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53-617: As of 2023, Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani heads Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf, which includes two other Ayatollahs - Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad and Bashir al-Najafi . The number of students studying there has waxed and waned in modern times, from 15,000-20,000 in the mid-20th century, down to 3000 during the repressive reign of Saddam Hussein , to around 13,000 as of 2014. As of 2014 the curriculum has been updated to include many modern subjects as well as inter faith and inter sectarian initiatives. Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE), went to Baghdad to continue education. After 12 years, he

106-636: A Qatari broadcast of Al Jazeera television programming. While presenting, Bela Hodod (a.k.a. Without Borders ), Mansour voiced skepticism of Sistani's leadership credentials while directing questions about the Iraqi-born cleric, to his guest, Shia cleric Jawad al-Khalsi . Mansour also suggested that Sistani was unaware of contemporary problems in Iraq and of prevailing post-war conditions, and he alleged that Sistani's edicts were largely, written and disseminated by aides. At another point, Mansour asked Khalsi whether

159-465: A Shia from the United Arab Emirates using the handle "ShiaZone", was shown logging into email accounts of suspected members of group-xp. The hacked email accounts reportedly yielded group-xp's contact information, information that was subsequently posted on Shia websites. Sistani is considered the current world leader of Shia Muslims. One of the most senior scholars of Twelver Shia with

212-526: A census by Al-Monitor news service, including approximately 50 from foreign countries — Iran, India, Thailand, France, the United States, Canada, etc. The subjects taught at the seminary include: Some of the known Shia Grand Ayatollahs were trained in the Najaf seminary. Ali al-Sistani ʿAlī Ḥusaynī Sīstānī ( Persian : علی حسینی سیستانی ; Arabic : علي الحسيني السيستاني ; born 4 August 1930)

265-439: A democratic vote of the people to form a transitional government . Observers described the move as being a path leading directly to Shia political dominance over Iraq's government , as Shia Muslims make up approximately 65% of the total Iraqi population. Subsequently, Sistani criticized plans for an Iraqi government for not being democratic enough. In early August 2004, Sistani experienced serious health complications related to

318-403: A hotel near his office. It is believed to have been part of a larger attack against several targets in Najaf. In an online open poll 2005, Ali Sistani was selected as the 30th topmost intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect ( UK ) and Foreign Policy (US). On 13 June 2014, Sistani appealed that Iraqis should support the government against

371-516: A network of representatives ( wakil ) "who promote his views in large and small ways in neighborhoods, mosques , bazaars , and seminaries from Kirkuk to Basra ." In Iran, due to the post-invasion opening of the Iraqi cities of Najaf and Karbala to Iranians, many Iranians are said to return from pilgrimage in Iraq as supporters of Sistani. Sistani sent nearly 1,000 aid packages, mostly food, but also other basic needs, to Balkhab , Afghanistan during

424-614: A particular view, no regional or international actor may seize the will of the Iraqi people and impose its will on them." As the leading cleric in Najaf, Sistani oversees sums amounting to millions of US dollars. His followers offer him a fixed part of their earnings ( khums ), which is used for educational and charitable purposes. Sistani's office has reported that it supports 35,000 students in Qom, 10,000 in Mashhad, and 4,000 in Isfahan . It also oversees

477-464: A previously diagnosed heart condition. He traveled to London to receive medical treatment. It was, reportedly, the first time that Sistani had left Iraq in decades, and may have been due, in part, to growing concerns for his safety from sectarian violence. Though still recovering, Sistani returned later in the month to broker a military truce at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf where Muqtada al-Sadr and

530-574: A red crosshair among Hezbollah and Hamas members. The image provoked outrage among the Iraqi public and condemnations from the Iraqi government and the United States' ambassador to Iraq, Alina Romanowski . By working with Shia computer programmers and other specialists, Sistani sponsored the establishment of The Ahlulbayt Global Information Center , an international web resource, and he has since been called "the electronic grand ayatollah par excellence." On 18 September 2008, hackers attacked hundreds of Shia websites. The attacks were reportedly

583-559: A simple model of government" based "on the principle of majority rule … accountable and representative government that would reflect and protect Shia identity". At the same time he is conservative in matters of religious law, "unaffected" by the ideas of "modernism". Though his differences with Iraq's larger and more powerful neighbor the Islamic Republic of Iran and their theory of Velayat-e-faqih are "profound" according to Nasr, Sistani has avoided "entanglements" with them and with

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636-586: A strict interpretation of the theory of velayat-e faqih, especially of absolute guardianship, and has not explicitly offered any substantive affirmation of the theory as a whole (including limited guardianship); thereby creating "a major lacuna " in the "grand ideological scenario" of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In May 2007, hundreds of Shias demonstrated publicly in Basra and Najaf to protest comments made by television presenter and journalist Ahmed Mansour during

689-462: Is an Iranian Islamic scholar. A Grand Ayatollah and marja , Sistani is considered the leading religious leader of Twelver Shia Muslims . Born in Mashhad to a sayyid family, Sistani studied in Qom under Hossein Borujerdi and later in Najaf under Abu al-Qasim al-Khu'i. An Usuli, Sistani rose to the rank of mujtahid in 1960 and succeeded Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari as Grand Ayatollah. Sistani

742-519: Is in accordance with the verses of the Holy Qur'an and the traditions of the pure infallibles of the Household, peace be upon them, and I do not approve the above-mentioned method. He has also warned young students of the seminary against the rising mystic tendencies in religious circles. In 2005, Sistani issued a Fatwa , calling for homosexuals to be killed in "the most severe way". Sistani then retracted

795-485: The 2019–2021 Iraqi protests . He requested that the government prosecute those who gave the command to shoot protesters. The ayatollah rarely voices his opinion on politics except in extreme unrest. The protests have been described as Iraq's worst violence since ISIL was militarily defeated in 2017. A month later in November 2019, in response to the death of three Iraqi protesters, Sistani said "No person or group, no side with

848-644: The Balkhab uprising in 2022 to help out the displaced Hazaras . A spokesperson for the al-Abbas Shrine confirmed that Sistani was overseeing the relief campaign conducted by the shrine for displaced Lebanese families amid the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in October 2024 . The relief campaign has delivered at least 1,200 tons of aid as of 8 October 2024. According to scholar Vali Nasr , Sistani, like his mentor Al-Khoei, sees Islamic scholars "mainly as teachers and defenders of

901-613: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militant group, which had taken over Mosul and Tikrit and was threatening Baghdad. Later in June 2014, Sistani revised his statement and issued a fatwa calling for "citizens to defend the country, its people, the honor of its citizens, and its sacred places," against the ISIL. Sistani said the Iraqi government and police were liable for killing protestors during

954-545: The Israel–Hamas war , Sistani issued a statement in which he 'condemned Israel and called on the world to stand up to the “terrible brutality” in besieged Gaza .' On 23 September 2024, Sistani's office issued a statement condemning the 'brutal Zionist aggression' in Lebanon amidst an intensified Israeli airstrike campaign in the country , urging the international community to uphold the protection of civilians and restore peace in

1007-541: The Mahdi Army had been cornered by American and Iraqi forces. Sadr, who rose rapidly to prominence through a series of independent military actions beginning in 2004, has since actively challenged Sistani's more progressive influence over Shia in the region. Sistani's edicts reportedly provided many Iraqi Shia cause for participating in the January 2005 elections —he urged, in a statement on October 1, 2004, that Iraqis recognize

1060-473: The Saudi religious authorities. Lebanon-based Islamist organization Hezbollah also condemned the attack on Sistani, calling the speech "inauspicious," while praising Sistani as one of Shia Islam's "most prominent religious references." In October 2024, right-wing Israeli news agency Channel 14 broadcast a list of " axis of resistance " leaders targeted for assassination, which displayed an image of Sistani under

1113-508: The United States was using Iraqi politicians, and also Sistani, to promote Western interests in Iraq. In January 2010, during a Jumu'ah khutba (Friday sermon), an imam employed by the Saudi government, Mohamad al-Arefe , said Sistani was an "obscene, irreligious atheist." The remarks prompted a protest by his followers in Iraq, Qom and Lebanon. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki rebuked

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1166-478: The "most influential" figure in post-invasion Iraq. Shortly after the American invasion began, Sistani issued a fatwa advising Shia clergy to become engaged in politics to better guide the Iraqi people toward "clearer decisions" and to fight "media propaganda." As the summer of 2003 approached, Sistani and his followers began petitioning the occupying forces for a constitutional convention. Later, Sistani called for

1219-603: The 1990s, especially in 1993. After he became a more important Marja', he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of Sadr City , yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on

1272-752: The Grand Ayatollah's official stamp, indicating the authenticity of the remarks. Though Sistani has appeared in a few short videos, he does not say anything in these videos and is usually motionless. The only public recording of Sistani's voice is a short, Persian-language lecture by Sistani to students. Another video depicts Sistani in the back of a room conversing with a fellow cleric, again in Persian, and faintly captures sparse bits of Sistani's vocalizations. Muhammad al-Sadr (jurist) Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr ( Arabic : محمّد صادق الصدر ‎ ; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999)

1325-409: The Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq. Sometime before his death, al-Sadr was informed of Saddam's limited patience with him. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon to show that the Shi'ites would not be intimidated by Saddam's oppression and that Sadr would preach the truth even if it meant his own death. He was later killed leaving

1378-623: The call in 2011. Perhaps because of his great influence, what exactly the position of Sistani is on Ayatollah Khomeini's theory of rule of the Islamic jurist is disputed. A number of sources include him as opposing the concept. Al-Monitor news service lists him as one of the " four leading Marja' of Najaf (Bashir al-Najafi, Muhammad al-Fayadh, Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim being the others) who oppose Ruhollah Khomeini's concept" of rule by Islamic jurisprudence. Researcher Hayder Al-Khoei writes that pro-Islamic Republic of Iran propagandists have gone to

1431-506: The country has its own system of governance and the role of the religious authority [in Iraq] is strictly advisory." Vali Nasr calls his differences with ruling clerics in Iran "profound", and his model of government based on majority rule. Ali Mamouri Medi Khalaji talks of him "explicitly" referring to " velayat-e insan (state guardianship by the people), as opposed to velayat-e faqih (guardianship of

1484-401: The election as an "important matter," additionally, Sistani asked that the elections be "free and fair ... with the participation of all Iraqis." Soon after, Sistani issued a fatwa alerting Shia women that they were religiously obligated to participate in the election, even if their husbands had forbidden them from voting. In an issued statement Sistani remarked that "truly, women who go forth to

1537-532: The faith". In government he saw the "role of Islam as providing values and guidelines for social order" rather than rule. He "was not shy" in confronting US occupation authorities about issues such as who had the authority to write Iraq's new constitution and kept them at arm's length, but also avoided "Khomeini-style denunciations" of the United States as the 'Great Satan'. His supporters' demonstrations were "impressively large but peaceful". He opposes both secularism and Shi'i sectarianism. For Iraq, he "put forth

1590-453: The government's involvement in Sadr's death helped spark the 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq . Following the fall of Baghdad , the majority-Shi'a suburb of Revolution City (Saddam City) was unofficially but popularly renamed to Sadr City in his honour. Sadr City was the first part of Baghdad to overthrow the Baath Party in 2003. Mohammad al-Sadr's son, Muqtada al-Sadr , is currently the leader of

1643-420: The jurist)". But according to the pro-Khomeini organization Ahl-ul-bayt Islamic Mission, there has been a "West-based campaign" to manipulate "Shi’i public opinion" concerning the "character of Sayed ‘Ali Sistāni and jurists of the Najaf seminary" and to claim the "existence of a quietist and apolitical tradition of Shi’ism among the jurists". An archived question and answer from his website has this to say on

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1696-482: The leading marja'. However, when he died in 1993, Sistani ascended to the rank of Grand Ayatollah through formal peer recognition of his scholarship. His role as successor to Khoei was symbolically cemented when he led funeral prayers for Khoei, and he also inherited most of Khoei's network and following. During the years of Saddam Hussein 's rule of Iraq through the Arab nationalist and Sunni dominated Baath Party , Sistani

1749-530: The loyalty of the local populations, Saddam Hussein and his Baathist government could not control the Revolution Township on a neighbourhood level. Their lack of control limited their ability to affect al-Sadr's power base and the devotion of his followers. Revolution Township was renamed Sadr City. As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War, and throughout

1802-494: The mosque in the Iraqi city of Najaf along with two of his sons as they drove through the town. Their car was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. Shi'as in Iraq, as well as most international observers, suspect the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible for, their murders. Anger at, among other things,

1855-715: The patriarch of the Lebanese al-Sadr family and a first cousin of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Amina al-Sadr . Following the Gulf War , Shi'ites in Southern Iraq went into open rebellion. A number of provinces overthrew the Baathist entities and rebelled against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party. The leadership of the Shi'ite rebellion as well as the Shi'ite doctrine in Iraq was split between Ayatollah Ali Al-Sistani and Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq Al-Sadr. Al-Sadr, based in Baghdad, appealed to

1908-776: The polling centers on election day are like Zaynab , who went forth to Karbala ." He has consistently urged the Iraqi Shia not to respond in kind to attacks from Sunni Salafists , which have become common in Sunni-dominated regions of Iraq like the area known as the " Triangle of Death ," south of Baghdad . Even after the destruction of the Shia Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra in February 2006, his network of clerics and preachers continued to urge calm and told their followers that "it

1961-731: The rank of Grand Ayatollah and marja' , he has been described as the spiritual leader of Shia Muslims worldwide (as of 2003), "the undisputed leader of Iraq's Shias", included in top positions of " The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims " , from 2009 to 2024, and named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2004 and 2005. Sistani has notoriously avoided public appearances, despite his widespread fame and not shying away from attention. In practice, Sistani never delivers public sermons or speeches and only releases official statements through "official representatives". The statements are later transcribed and posted on Sistani's official webpage, with

2014-437: The region. On 28 September 2024, Sistani mourned the death of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and condemned his assassination in an Israeli airstrike the previous day . Ayatollah Sistani does not support the mystic worldview inspired from Ibn Arabi. Answering a question regarding Ibn Arabi's school of thought, he said: I believe in the method of the great jurists of Twelver Shi'ism in obtaining religious wisdom, which

2067-561: The repression of the Baath party era it declined to around 3000 as the Shiite political awakening ( Sahwa ) was attacked by the regime and attendance by foreign students fell off because of the Iran-Iraq war. By the time Saddam fell in 2003, there were only approximately 3000 students and 2000 clerics in Najaf. Their number then commenced to grow again, and as of 2014 there are 13,000 students, according to

2120-742: The rivalries of Iranian politics, politics and clerics in Lebanon , and "never tried to promote a rivalry" between his religious center of Najaf and the Iranian center in Qom , a reflection, Nasr believes, of Sistani's reluctance to become involved in politics. He maintains good relations with the Iranian government. Sistani met with Pope Francis on 6 March 2021 during the latter's visit to Iraq . They met for about 40 minutes in Sistani's home in Najaf . In October 2023, during

2173-453: The slogan "group-xp" paired with a message in Arabic denouncing Shia beliefs and officials. Hackers also replaced a video of Sistani with one of comedian Bill Maher mocking Sistani. However, the attack led to the retaliatory hacking of more than nine hundred Wahhabi and Salafi websites. One such successful attack was documented on video and uploaded to YouTube on 3 October 2008. The hacker,

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2226-605: The specific question of obedience to a supreme leader, according to "Ayatollah Watch", Sistani has said that any pronouncement given by a supreme leader "supersedes all (including those given by other Maraji') unless the pronouncements are proven to be wrong or the pronouncements are proven to be against what is in the Qur'an or in Religious Tradition ". Yet another interpretation of his statements comes from Sadegh Zibakalam , who states that Sistani has consistently avoided supporting

2279-410: The subject: Question : What is Grand Ayatollah Sistani's opinion about velayat-e faqih? Answer : Every jurisprudent ( faqih ) has wilayah (guardianship) over non-litigious affairs. As for general affairs to which social order is linked and enforcement of doctrine, this depends on certain conditions, one of which is the popularity of the faqih among the majority of momeneen (believers). On

2332-501: The trouble of publishing books with fabricated quotes by Sistani in favor of rule by jurists as one of their "propaganda campaigns" in Najaf, to obscure the fact that "Sistani, like the vast majority of Shia clerics based in the city of Najaf, is well-known for his opposition to Wilayat al-Faqih". Journalist Ali Muhammad quotes political analyst Abdul Wahhab al-Hussaini concerning Khomeini's follower and successor Ali Khamenei : "The conflict between Najaf and Tehran has become obvious as

2385-408: The two schools are fairly different - especially when it comes to the issue of wilayat al-faqih [the guardianship of the jurist] ... Najafi scholars do not believe in this concept at all, but Khamenei uses it to shore up his authority and influence in the region, especially in Iraq. Khamenei believes that his wilayat al-faqih authority extends to Iraq, while Sistani rejects such intervention, because

2438-471: The work of a Muslim faction known as group-xp, based in the Arabian Peninsula and linked to Salafi and Wahhabi movements. They attacked an estimated three hundred Shia internet websites, including The Ahlulbayt (a.s.) Global Information Center . It was later dubbed the "largest Wahhabi hacker attack" in recent years. After the attack, visitors to the site were greeted by a red attack banner bearing

2491-468: The younger, more radical Shi'ites from the more impoverished areas of Southern Iraq. The Shi'ites travelled to Baghdad from these poor areas to join Al-Sadr and his Shi'ite leadership.. In this ghetto, Sadr established a secret network of devoted followers and he became an increasingly prominent figure in the Iraqi political scene. As a result of the disenfranchisement and repression of the Shi'ites in Iraq and

2544-459: Was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja' . He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, often referred to as the followers of the Vocal Hawza , also put him in competition with other Shi'a leaders, including Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim who was exiled in Iran. al-Sadr was born to Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr (1906–1986), the grandson of Ismail al-Sadr ,

2597-457: Was forced to leave Baghdad and go to Najaf for sectarian differences. He established the seminary in Najaf in 430 AH (the 11th century AD), which continued as a center of study until the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921. He died in 460 AH (1067 CE). In the mid-20th century, the Hawza "witnessed huge developments in its educational program" and the student population grew to 15,000-20,000. During

2650-456: Was included in top positions of The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims from 2004 to 2024 and named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2004 and 2005. Sistani was born in 1930 in Mashhad , to a family of religious clerics who claim descent from Husayn ibn Ali , the grandson of Muhammad . His father was Mohammad-Baqir Sistani and his mother

2703-444: Was not their Sunni neighbors who were killing them but foreign Wahhabis ." Sistani's call for unity after the bombing of the mosque helped to control a potentially dangerous situation, preventing the country from entering in a bloody sectarian war. Sistani did the same when the same mosque was bombed again in 2007. An alleged plot to assassinate Sistani was foiled on January 29, 2007, when three Jund al-Samaa gunmen were captured at

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2756-493: Was the daughter of Ridha al-Mehrebani al-Sarabi. Sistani began his religious education as a child, first in Mashhad in his father's hawza , and continuing later in Qom . In Qom he studied under Grand Ayatollah Hossein Borujerdi . Later in 1951, Sistani traveled to Iraq to study in Najaf under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei . Sistani rose to the rank of mujtahid in 1960 at thirty-one. When Ayatollah Khoei died in 1992, Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari briefly became

2809-466: Was untouched during the violent Baathist repression and persecution that killed many clerics including Muhammad al-Sadr in 1999, for which Saddam denied any involvement. Sistani's mosque was forcefully shut down in 1994 and did not reopen until the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq . Since the overthrow of the Baath Party of Iraq in 2003, Sistani has played an increasingly prominent role in regional religious and political affairs and he has been called

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