wolford hamlet, then west along the boundary of the AONB to the village of Great Wolford. Running south off Little Wolford Road is Pepperwell Lane which dog-legs east to the A3400. The county town and city of Gloucester is 28 miles (45 km) to the south-west. Closest towns to the hamlet are Moreton-in-Marsh , 4 miles (6 km) to the south-west, and Shipston-on-Stour, 3 miles (5 km) to
1792-451: The Abbots secured Brent's election in 1622 to the wardenship of Merton College, in succession to Sir Henry Savile . He was afterwards appointed commissary of the diocese of Canterbury , and vicar-general to the archbishop, and on Sir Henry Marten 's death became judge of the prerogative court. During the early years of William Laud 's primacy (1634–7), Brent made a tour through England south of
1856-581: The Bodleian in 1846) was first published by John Gutch as The History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford , with a continuation (1786–1790, 2 vols. 4to), and The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford (1792–1796, 3 vols. 410), with a portrait of Wood. To these can be added The Antient and Present State of the City of Oxford, chiefly collected by A. à Wood, with additions by
1920-610: The Italian text of the History of the Council of Trent which he was to translate. In 1616, he was in the Hague with Dudley Carleton , ambassador there, who wrote about Brent's ambitions to Ralph Winwood . Soon after the close of his foreign tour Brent married Martha, the daughter and heiress of Robert Abbot, Bishop of Salisbury , and niece of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury . The influence of
1984-597: The Rev. Sir J. Peshall (1773, 4to; the text is garbled and the editing very imperfect). The Survey of the Antiquities of the City of Oxford, composed in 1661–66 by Anthony Wood , edited by Andrew Clark , was issued by the Oxford Historical Society (1889–1899, 3 vols. 8vo). Modius Salium, a Collection of Pieces of Humour was published at Oxford in 1751, 12mo. Some letters between John Aubrey and Wood were published in
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2048-415: The University of Oxford in 1630, was entertaining the royal family. In 1638 Laud held a visitation of Merton College, and insisted on many radical reforms. Laud stayed at the college for many weeks, and found Brent an obstinate opponent. Charges of maladministration were brought against Brent by some of those whom Laud examined, but he took no public proceedings against Brent on these grounds. His letters to
2112-450: The commission with rigour. But Brent grew dissatisfied with its proceedings. The visitors claimed to rule Merton College as they pleased, and, without consulting the Warden, they admitted fellows, Masters, and Bachelors of Arts. On 13 February 1651, he sent a petition of protest against the conduct of the visitors to parliament. The commissioners were ordered to answer Brent's complaint, but there
2176-496: The digging of his own grave only a few days before. He was described as "a very strong lusty man," of uncouth manners and appearance, not so deaf as he pretended, of reserved and temperate habits, not avaricious and a despiser of honours. He received neither office nor reward from the university which owed so much to his labours. He never married, and led a life of self-denial, entirely devoted to antiquarian research. Bell-ringing and music were his chief relaxations. His literary style
2240-504: The early 19th century. At the rear of the house is a 17th-century gabled range with a timber framed jetty with oriel windows . Attached is the 17th-century bakehouse, and a cottage. On the opposite side of the road from the Manor House, and just north of Rosary Lane on a private road, is The Hollows (listed 1987), a late 18th century limestone farmhouse, 'L-plan' of two storeys. There are three bays , each with casement windows , and
2304-538: The early to mid-19th century. Both of limestone, they are surmounted by poppy-head finials . Two levelled former earthworks of banks and ditches signifying enclosures , photographed by the Warwickshire National Mapping Project in 1947, are to the east from the hamlet and A3400 road ( 52°00′57″N 1°36′30″W / 52.0157°N 1.60843°W / 52.0157; -1.60843 ), and which, according to Pastscape , "are presumed to be
2368-486: The following year published a volume of sermons by his late brother Edward. Wood began, systematically, to copy monumental inscriptions and to search for antiquities in the city and neighbourhood. He went through the Christ Church, Oxford registers, "at this time being resolved to set himself to the study of antiquities." John Wallis , the keeper, allowed him free access to the university registers in 1660; "here he layd
2432-431: The foundation of that book which was fourteen years afterwards published, viz. Hist. et Antiq. Univ. Oxon ". He also came to know the Oxford collections of Brian Twyne to which he was greatly indebted, and those of the assiduous antiquary Ralph Sheldon . He steadily investigated the muniments of all the colleges, and in 1667 made his first journey to London, where he visited William Dugdale , who introduced him into
2496-438: The free Lord Williams's School at Thame , where his studies were interrupted by Civil War skirmishes. He was then placed under the tuition of his brother Edward (1627–1655), of Trinity College, Oxford , and, as he tells us, "while he continued in this condition his mother would alwaies be soliciting him to be an apprentice which he could never endure to heare of". He was entered at Merton College in 1647, and made postmaster,
2560-472: The manor Sir George Philips in 1844 purchased Little Wolford Manor , formerly in the possession of the Ingram family. Directory listed trades and occupations in 1850 included five farmers, two in the same family, a brickmaker, shoemaker, blacksmith , a corn miller, and two carpenters. By 1896 Little Wolford Manor House was the property of Juliana, Countess of Camperdown, née Juliana Cavendish Philips (1812-1898),
2624-465: The manors to Algernon Bertram Mitford , created Baron Redesdale in 1902. After his death in 1916, the manors passed to David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale , the father of the Mitford sisters . Sir Nathaniel Brent (c.1573 – 1652) was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wolford. He was in 1616 the ambassador at the Hague , in 1622 the warden of Merton College, Oxford , and afterwards commissary of
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2688-743: The north. The neighbouring village of Great Wolford is 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south-west. The nearest railway station is at Moreton-in-Marsh on the Cotswold Line of the Great Western Railway . Bus services operate within Little Wolford. A stop in the hamlet includes connections to Shipston-on-Stour and Burmington on a circuitous village Shipston Link service. The only other stop, on the A3400, includes connections to Shipston-on-Stour, Stratford upon Avon , Chipping Norton, Whichford , Long Compton , and Lower Brailes . Within Little Wolford
2752-404: The offer and set to work to prepare his English manuscript for the translators, Richard Peers and Richard Reeve , both appointed by John Fell , Dean of Christ Church, who undertook the expense of printing. In 1674, appeared Historia, et antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis , handsomely reprinted "e Theatro Sheldoniano " in two folio volumes, the first devoted to the university in general and
2816-599: The office of judge-marshal in their ranks. He had also signed the Solemn League and Covenant . The petition for the formal removal of Brent, to which the king's letter was an answer, was drawn up by John Greaves , Savilian professor of geometry . On 9 April, William Harvey was elected to fill Brent's place: but as soon as Oxford fell into the hands of Thomas Fairfax , the parliamentary general (24 June 1646), Brent returned to Merton, and apparently resumed his post there without any opposition being offered him. In 1647, Brent
2880-477: The outbreak of the First English Civil War Brent sided with Parliament. Before Charles I entered Oxford (29 October 1642), he had abandoned Oxford for London. On 27 January 1645 Charles I wrote to the remaining Fellows at Merton that Brent was deposed from his office on the grounds of his having absented himself for three years from the college, of having adhered to the rebels, and of having accepted
2944-544: The parish. After Robert de Stafford died (c.1100), his manor at Wolford passed through his sister Milicent de Stafford (who married Hervey Bagot), to her son Hervey de Stafford, who had adopted his mother's name. The manor was divided in 1242 at the time of the later Robert de Stafford, becoming Great and Little Wolford. Ownership stayed with the Stafford family , including the 15th-century Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham . In 1521 Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
3008-417: The remains of copse enclosures" and "appear to be a ornamental Park land feature" at what was the south-east edge of the formal park of the now nonexistent Weston House, until the 18th century a 300 acres (121 ha) deer park which was established by Henry VIII. Anthony %C3%A0 Wood Anthony Wood (17 December 1632 – 28 November 1695), who styled himself Anthony à Wood in his later writings,
3072-476: The second to the colleges. Copies were widely distributed, and university and author received much praise; in the following year the magnificent series of illustrations linked to the history were separately published as David Loggan 's Oxonia Illustrata , which contained instructions on where to insert the plates in Wood's history; copies of the history 'with the cuts' became a special gift object for noble visitors to
3136-429: The sole landowner and wife to Adam Haldane-Duncan, 2nd Earl of Camperdown . Land area was 1,312 acres (531 ha) in which lived, in 1891, 178 people. There was a post box but no post office. The nearest money order office was at Long Compton , the nearest telegraph offices at Moreton-in-Marsh and Shipston-on-Stour . A National School for 70 children was erected in 1874 by Lord Redesdale; its average 1896 attendance
3200-421: The south-east of the parish. By the beginning of the 17th century there were two watermills , one perhaps on Nethercote Brook which divides today's parishes of Little and Great Wolford. The fields were evident as late as 1940 through aerial photography which indicated a ridge and furrow system of ploughing . This medieval or post-medieval system of cultivation was shown by earthworks which continued beyond
3264-509: The structure face, and to the right of the trough is a Victorian post-box. On the A3400 there are four Grade II lodges. The northernmost, at the junction with the road to Cherington, is Broadmoor Lodge (listed 1987), possibly designed by Edward Blore as part of his scheme for the now demolished Weston House. It dates to c.1830 and is of coursed limestone in two storeys with a gabled and buttressed porch with Tudor-arch-style portal, and an upper sill course with gargoyle at each corner below
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#17328479246623328-538: The title from the 1066 lord Aelfric (uncle of Thorkil) – the manor contained three villagers , one ploughland with 0.5 men's plough team, and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of meadow. The land of the Count of Meluan had Ralf as lord, again acquiring the title from the 1066 lord Aelfric - the manor contained three villagers, five smallholders , two slaves, and four ploughlands with one lord's plough team and one men's plough team. De Stafford had three manorial lands. Firstly, one where he
3392-585: The university. Wood was disappointed with the Latin translation, and Bishop Barlow told a correspondent that "not only the Latine but the history itself is in many things ridiculously false". Despite the carping, Wood's meticulously researched text, with extensive footnotes to original sources, remains a worthy successor to Dugdale's work which had been his inspiration. In 1678 the university registers which had been in Wood's custody for eighteen years were removed, as it
3456-459: The visitors for the degree of M.A. Early in May of the same year Brent spoke for Anthony à Wood 's retention of his postmastership in spite of his avowed royalism. Wood wrote that he owed this favour to the intercession of his mother, whom Brent had known from a girl. On 17 May 1649, Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell paid the university a threatening visit, and malcontents were thenceforth proceeded against by
3520-445: The warden are, however, couched in very haughty and decisive language. The tenth charge in the indictment drawn up Laud in 1641 treats of the unlawful authority exercised by him at Merton in 1638. Brent came forward as a hostile witness at Laud's trial . His testimony as to Laud's intimacy with papists and the like was damaging to the archbishop, but it did not add to his own reputation. Laud replied in writing to Brent's accusations. On
3584-711: The whole name perhaps "enclosure to protect flocks from wolves". In the Domesday Book , the settlement is variously listed as 'Ulware', 'Ulwarda' and 'Wolwarde', and in 1242 as 'Parva Wulleward'. In 1086, after the Norman Conquest , Little Wolford was in the Hundred of Barcheston and county of Warwickshire. There were three Tenants-in-chief to king William I : Bishop Odo of Bayeux , Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (Count of Meulan), and Robert de Stafford . Bishop Odo retained Gerald as his lord , who had acquired
3648-501: Was 61. Trades and occupations listed in 1896 included six farmers, a shoemaker, two graziers and a blacksmith & farrier . Population in 1901 was 181. In 1912 Little Wolford Manor House was the property of the Earl of Camperdown, who was the parish sole landowner. The National School was now a Public Elementary School ( Education Act 1902 ), with an average attendance of 57. Trades and occupations listed were eight farmers, two graziers and
3712-402: Was also Lord, this acquired from the 1066 lord Vagn (of Wootton), which contained eight villagers, eight smallholders, four slaves and a priest, with ten ploughlands, six men's plough teams and a mill. Secondly, one with Ordwy as lord, acquired from the 1066 lord Alwy, which contained four villagers, four smallholders, six ploughlands, and two lord's and one men's plough teams. Thirdly, where Alwin
3776-617: Was an English antiquary . He was responsible for a celebrated Hist. and Antiq. of the Universitie of Oxon . He meticulously researched and documented the history of Oxford , producing significant works such as the Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis and the Athenae Oxonienses . Despite criticism for errors and suspected biases, his works remain invaluable. Wood had free access to university records, consulted with notable scholars, and faced controversy, including banishment from
3840-433: Was appointed president of the parliamentary commission, or visitation, ordered by Parliament "for the correction of offences, abuses, and disorders" in the University of Oxford . The proceedings began on 3 June, but it was not until 30 September that the colleges were directed to forward to Merton their statutes, registers, and accounts to enable Brent and his colleagues to set to work. On 12 April 1648, Brent presented four of
3904-642: Was buried in St Bartholomew-the-Less . In 1620 he translated into English the History of the Council of Trent by Pietro Soave Polano (i.e. Paolo Sarpi ). A second edition appeared in 1629, and another in 1676, Archbishop Abbot had caused the Latin original to be published for the first time in 1619 in London. In 1625, asked by George Abbot, he republished the defence of the church of England Vindiciae Ecclesiae Anglicanae , first published in 1613 by Francis Mason , archdeacon of Norfolk . Brent's daughter Margaret married Edward Corbet of Merton College,
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#17328479246623968-419: Was executed by Henry VIII for treason. The year before he had, through trustees, sold the manors to Henry's courtier , Sir William Compton . The manors of Great and Little Wolford stayed in the Compton family until 1819, however, at about 1600 they were bought by Robert Catesby , the leader of the group of English Catholics who planned the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot . They were then, in 1605, transferred to
4032-579: Was feared that he would be implicated in the Popish Plot . To relieve himself from suspicion he took the Oath of Supremacy . During this time he had been gradually completing his great work, which was produced by a London publisher in 1691–1692, 2 vols. folio, Athenae Oxonienses : an Exact History of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the University of Oxford from 1500 to 1690 , to which are added
4096-440: Was the lord in 1066 and 1086, which contained four villagers, three smallholders, a slave, and two ploughlands with one lord's and one men's plough teams. By the 13th century there were four fields, each two cultivated under a two-field system of crop rotation, and as virgates . A corn mill and fulling mill existed. There were further smaller virgates, one at Pepperwell (then Yperwelle), signified by Pepperwell Lane today at
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