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20-751: The Nalchiksky okrug was a district ( okrug ) of the Terek Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire . The area of the Nalchiksky okrug made up part of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia . The district was eponymously named for its administrative center, Nalchik . The subcounties ( uchastoks ) of the Nalchiksky okrug were as follows: According to

40-1049: A municipal district. The Republic of Serbia is divided into twenty-nine okrugs as well as the City of Belgrade . The term okrug in Serbia is often translated as either district or county . Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Russian : Горская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized :  Gorskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ; Chechen : Лаьмнийн Автономин Советийн Социалистийн Республика , romanized:  Lämniyn Avtonomin Sovetiyn Socialistiyn Respublika ) or Mountain ASSR (Russian: Го́рская АССР , romanized:  Górskaya ASSR )

60-582: A special autonomy was provided to the Terek Cossacks : Sunzha Cossack Okrug , which included a large enclave in northern Ingushetia, and a smaller one bordering Grozny. Its boundaries approximated those of classical Zyx . The ASSR did not exist in its original state very long. Already on 1 September 1921, Kabardin Okrug was split from the ASSR as separate Kabardin Autonomous Oblast , subordinated directly to

80-417: A type of municipal formation. In Tver Oblast , the term okrug also denotes a type of an administrative division which is equal in status to that of the districts. Furthermore, the designation okrug denotes several selsoviet -level administrative divisions: In some cities, the term okrug is used to refer to the administrative divisions of those cities. Administrative okrugs are such divisions in

100-605: The obwody by powiat s. Okrugs were one of the several types of administrative division for oblasts and selected governorates in Imperial Russia . Until the 1920s, okrugs were administrative districts in Cossack hosts such as the Don Cossacks . Inherited from Imperial Russia, in the 1920s, okrugs were administrative divisions of several other primary divisions such as oblasts , krais , and others. For some time in

120-565: The Mountain ASSR of the Russian SFSR in 1921 as units of the Soviet autonomy and additional national okrugs were created in the Russian SFSR for the peoples of the north and Caucasus region. In 1977, all national okrugs were renamed autonomous okrugs. In the present-day Russian Federation , the term okrug is either translated as district or rendered directly as okrug , and is used to describe

140-595: The Russian Empire Census , the Nalchiksky okrug had a population of 102,908 on 28 January [ O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 53,203 men and 49,705 women. The majority of the population indicated Kabardian to be their mother tongue, with a significant Tatar speaking minority. According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar , the Nalchiksky okrug had a population of 180,534 on 14 January [ O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 95,010 men and 85,524 women, 163,765 of whom were

160-567: The Soviet government to keep the peoples of the Caucasus weak and subjugated to Moscow. The Soviet archives that became public in the 1990s have shown this not to be the case. The disintegration of the republic started in March 1921, just two months after its creation, when the leaders of Kabarda expressed their discontent at having been made part of the republic and cited the absence of economic links between

180-570: The 1920s they also served as the primary unit upon the abolishment of guberniyas and were divided into raions . On 30 July 1930 most of the okrugs were abolished. The remaining okrugs were phased out in the Russian SFSR during 1930–1946, although they were retained in Zakarpattia Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR in a status equivalent to that of a raion. National okrugs were first created in

200-673: The ASSR was partitioned into the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast . The Sunzha Cossack Okrug and the city of Vladikavkaz were directly subordinated to the VTsIK until 17 October 1924, when North Caucasus Krai was formed and integrated all of the former ASSR in addition to those two units. In the 19th century, the best land in the region was given to Cossacks , Russian and Ukrainian military colonizers, while many natives were driven to

220-469: The French word arrondissement ; all of which refer to something "encircled" or "surrounded". In Bulgaria , okrag s are the abolished primary unit of the administrative division and implied "districts" or "counties". They existed in the postwar Bulgaria between 1946 and 1987 and corresponded approximately to today's oblasts . As historical administrative subdivisions of Poland , okręgi existed in

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240-557: The Northern Caucasus in the course of the Russian Civil War , and the former republic was transformed into a Soviet one. The area of the republic was over 73,000 square kilometres (28,000 sq mi), and the population was about 800,000. It comprised six okrugs : Balkar , Chechen , Kabardian , Karachay , Nazran (Ingushetia), and Vladikavkaz Okrug (Ossetia) and had two cities: Grozny and Vladikavkaz . In addition,

260-681: The RSFSR. Next came Karachay Okrug, which was transformed into Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast on 12 January 1922; Balkar Okrug, which was merged with Kabardin AO into Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Oblast on 16 January 1922; and Chechen Okrug, which was transformed into the Chechen Autonomous Oblast on 30 November 1922. By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of 7 July 1924, the remaining territory of

280-531: The cities of Murmansk , Omsk , and Tyumen ; city okrugs are used in Krasnodar ; municipal okrugs are the divisions of Nazran ; okrugs exist in Belgorod , Kaluga , Kursk , and Novorossiysk ; and territorial okrugs are the divisions of Arkhangelsk and Lipetsk . The term okrug is also used to describe a type of a municipal formation , the municipal urban okrug—a municipal urban settlement not incorporated into

300-620: The densely-populated line of Tsarist-era military settlements was erased from the North Caucasus forever and the natives were free to occupy the fertile lands on the valley floors. In 1882, 24.7% of the Ingush lived in the mountains, but by 1924 only 2.1% did. During the Cold War , many Western historians saw the disintegration of the Mountaineer Republic as a divide-and-conquer strategy by

320-476: The following types of divisions: After the series of mergers in 2005–2008, several autonomous okrugs of Russia lost their federal subject status and are now considered to be administrative territories within the federal subjects they had been merged into: Okrug is also used to describe the administrative divisions of the two " federal cities " in Russia: In the federal city of Sevastopol , municipal okrugs are

340-539: The later part of the Congress Poland period, from 1842, when the name was applied to the former powiats (the name powiat being transferred to the former obwody ). See: subdivisions of Congress Poland . Okręgi were also created temporarily from 1945 to 1946, in the areas annexed to Poland from Germany as a result of the Soviet military advance. An okręg was then subdivided into obwody . These okręgi were later replaced by voivodeships , and

360-471: The mountains. In 1920, the Soviet government decided to deport the Terek Cossacks and give their farms to the natives. A total of 34,637 individuals were deported to Vladikavkaz , Arkhangelsk and Donbas . Hundreds of families were later found to be supporters of the Soviet government. In January 1921, the forced resettlement of the Cossacks was stopped, and some families returned to occupy abandoned farms, but

380-483: The permanent population, and 16,769 were temporary residents: 43°29′N 43°37′E  /  43.483°N 43.617°E  / 43.483; 43.617 Okrug Etymologically, okrug literally means ' circuit ', derived from Proto-Slavic * okrǫgъ , in turn from * ob- "around" + * krǫgъ "circle". In meaning, the word is similar to the German term Bezirk or Kreis (' district ') and

400-617: Was a short-lived autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR in the Northern Caucasus that existed from 20 January 1921, to 7 July 1924. The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was created from parts of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts by the indigenous nationalities after the Russian Revolution ; however, Soviet rule was installed on this territory after the Red Army conquered

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