The Napa River is a river approximately 55 miles (89 km) long in the U.S. state of California . It drains a famous wine-growing region called the Napa Valley , in the mountains north of the San Francisco Bay . Milliken Creek and Mt. Veeder watersheds are a few of its many tributaries. The river mouth is at Vallejo , where the intertidal zone of fresh and salt waters flow into the Carquinez Strait and the San Pablo Bay .
105-619: The Napa River rises in northwestern Napa County just south of the summit of Mt. St. Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains of the California Coast Ranges . The source begins as seasonal Kimball Canyon Creek in Robert Louis Stevenson State Park at an elevation of 3,745 feet (1,141 m) which descends the southern slope of Mt. St. Helena to Kimball Canyon Dam. It flows south for 4 miles (6 km), entering
210-554: A diurnal cycle , becoming dark at day and pale at night. The skin also has photoreceptors , light sensitive cells, most of them concentrated in the tail, which helps them to stay buried. Lampreys may spend up to eight years as ammocoetes, while species such as the Arctic lamprey may only spend one to two years as larvae, prior to undergoing a metamorphosis which generally lasts 3–4 months, but can vary between species. While metamorphosing, they do not eat. The rate of water moving across
315-402: A notochord , dorsal hollow nerve cord , pharyngeal slits , pituitary gland / endostyle , and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be chordates . Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. The notochord is derived from the mesoderm and is one of
420-498: A dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis individuals display two bluish stripes running
525-504: A dwindled able bodied agricultural labor force caused by the needs of the American war effort. Following the war, several new small and medium size businesses began operating in the county. A large majority of these businesses were related to the wine industry and tourism. Agriculture in the county remained very diverse until late in the 20th century when wine grapes again became the primary focus. While vineyards were planted on well over 90% of
630-464: A fellow Prussian compatriot and pioneer viticulturalist at Sonoma, married Lolita's younger sister Caroline with a dowry that included land near the Bale mill. Krug then moved north of St. Helena to establish the valley's first commercial winery. John Patchett opened the first commercial winery in the county in 1859. The vineyard and wine cellar were in an area now in the city limits of Napa. After working as
735-472: A female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.16. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
840-554: A guide for one of the earliest immigrant trains to California, was granted Rancho Catacula in 1844. The Town of Napa was founded on Rancho Entre Napa by Nathan Coombs in 1847. Following the event of the Mexican–American War , Bear Flag Revolt in 1846 and the Mexican Cession in 1848, settlers were granted deeds from the original ranchos during the 1850s through 1870s. To this day, a number of streets and landmarks around
945-826: A low tolerance for high water temperatures, which may explain why they are not distributed in the tropics. Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by river habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. In Britain, at the time of the 11th-century Norman Conquest of England, lampreys were found as far upstream in the River Thames as Petersham . The reduction of pollution in the Thames and River Wear has led to recent sightings in London and Chester-le-Street . Distribution of lampreys may also be adversely affected by dams and other construction projects due to disruption of migration routes and obstruction of access to spawning grounds. Conversely,
1050-411: A model system to work out the fundamental principles of motor control in vertebrates starting in the spinal cord and working toward the brain. In a series of studies by Rovainen and his student James Buchanan, the cells that formed the neural circuits within the spinal cord capable of generating the rhythmic motor patterns that underlie swimming were examined. Note that there are still missing details in
1155-567: A political party. Major Economic Activity in Napa County (Highest number in each category highlighted ) Napa Valley is widely considered one of the top American Viticultural Areas in California, and all of the United States, with a history dating back to the early nineteenth century. By the end of the nineteenth century, there were more than 140 wineries in the area. Several still exist in
SECTION 10
#17328453389671260-574: A resort town taking advantage of or the area's numerous mineral hot springs. He also founded the Napa Valley Railroad Company in 1864 to bring tourists to Calistoga from San Francisco ferry boats that docked in Vallejo . Brannan's railroad venture failed and was sold at a foreclosure sale in 1869. The railroad eventually came under the ownership of Southern Pacific Railroad late in the 19th century. The Veterans Home of California Yountville
1365-441: A single pair of regular eyes as well as two parietal eyes : a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of Mordacia ). The eyes of juvenile lampreys are poorly developed eyespot-like structures that are covered in non-transparent skin, while the eyes of adult lampreys are well developed. Accommodation is done by flattening the cornea, which pushes the lens towards the retina. The eye of family Mordaciidae possess just
1470-423: A single type of photoreceptor (rod-like), the family Petromyzontidae possess two photoreceptor types (a cone-like and a rod-like), and the family Geotriidae possesses five types of photoreceptors. The buccal cavity , anterior to the gonads , is responsible for attaching the animal, through suction, to either a stone or its prey. This then allows the tongue to make contact with the stone to rasp algae , or tear at
1575-446: A small number of radially arranged teeth, they lacked the specialised, heavily toothed discs with plate-like laminae present in modern lampreys, and it is possible that they fed by scraping algae off of animals, rather than feeding by predation/parasitism. They also lacked the modern three stage life cycle including ammocoetes found in modern lampreys, with the juvenile stages of these species closely resembling adults. Myxineidus from
1680-407: A snapshot of life and insight into some of the characters that lived around the valley during the later part of the 19th century. Stevenson, accompanied by his new bride Fanny Vandegrift and her 12-year-old son from a previous marriage, Lloyd Osbourne , spent the late spring and early summer of 1880 honeymooning in an abandoned bunk house at a played-out mine near the summit of Mount Saint Helena. In
1785-449: A sucking mouth. Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals. Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called redds ) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000. The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being semelparous , both adults die after
1890-416: A wedding gift from George Yount, land in the area of the valley now known as Rutherford. Rutherford established himself as a serious grower and producer of fine wines in the following years. Bale's oldest daughter Lolita married the seaman Louis Bruck. When Bale died in 1848, Bruck became the executor of the will for the family. He was elected the first mayor of Napa City when incorporated in 1872. Charles Krug,
1995-544: A winemaker for Patchett, Charles Krug founded his own winery in St. Helena 1861. The county's population began to grow in the mid-century as pioneers, prospectors, and entrepreneurs moved in and set up residence. During this period, settlers primarily raised cattle and farmed grain and fruit crops. Mineral mining also played a role in the economics of the county. In 1858 the great silver rush began in Napa Valley, and miners flocked to
2100-642: Is Hood Mountain , elevation 2,750 feet (840 m). Napa County is home to a variety of flora and fauna including numerous rare and endangered species such as Tiburon Indian paintbrush and Contra Costa goldfields . The 2010 United States Census reported Napa County had a population of 136,484. The racial makeup of Napa County was 97,525 (71.5%) White , 2,668 (2.0%) African American , 1,058 (0.8%) Native American , 9,223 (6.8%) Asian , 372 (0.3%) Pacific Islander , 20,058 (14.7%) from other races , and 5,580 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44,010 persons (32.2%). As of
2205-415: Is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus , one atrium , and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages. The pineal gland , a photosensitive organ regulating melatonin production by capturing light signals through the photoreceptor cell converting them into intercellular signals of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body, for lamprey, the pineal eye is accompanied by
SECTION 20
#17328453389672310-457: Is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra , which may mean "stone licker" ( lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. Lamprey is sometimes seen for the plural form. There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys and around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families: two small families in
2415-408: Is in the 4th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry , and the 3rd Senate District , represented by Democrat Bill Dodd . The county is one of three counties in California to establish a separate department to deal with corrections pursuant to California Government Code §23013, along with Santa Clara County and Madera County . Historically, Napa County
2520-497: Is thought not to have exceeded 5000 persons. In 1776, a fort was erected by the Spanish Governor, Felipe de Neve , a short distance northwest of Napa, on an elevated plateau . Russians from Sonoma County 's Fort Ross grazed cattle and sheep in the Napa Valley in the early 19th century and in 1841 a survey party from the fort placed a plaque on the summit of Mount Saint Helena . Francis Castro and Father Jose Altimura were
2625-764: The "Judgment of Paris" in 1976. In prehistoric times, the valley was inhabited by the Patwin Native Americans , with possible habitation by Wappo tribes in the northwestern foothills. Most villages are thought to have been constructed near the floodplains of watercourses that drain the valley. Their food consisted of wild roots, acorns , small animals, earthworms , grasshoppers , and bread made from crushed California buckeye kernels. In winter they would construct huts made of tree branches. In summer they camped near rivers and streams. In winter months, they were half-clad in wild animal skins and at other times they wore no clothing. The maximum prehistoric population
2730-569: The Jurassic Period , around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the Middle Jurassic and the end of the Cretaceous . Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and filter feed . Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into
2835-614: The Southern Hemisphere ( Geotriidae , Mordaciidae ) and one large family in the Northern Hemisphere ; ( Petromyzontidae ). Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to hagfish , the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to jawed vertebrates , forming the superclass Cyclostomi . The oldest fossils of stem-group lampreys are from the latest Devonian Period , around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during
2940-456: The T cells and B cells present in higher vertebrates immune system. Pouched lamprey ( Geotria australis ) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions. The adults spawn in nests of sand, gravel and pebbles in clear streams. After hatching from the eggs, young larvae—called ammocoetes —will drift downstream with
3045-521: The census of 2000, there were 124,279 people, 45,402 households, and 30,691 families residing in the county. The population density was 165 inhabitants per square mile (64/km ). There were 48,554 housing units at an average density of 64 units per square mile (25 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county in 2010 was 56.4% non-Hispanic White, 1.8% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. 32.2% of
3150-515: The otic vesicle . The lamprey has been extensively studied because its relatively simple brain is thought in many respects to reflect the brain structure of early vertebrate ancestors. Beginning in the 1970s, Sten Grillner and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm followed on from extensive work on the lamprey started by Carl Rovainen in the 1960s that used the lamprey as
3255-403: The pharyngeal slits , are openings found between the pharynx or throat. Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they feed by filter feeding. Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become parasitic on other fish, and these gill slits become very important in aiding in
Napa River - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-400: The phylum Chordata , which also includes the invertebrate subphyla Tunicata (sea-squirts) and the fish-like Cephalochordata ( lancelets or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the infraphylum Agnatha or Agnathostomata (both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate infraphylum is Gnathostomata (jawed mouths) and includes
3465-470: The 1970s, a concrete cover was removed from culverted sections of the Napa Creek, re-exposing the water to daylight. There is some debate as to whether this constituted one of the country's earliest "daylighting" projects, since the construction was undertaken with little thought to the river's ecology or restoration of riparian habitat. This construction is not believed to be responsible for later flooding along
3570-1068: The 20th century, both names were used indiscriminately, even by the same author in subsequent publications. In the mid-1970s, the ICZN was called upon to fix one name or the other, and after much debate had to resolve the issue by voting. Thus, in 1980, the spelling with a "t" won out, and in 1981, it became official that all higher-level taxa based on Petromyzon have to start with "Petromyzont-". Phylogeny based on Brownstein & Near, 2023. Geotria Gray 1851 (pouched lampreys) Mordacia Gray 1853 (southern topeyed lampreys) Caspiomyzon Berg 1906 Petromyzon Linnaeus 1758 ( Sea lamprey ) Ichthyomyzon Girard 1858 Entosphenus Gill 1863 Tetrapleurodon Creaser & Hubbs 1922 (Mexican lampreys) Western American " Lampetra " Lethenteron Creaser & Hubbs 1922 Eudontomyzon Regan 1911 Lampetra sensu stricto Bonnaterre 1788 (Eastern American and European Lampetra ) Recent studies differ regarding
3675-477: The California Legislature to give landowners property tax relief for designating their land for agricultural purposes. This agricultural preserve on the floor of the valley in unincorporated areas between Napa and Calistoga was the first of its kind in the state. Initially, the preserve encompassed 23,000 acres (93.1 km ),but it has grown to more than 30,000 acres (121.4 km ). In 2010, legislation
3780-557: The Carboniferous of France, often considered to be a hagfish , has been found to be a lamprey in some studies. The earliest lamprey with the specialised toothed oral disc typical of modern lampreys is Yanliaomyzon from the Middle Jurassic of China around 163 million years old, which is thought to have had a predatory lifestyle like modern lampreys, and probably had a three stage life cycle including ammocoetes. Mesomyzon from
3885-464: The Early Cretaceous of China, which displays the three stage life cycle with ammocoetes, was found in one study to be more closely related to the family Petromyzonidae than to other living lampreys, though other studies have found it to be outside the group containing all living lampreys. Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing
3990-572: The Napa County Resource Conservation District began an ongoing salmon monitoring program, and have recorded a run of approximately 400 - 1000 fall-run Chinook salmon the past several years. The Chinook run begins in late October through January. Conclusive evidence of historical chinook salmon populations in the Napa River basin have not been established, but the river provides appropriate habitat for salmon and its location near
4095-489: The Napa River has been prioritized for special protection. White sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus ) and many other native and non-native fishes currently utilize the Napa River watershed. The California golden beaver ( Castor canadensis subauraticus ) was historically extant. Recently beaver have recolonized the Napa River and have been documented in Napa as well as near Rutherford and Oak Knoll. As part of urban renewal in
4200-711: The Southern Hemisphere. It is thought that most modern lamprey diversity emerged during the Cenozoic, particularly within the last 10–20 million years. The oldest fossil lamprey, Priscomyzon , is known from the latest Devonian of South Africa around 360 million years ago, with other stem-group lampreys, like Pipiscius , Mayomyzon and Hardistiella known from the Carboniferous of North America. These Paleozoic stem-lampreys are small relative to modern lampreys, and while they had well developed oral discs with
4305-594: The World classifies lampreys within the Class Petromyzontida, a taxon called Petromyzonti in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes . The debate about their systematics notwithstanding, lampreys constitute a single order Petromyzontiformes . Sometimes still seen is the alternative spelling "Petromyzoniformes" , based on the argument that the type genus is Petromyzon and not "Petromyzonta" or similar. Throughout most of
Napa River - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-431: The agricultural land in the county, by the end of the 20th century, modern day farmers have recently begun exploring the possibility of raising other food crops in order to again diversify and take advantage of growing conditions. At 3:20 a.m. on August 24, 2014, the area was struck by a magnitude 6.0 earthquake centered 3.7 miles (6.0 km) northwest of the city of American Canyon . In October 2017, parts of
4515-473: The ammocoetes' feeding apparatus is the lowest recorded in any suspension feeding animal, and they therefore require water rich in nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs. While the majority of (invertebrate) suspension feeders thrive in waters containing under 1 mg suspended organic solids per litre (<1 mg/L), ammocoetes demand minimum 4 mg/L, with concentrations in their habitats having been measured up to 40 mg/L. During metamorphosis
4620-408: The animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve
4725-476: The area each year. Napa County has maintained a rural agricultural environment in a large part of the valley floor while neighboring Sonoma, Solano, and Yolo counties have allowed large tracts of former farmland to be rezoned for commercial and residential development. In 1968 vintners and civic leaders in the county seized an opportunity to preserve farmland by taking advantage of the Williamson Act enacted by
4830-568: The body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water. Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. The same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is carnivorous . The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite , but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle
4935-487: The book, Stevenson's descriptive writing style documented his ventures in the area and profiled several of the early pioneers who played a role in shaping the region's commerce and society. Stevenson's book also brought attention to the various spas and hot springs in the county. From Calistoga to Æetna Springs in Pope Valley to Soda Springs Resort a few miles east of Napa, tourists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries made
5040-414: The boundary of the agricultural preserve. The trust now covers over 50,000 acres (202.3 km ). While establishment of the agricultural preserve and the land trust has slowed residential development in much of the county, residential growth within the incorporated cities has continued at a moderate pace. Several substantial homes have been built on the hills surrounding the valley in areas not covered by
5145-473: The city of Napa. Napa County, California Napa County ( / ˈ n æ p ə / ) is a county north of San Pablo Bay located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2020 census , the population was 138,019. The county seat is the City of Napa . Napa County was one of the original counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. Parts of
5250-583: The classes Chondrichthyes (sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fishes), Amphibia , Reptilia , Aves , and Mammalia . Some researchers have classified lampreys as the sole surviving representatives of the Linnean class Cephalaspidomorphi . Cephalaspidomorpha is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi. Fossil evidence now suggests lampreys and cephalaspids acquired their shared characters by convergent evolution . The 5th edition of Fishes of
5355-524: The construction of artificial channels has exposed new habitats for colonisation, notably in North America where sea lampreys have become a significant introduced pest in the Great Lakes . Active control programs to control lampreys are undergoing modifications due to concerns of drinking water quality in some areas. Adults superficially resemble eels in that they have scaleless , elongated bodies, with
SECTION 50
#17328453389675460-425: The county has a total area of 789 square miles (2,040 km ), of which 748 square miles (1,940 km ) is land and 40 square miles (100 km ) (5.1%) is water. Napa is warmer in the summer than Sonoma County , to the west, or Santa Barbara County , a wine-producing county in southern California. Thus, the Napa wineries favor varietals such as Cabernet Sauvignon , while Pinot noir and Chardonnay are more
5565-423: The county their destination much the same as modern day tourists. The resorts became very popular with San Franciscans anxious to escape the cold and foggy weather that often plagues the city to enjoy the warmer climate Napa County offered. In the mid-1860s, entrepreneur Samuel Brannan purchased land in the northern end of the valley at the foot of Mount Saint Helena and founded Calistoga. He began developing it as
5670-522: The county were affected by wildfires . From June to July 2018, the County Fire affected a small part of Napa County after crossing over from Yolo County, California . In October 2019, heavy smoke and unscheduled black outs by Pacific Gas and Electric Company of up to 20,000 customers affected the county due to fierce winds and threats from the Kincade Fire . According to the U.S. Census Bureau ,
5775-557: The county's territory were given to Lake County in 1861. Napa County comprises the Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the San Jose - San Francisco - Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area . It is one of four North Bay counties. Napa County, once the producer of many different crops, is known today for its regional wine industry , rising to the first rank of wine regions with France by local wineries Stag's Leap Wine Cellars and Chateau Montelena winning
5880-475: The county. Following Yount's death in 1865 at age 71, the town of Yountville was named in his honor. Following his marriage to General Vallejo ’s niece Maria Guadalupe Soberanes, Edward Turner Bale became a citizen of Mexico and was granted Rancho Carne Humana in the northern end of the valley. Bale completed building the Bale Grist Mill a few miles north of St. Helena in 1846. Colonel Joseph B. Chiles
5985-492: The current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey's climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest United States and need to travel upstream to reproduce. Many lampreys exhibit countershading , a form of camouflage . Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have
6090-429: The current till they reach soft and fine sediment in silt beds, where they will burrow in silt, mud and detritus, taking up an existence as filter feeders, collecting detritus, algae, and microorganisms. The eyes of the larvae are underdeveloped, but are capable of discriminating changes in illuminance. Ammocoetes can grow from 3–4 inches (8–10 centimetres) to about 8 inches (20 cm). Many species change color during
6195-410: The defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The dorsal nerve cord is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third chordate feature, which are
6300-445: The eastern hills. While gold was being prospected in other areas of the state in the 1850s, Napa County became a center for silver and quicksilver mining. In the 1860s, mining carried on, on a large scale, with quicksilver mines operating in many areas of Napa County. In 1866 John Lawley established a toll road from Calistoga over Mount Saint Helena to Lake County. Robert Louis Stevenson 's book The Silverado Squatters provides
6405-421: The eggs are fertilized. Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning. Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum Vertebrata of
SECTION 60
#17328453389676510-584: The entrance to the Sacramento / San Joaquin Rivers make it likely that salmon would have at least ventured into the Napa River. In 2013, a genetics study of Napa River chinook salmon revealed that two adults migrated from the Klamath River and successfully spawned in the Napa River, since four juvenile chinook collected from the Napa River in 2010 were proved to be siblings from the close similarity of their DNA and that
6615-515: The establishment of several new retail outlets in the southern end of the county in recent years. American Canyon has also established a green belt preserve of over 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) on the western and eastern sides of the city. Lamprey Lampreys / ˈ l æ m p r eɪ z / (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels ) are a group of jawless fish comprising the order Petromyzontiformes / ˌ p ɛ t r oʊ m ɪ ˈ z ɒ n t ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / . The adult lamprey
6720-453: The first Europeans to explore the Napa Valley, in 1823. When the first white settlers arrived in the early 1830s, there were six tribes in the valley speaking different dialects and they were often at war with each other. The Mayacomos tribe lived in the area where Calistoga was founded. The Callajomans were in the area near where the town of St. Helena now stands. Further south, the Kymus dwelt in
6825-473: The flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or blood ; but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle (with Caspiomyzon suggested to feed on carrion rather than live prey ). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed (some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species. Adults of
6930-492: The flesh of their prey to yield blood. The last common ancestor of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help
7035-517: The following 13 ranchos were granted in Napa County: George C. Yount was an early settler in Napa County and is believed to be the first Anglo-Saxon resident in the county. In 1836 Yount obtained the Mexican grant Rancho Caymus where he built what is said to be the first log house in California. Soon afterward, he built a sawmill and grain mill, and was the first person to plant a vineyard in
7140-644: The head of the slender Napa Valley north of Calistoga . In the valley, it flows southeast past Calistoga, St Helena , Rutherford , Oakville and through Napa , its head of navigation . Downstream from Napa, it forms a tidal estuary , entering Mare Island Strait , a narrow channel on the north end of San Pablo Bay . It discharges into San Pablo Bay through the Napa Sonoma Marsh . The Napa River watershed encompasses approximately 426 square miles (1,103 km²). Larger tributaries, such as Dry, Conn, and Soda creeks, show signs of recent incision and have graded to
7245-470: The highest number of chromosomes (164–174) among vertebrates. Due to certain peculiarities in their adaptive immune system , the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of leucine-rich repeat gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as
7350-422: The incised current level of the mainstem Napa River. In some cases, smaller tributaries cutting across the valley floor have not fully adjusted to the lowered level of the mainstem and are elevated at their confluence with the mainstem, forming potential barriers to upstream fish migration. Several large dams were built between 1924 and 1959 on major eastside tributaries ( Conn , Rector, Milliken , and Bell dams) and
7455-428: The jaws of juvenile lampreys, a muscular flap-like structure called the velum is present, which serves to generate a water current towards the mouth opening, which enables feeding and respiration. The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton , suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics ) of all living jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomes ). They are usually considered
7560-515: The lamprey loses both the gallbladder and the biliary tract , and the endostyle turns into a thyroid gland. Some species, including those that are not carnivorous and do not feed even following metamorphosis, live in freshwater for their entire lifecycle, spawning and dying shortly after metamorphosing. In contrast, many species are anadromous and migrate to the sea, beginning to prey on other animals while still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and
7665-947: The larger, 1.5-liter wine bottle for an image of affordable quality. In addition to large scale wineries, Napa Valley's boutique wineries produce some of the world's best wines. The producers of these wines include but are not limited to: Araujo , Bryant Family, Monticello Vineyards, Ceja Vineyards , Chimney Rock Winery, Colgin Cellars , Dalla Valle Maya, Diamond Creek, Dominus Estate , Duckhorn Vineyards , Dunn Howell Mountain, Grace Family Vineyards , Harlan Estate , Husic, Kistler, Jericho Canyon Vineyards, Marcassin, Rutherford Hill Winery, Screaming Eagle , Sequoia Grove, Shafer Hillside Select, Steltzner Vineyards, and Bouchaine Vineyards. Today Napa Valley features more than four hundred wineries and grows many different grape varieties including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot , Zinfandel , and other popular varietals. As many as five million people visit
7770-436: The largest species, the sea lamprey having a maximum body length of around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). Lacking paired fins , adult lampreys have one nostril atop the head and seven gill pores on each side of the head. The brain of the lamprey is divided into the telencephalon , diencephalon , midbrain , cerebellum , and medulla . Lampreys have been described as the only living vertebrates to have four eyes, having
7875-424: The late 1960s, coho salmon were extirpated from the watershed and the steelhead population is now reduced to less than a few hundred adults. Flow reductions in key rearing streams have reduced food availability for juvenile steelhead, causing reduced growth and survival. Recently, a chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) was caught in the river. In addition, a fourth salmon species, sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ),
7980-494: The latter was characteristic of Klamath River chinook. These findings have important implications for the protection of the federally endangered Coastal California Chinook Salmon ESU since the Napa River, nor any stream in the Bay Area, was included in this ESU. The Napa River basin is estimated to have historically supported a spawning run of 6,000–8,000 steelhead, and as many as 2,000–4,000 coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). By
8085-444: The length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus , which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle. Northern lampreys ( Petromyzontidae ) have
8190-530: The middle part of the valley. The Napa and Ulcus tribes occupied part of the area where the City of Napa now exists while the Soscol tribe occupied the portion that now makes up the southern end of the valley. Many of the native peoples died during a smallpox epidemic in 1838. Settlers also killed several over claims of cattle theft. During the era between 1836 and 1846, when California was a province of independent Mexico ,
8295-462: The most basal group of the Vertebrata . Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish , which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys. The heart of the lamprey
8400-485: The non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes. Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters and are found in most temperate regions. Some species (e.g. Geotria australis , Petromyzon marinus , and Entosphenus tridentatus ) travel significant distances in the open ocean, as evidenced by their lack of reproductive isolation between populations. Other species are found in land-locked lakes. Their larvae ( ammocoetes ) have
8505-445: The northern headwaters of the Napa River (Kimball Dam). In addition, many smaller dams can be found throughout the watershed. These numerous dams are impassable barriers to salmon and steelhead seeking their historic spawning grounds. The river also supports a remarkable diversity of fishes and recovering salmonid populations, especially chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). In 2003
8610-596: The northern part of the state. On November 4, 2008, Napa County voted 56 percent against Proposition 8 , which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. According to the California Secretary of State , as of February 10, 2017, Napa County has 76,038 registered voters, out of 93,926 eligible (81.0%). Of those, 35,660 (46.9%) are registered Democrats, 18,417 (24.2%) are registered Republicans , and 17,827 (23.4%) have declined to state
8715-488: The parapineal organ. One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines , which are located ventral to the notochord . Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for digestion . Studies have shown that lampreys are among the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around
8820-417: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 11.9% were of German , 9.7% English , 8.6% Irish , 6.7% Italian and 5.3% American ancestry according to Census 2000 . 75.3% spoke English , 19.5% Spanish and 1.1% Tagalog as their first language. There were 45,402 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had
8925-457: The preserve or the land trust. A large portion of the land south of the City of Napa remained undeveloped for many decades until the 1980s. Several wine bottling facilities and wine storage warehouses now stand on what was once vacant land. A number of light industries have also sprung up in this region as new business parks have been built. The growth of American Canyon, Napa County's southernmost and newest city, incorporated in 1992, has prompted
9030-552: The price of grapes crashed to below $ 24 per ton. Then A.P. Giannini, founder of Bank of America in San Francisco, started to promote to rebuild the commerce of wine and viticulture. Following the Second World War , the wine industry in Napa again began to grow. In 1965, Napa Valley icon Robert Mondavi broke away from his family's Charles Krug estate to found his own. This was the first new large scale winery to be established in
9135-425: The respiration of the organism. The final chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail, which is muscular and extends behind the anus. Oftentimes adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to
9240-416: The restoration, native North American beaver returned to the area, establishing 3-4 beaver dams. These keystone species have been shown to increase fish, bird and mammal abundance and diversity in California rivers and streams. They also benefit trout and salmon by reducing sediment loads and improve water quality. The southern part of the river has also been undergoing restoration as former salt ponds along
9345-437: The river are being restored to their natural state. In 1986, the worst of 23 floods recorded since 1865 on the Napa River occurred. 5,000 people were evacuated, 250 homes were destroyed, and three people lost their lives. After the devastating flood of 1986, the dormant Napa River Flood Project was revitalized. The Project underwent a lengthy redesign and was approved by the local voters in 1998. Construction began in 2000 and
9450-508: The river. More recently, vineyard owners with property that borders the Rutherford Reach, a 4.5-mile (7.2 km) stretch of the Napa River between St. Helena and Oakville, are allowing prime land to return to a natural state in order to help preserve the ecology of the river. The project known as Rutherford Restoration Project involves 23 property owners have combined forces to provide 18 acres (73,000 m) of land to this cause. After
9555-529: The specialty of Sonoma and Santa Barbara wineries. At the north end of Napa County, in the Mayacamas Mountains , lies Mount Saint Helena, the Bay Area's second tallest peak at 4,344 feet (1,324 m) and home to Robert Louis Stevenson State Park ; Snell Valley is also situated in northern Napa County; the Missimer Wildflower Preserve is within Snell Valley. On the west side of the Napa Valley
9660-441: The teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require the production of anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey. Close to
9765-531: The timing of the last common ancestor of all living lampreys, with some suggesting a Middle Jurassic date, around 175 million years ago, while other studies have suggested a younger split, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The older date study posited that the Northern and Southern Hemisphere lampreys diverged as part of the breakup of Pangea , while the Late Cretaceous study suggested that modern lampreys emerged in
9870-485: The valley including Charles Krug Winery, Schramsberg, Chateau Montelena , Nichelini and Beringer. Viticulture in Napa suffered a setback when Prohibition was enacted in 1920. Furthering the damage was an infestation of the phylloxera root louse which killed many of the vines through the valley. These two events caused many wineries to shut down and stalled the growth of the wine industry in Napa County for years. But for many Italian and Swiss families as farm labourers in
9975-520: The valley reflect the names of these ranchos and original grantees. Napa County was formed and became one of the original California counties when the state became part of the United States in 1850. Descendants of George Yount and Captain Edward Bale played key roles in the early development of Napa County. Yount's granddaughter Elizabeth Yount married Thomas Rutherford in 1864. The couple received as
10080-519: The valley since before prohibition. After the establishment of the Mondavi estate, the number of wineries in the valley continued to grow, as did the region's reputation. Consumer trends followed the 60s free lifestyle for experimentation. The old "paesano" customers of "dego red" gallon jug wines changed to young women who considered white wine, not beer, as their new drink of choice for romance. Robert Mondavi Winery attracted new wine aficionados by introducing
10185-452: The vineyards, Prohibition offered the unique opportunity for the growing and shipping of grapes to immigrant home winemakers across the country. Charles Forni, who received a gold coin as his first U.S. dollar upon arriving, rose to be a large shipper. The Mondavi family came West from the Minnesota ore country to Lodi to ship grapes to the "Italian Club" miners. When Prohibition stopped in 1933,
10290-549: The wine industry, but resulted in a boom for shipping grapes to immigrant, home winemakers across the country. During World War II , the Basalt Rock Company located south of the City of Napa on the Napa River, built 3 dozen salvage rescue tugs for the United States Navy . German prisoners of war were housed in a Camp Beale satellite prisoner of war camp near Yountville. The prisoners were utilized to supplement
10395-624: The year 2020 unless there is a ⅔ majority vote to adopt such changes. Measure J was reaffirmed by a 5–2 vote of the California Supreme Court in 1995 in the case of Devita v. County of Napa. The Land Trust of Napa County was founded in 1976 by a group of local citizens with a mission to protect the natural diversity, scenic open space and agricultural vitality of the county. The trust acquires conservation easements, facilitates land transfers to local, state and federal agencies along with accepting outright donations of land within and outside
10500-604: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males. Napa County is governed by a five-member Board of Supervisors. The supervisors are: In the United States House of Representatives , Napa County is in California's 4th congressional district , represented by Democrat Mike Thompson . In the California State Legislature , Napa County
10605-686: Was also identified in the Napa River. Although diminished, the Napa River basin continues to support a fish community of greater diversity than even the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems, including a nearly intact community of sixteen native fish species, including Steelhead, fall-run Chinook salmon, Pacific ( Lampetra tridentata ) and river lamprey ( Lampetra ayresi ), hardhead ( Mylopharodon conocephalus ), hitch ( Lavinia exilicauda ), tule perch ( Hysterocarpus traski ), and Sacramento splittail ( Pogonichthys macrolepidotus ). Because of this diversity
10710-526: Was completed by 2015. The Napa River and the surrounding watershed provide many recreational opportunities. Whitewater kayaking and rafting can be done on the upper section of river from St. Helena to Napa. The lower section of the Napa River from Napa to San Pablo Bay has flatwater that is suitable for canoeing , sea kayaking and motorboating. The Napa River Trail has segments at Kennedy Park (N 38.26764 W 122.28373) & between Lincoln Ave (N 38.31055 W 122.27783) and Trancas St (N 38.32496 W 122.28384) in
10815-660: Was established in Yountville in 1884 by the San Francisco chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic . The State of California assumed administration of the Home in 1897. By the end of the 1900s, farmers had planted over 500,000 fruit and nut trees in the county, especially plums and pears. This helped to soften the blows to the agricultural economy caused by the phylloxera infestation in the county's vineyards and upcoming prohibition that crippled
10920-405: Was heavily Republican . It only supported a Democrat for president seven times – four of which were for Franklin D. Roosevelt – in the thirty-two presidential elections between 1860 and 1988. However, a Republican hasn't carried the county since George H. W. Bush in 1988 . It is now one of the most Democratic counties in California, and is reckoned as part of the solid bloc of blue counties in
11025-645: Was passed by the California State Senate and State Assembly and sent to the Governor for signing in the form of Senate Bill 1142. This bill was created to provide relief stream of funding to augment the Williamson Act. The county has resisted encroachment on the preserve since it was created with voters reaffirming their desire to keep it intact on several occasions. In 1990 voters passed Measure J adopting an initiative freezing all county zoning changes until
#966033