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77-604: The Milanese reeve of Como , Gian Giacomo Medici , who resided in castle of Musso , had been raiding the valley of Chiavenna since 1521. In 1524, in alliance with the Prince-Bishopric of Chur , he attempted to conquer the Three Leagues. In 1525 his forces were defeated at the Battle of Morbegno but he remained in control of Chiavenna. Following the battle, the Three Leagues sent a delegation headed by Gian Travers to negotiate

154-499: A Vogtei in German, or a Voogdij in Dutch (Latin advocatia ). During earlier periods the jurisdiction could also be called a comitatus , literally a countship, because these offices were similar to those of early medieval counts, and "counties" were not yet necessarily seen as geographically defined. Terminology and customs evolved over time. In German for example, the delegated governor of

231-1008: A Germanic title of respect (in this case, from the Proto-Germanic root *haira- , "hoary, venerable, grey", likely a loan translation of Latin seniorem ). In other European languages there is Welsh Arglwydd , Hungarian Úr , Greek Kyrie , Polish Pan , Czech pán , Breton Aotrou , and Albanian Zoti . In several Indian languages there are the Hindi Swami , Prabhu , Thakur , Samprabhu (Overlord) and also words like Saheb or Laat Saheb from Lord Saheb were once used but have changed in meaning now, Telugu Prabhuvu , Tamil Koman , Kannada Dore , Bengali Probhu , Gujarati Swami , Punjabi Su'āmī , Nepali Prabhu . Words like Swami and Prabhu are Sanskrit -origin words, common in many Indian languages. Philippine languages have different words for "lord", some of which are cognates. Tagalog has Panginoón for "lord" in both

308-477: A Vogt could also be known locally as a Vogtland ( terra advocatorum ), a name still used to refer to a region, the Vogtland , that adjoins the principalities of Reuss and adjacent portions of Saxony , Prussia and Bavaria . Imperial advocacies tended to become hereditary. Sometimes the emperor himself assumed the title of Vogt , in application to parts of his eminent domain. An imperial ( Reichsvogt )

385-629: A city could be called a Stadtvogt , while the governor or rural estates could be called a Landvogt . A Burgvogt was a castle administrator or castellan , responsible for the general running of a castle and also for exercising judicial powers there. In addition to governing lands, forts and cities, the term advocatus (or Vogt, Voogd etc.) could be applied to more specific administrative functions delegated by territorial rulers, equivalent to English reeves and bailiffs . However other terms were also sometimes used for these such as Dutch schout , and German Schultheiss . Land administered by

462-399: A court system, to protect law and order. They exercised civil jurisdiction in the domain of the church or monastery and were bound to protect the church with arms in the event of an actual assault. Finally, it was their duty to lead the men-at-arms in the name of the church or monastery, and to command them in time of war. In return for these services, the advocate received certain revenues from

539-623: A master, chief, or ruler. The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom , or are entitled to courtesy titles . The collective "Lords" can refer to a group or body of peers . According to the Oxford Dictionary of English , the etymology of the word can be traced back to the Old English word hlāford which originated from hlāfweard meaning "loaf-ward" or "bread-keeper", reflecting

616-568: A peace treaty with the city of Milan. However, while en route they were captured and imprisoned by Medici in September 1525. Due to religious conflicts following the Reformation , neither the Swiss Confederation nor the Three Leagues were able to move quickly to free the prisoners. In the spring of 1526 a Three Leagues delegation, with the support of France and Venice, were finally able to secure

693-426: A rural gmina , whereas heads of urban gminas are called burmistrz (burgomaster), or president . In Danish , the word foged carries different connotations, all pertaining to guarding or keeping watch over something. In modern Danish law , the fogedret ( vogt court) administers the forcible enforcement and execution of judgments or other valid legal claims. The local bailiff ( distrainer )

770-542: A sovereign canton , or acting on behalf of the Confederacy, or a subset thereof, administering a condominium ( Gemeine Herrschaft ) shared between several cantons. In the case of condominiums, the cantons took turns in appointing a Landvogt for a period of two years. In exceptional cases, the population of the Landvogtei was allowed to elect their own Landvogt . This concerned Oberhasli in particular, which

847-414: A wide, loose and varied meaning. An overlord was a person from whom a landholding or a manor was held by a mesne lord or vassal under various forms of feudal land tenure . The modern term " landlord " is a vestigial survival of this function. A liege lord was a person to whom a vassal owed sworn allegiance. Neither of these terms were titular dignities, but rather factual appellations, which described

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924-406: Is "The Lord (X)": for example, Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson , can be referred to as "The Lord Tennyson", although the most common appellation is "Lord Tennyson". Marquesses, earls and viscounts are commonly also addressed as Lord. Dukes use the style "The Duke of (X)", and are not correctly referred to as "Lord (X)". Dukes are formally addressed as "Your Grace", rather than "My Lord". "Lord"

1001-643: Is a particle that generally accords respect to an addressee of higher status than the speaker. In the Yoruba language of West Africa, the words Olu and Oluwa are used in much the same way as the English term. Olodumare , the Yoruba conception of God Almighty , is often referred to using either of these two words. In the Yoruba chieftaincy system, meanwhile, the Oluwo of Iwo 's royal title translates to "Lord of Iwo". In Lagos ,

1078-504: Is also derived from the middle English word 'Lard' also meaning 'Lord'. The word is generally used to refer to any owner of a landed estate and has no meaning in heraldic terms and its use is not controlled by the Lord Lyon . Lord is occasionally used as part of a substantive British noble title in its own right: In the Peerage of Scotland , the members of the lowest level of the peerage have

1155-422: Is also used as a courtesy title for younger sons of a British prince , duke, or marquesses, in the style "Lord (first name) (surname)". The eldest son of a peer would be entitled to use one of his father's subsidiary titles (if any). For example, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent holds the subsidiary title of Earl of St Andrews, which is used by his elder son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews , while his younger son

1232-412: Is called kihlakunnanvouti , where kihlakunta ( hundred ) is a local judicial district. Their duty is to enforce the financial judgements of the local courts. In practice, the vouti leads a team of assistant distrainers who process most distrainments/ garnishments . Lord Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority , control, or power over others, acting as

1309-662: Is now Germany , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia as well as parts of neighbouring regions. In these lands title of advocate (German Vogt , Dutch Voogd ) was given not only to the advocati of churches and abbeys but also, from relatively early in the Middle Ages , to officials appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor to administer lands, castles and towns directly under his lordship. Such offices or jurisdictions were called for example

1386-482: Is simply "lord of X", X being the name of the manor. The term "Lord of the Manor" is a recent usage of historians to distinguish such lords from feudal barons and other powerful persons referred to in ancient documents variously as "Sire" (mediaeval French), "Dominus" (Latin), "Lord" etc. The Scottish title Laird is a shortened form of 'laverd' which is an old Scottish word deriving from an Anglo-Saxon term meaning 'Lord' and

1463-511: Is styled Lord Nicholas Windsor . However, if the father has no subsidiary title, the older son will assume a courtesy title of "Lord (last name)", such as in the case of the Earl of Devon . As these forms of address are merely courtesy titles, the holder is not actually a member of the peerage and is not entitled to use the definite article "The" as part of the title. The upper house of the Parliament of

1540-429: The advocatus being chosen, either by the abbot alone, or by the abbot and bishop concurrently with the count . In the post-Carolingian period, it developed into a hereditary office, and was held by powerful nobles, who constantly endeavoured to enlarge their rights in connection with the church or the monastery. Conciliar decrees were passed as early as the ninth century to protect ecclesiastical institutions against

1617-857: The Commonwealth , bishops may be addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lord Bishop" or "Your Lordship", particularly on formal occasions. This usage is not restricted to those bishops who sit in the House of Lords . Indeed, by custom, it is not restricted to bishops of the Church of England but applies to bishops of the Church in Wales , the Scottish Episcopal Church , and the Roman Catholic Church , and may be applied (though less commonly) to bishops of other Christian denominations. It has become more common to use simply

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1694-473: The Court of Appeal of England and Wales , are called "Lord Justice". Other Commonwealth judges, for example judges of Canadian provincial supreme courts, are known only as Justices but are addressed with deference in court as 'My Lord', 'My Lady', 'Your Lordship' or 'Your Ladyship'. Examples of judges who use the appellation "lord" include: The Board of Admiralty (1628–1964) was established in 1628 when Charles I put

1771-608: The Germanic tribal custom of a chieftain providing food for his followers. The appellation "lord" is primarily applied to men, while for women the appellation " lady " is used. This is no longer universal: the Lord of Mann , a title previously held by the Queen of the United Kingdom , and female Lords Mayor are examples of women who are styled as "Lord". Under the feudal system , "lord" had

1848-556: The Old German idea of the Munt , or guardian, but also included some ideas of physical defence and legal representation (whence the connection with advocatus or "advocate"). Under the Carolingians , the duties of the church advocate were enlarged and defined according to the principles of government which prevailed in the reign of Charlemagne ; henceforward the advocatus ecclesiæ in

1925-511: The rediscovery of Roman law . The common thread which connects the different meanings of advocate is that someone is called upon to perform a function for others. While the term was eventually used to refer to many types of governorship and advocacy, one of the earliest and most important types of advocatus was the church advocate ( advocatus ecclesiae ). These were originally lay lords , who not only helped defend religious institutions from violence, but were also responsible for exercising

2002-563: The tre pievi came under the supervision of Milan. The refusal of the Catholic cantons to support the Three Leagues in these skirmishes was taken by the Swiss canton of Zürich as the reason to start the second war of Kappel . The Catholic cantons would emerge victorious from that war and even gain the majority in the confederacy's federal assembly, the Tagsatzung , with far-reaching consequences for

2079-640: The Admiralty ceased to exist, but the First, Second and Third Sea Lords retained their titles, despite ceasing to be Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. To this day (2023) the first two senior officers of the Royal Navy are still known as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff , and Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff . The Lords Commissioners were entitled collectively to be known as "The Right Honourable

2156-790: The Admiralty. With the abolition of the Board of Admiralty and its merger into the Ministry of Defence in 1964, formal control of the Navy was taken over by the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council of the United Kingdom, with the day-to-day running of the Navy taken over by the Navy Board. The office of Lord High Admiral was vested in the Crown (i.e. in the person of the current British monarch) and that of First Lord of

2233-703: The Crown (in reference to the Australian Monarchy) or the Commonwealth (in reference to the Australian Government). Lord is used as a generic term to denote members of the peerage . Five ranks of peer exist in the United Kingdom: in descending order these are duke , marquess , earl , viscount , and baron . The appellation "Lord" is used most often by barons, who are rarely addressed by their formal and legal title of "Baron". The most formal style

2310-723: The English terms advocate and advowee , German terms are sometimes mentioned in English accounts of the Holy Roman Empire, and these include Vogt ( German: [foːkt] , from Old High German , also Voigt or Fauth ; plural Vögte ). The territory or area of responsibility of a Vogt is called a Vogtei (from [ad]vocatia ). Related terms include Dutch : (land-) voogd ; Danish : foged ; Norwegian : fogd ; Swedish : fogde ; Polish : wójt ; Finnish : vouti ; Lithuanian : vaitas ; and Romanian : voit . Ecclesiastical advocates were specially bound to represent their lords by managing

2387-734: The House of Lords by virtue of holding life peerages. Most of them (those who were members of the Appellate Committee ) were known collectively as the Law Lords . All judges, including former Law Lords, lost the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords, despite retaining their life peerages, upon creation of the Supreme Court. The appellation "Lord", though not the style, is also used to refer to some judges in certain Commonwealth legal systems, who are not peers. Some such judges, for instance judges of

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2464-490: The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", and were commonly referred to collectively as "Their Lordships" or "My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty", though individual members were not entitled to these styles. More informally, they were known in short as "The Lords of the Admiralty". The Lords of the Admiralty are not peers. In Great Britain and Ireland , and in most countries that are members or former members of

2541-559: The Manor" is still recognised by the British Government for any such title registered at His Majesty's Land Registry before 13 October 2003 (the commencement date of the Land Registration Act 2002) but after that date titles can no longer be registered, and any such titles voluntarily de-registered by the holder cannot later be re-registered. However any transfer of ownership of registered manors will continue to be recorded in

2618-470: The Netherlands. In surrounding parts of Europe the original Frankish church advocacies, and the later imperial advocacies were also influential, and evolved in various ways. In France , the advocati , known as avoués , were of two types. The first included secular lords, who held the advocateship ( avouerie ) of an abbey or abbeys, rather as an office than a fief, though they were indemnified for

2695-555: The Oluwa of Lagos is one of that kingdom's most powerful chiefs. English -speakers use the word "Lord" (generally with an initial upper-case letter) as a title of deference for various gods or deities. The earliest recorded use of "Lord" in the English language in a religious context occurred in the work of English writers such as Bede ( c.  673 – 735). However, Bede wrote in Latin ( Michael Lapidge describes him as "without question

2772-660: The United Kingdom is the House of Lords , which is an abbreviation of the full title, "The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled". The Lords Temporal are the people who are entitled to receive writs of summons to attend the House of Lords in right of a peerage. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Bishops of London , Winchester and Durham , and

2849-577: The advocates gave rise to disputes between them and the churches or monasteries. The bishops and abbots, who found their rights curtailed, appealed to the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope for protection. In the twelfth century, warnings were issued from Rome, restraining the high-handed actions of the advocates under pain of severe ecclesiastical penalties, which still did not put an end to all the abuses that prevailed. On occasions, emperors and princes exercised

2926-445: The church since late antiquity, as it was not to act for itself in worldly affairs. Therefore, in areas such as the territories of abbeys and bishoprics, which by virtue of their ecclesiastical status were free (or immune) from the secular government of the local count ( Graf , in origin an administrative official in charge of a territory and reporting to the emperor), the Vogt fulfilled

3003-522: The close of the fifth century, but Pope Gregory I confined the office to members of the clergy. It was the duty of these defensores to protect the poor and defend the rights and possessions of the church. In the Frankish Kingdom , under the Merovingians , these lay representatives of the churches appeared as agentes, defensores and advocati . The concept of the Vogt was related to

3080-503: The comital or lordly responsibilities within the church's lands, such as the management of courts which could inflict a death penalty. In return they received an income from the lands, and the positions of these office-holders often came to be seen as inheritable titles themselves, with their own feudal privileges connected to them. The terms used in various European languages derive from a general Latin term for any person called upon ( Latin : ad vocatus ) to speak for another. Apart from

3157-615: The confederacy. In 1527, Gian Travers wrote an epic account of the war in Romansh verse, Chanzun da la guerra dalg Chiastè d'Müs ("Song of the War of the Castle of Musso"). Vogt An advocatus , sometimes simply advocate , Vogt (German), or avoué (French), was a type of medieval office holder, particularly important in the Holy Roman Empire , who was delegated some of

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3234-519: The end of the 11th century the title was being bestowed on mere castellans. The monks usually consulted their advocate before electing a new abbot, giving the advocate influence over the selection. When a nobleman founded or reformed a monastery, he usually became its advocate. In the 12th century, the office of the advocate was on the decline - a result of the Gregorian reforms . The Cistercian Order , for example, never allowed lay advocates. In England ,

3311-428: The excessive claims of their advocates, who indeed became a burden to their ecclesiastical clients in many ways. They dealt with the possessions entrusted to them as with their own property, plundered the church estate, appropriated tithes and other revenues, and oppressed in many ways those whom they were appointed to protect. The office, since it offered many advantages, was eagerly sought after. The excessive claims of

3388-486: The function of a protective lordship, generally commanding the military contingents of such areas ( Schirmvogtei ). Beyond that, he administered the high justice instead of the count from the Vogt court ( Landgericht , Vogtgericht or Blutgericht ). In private and family monasteries (see proprietary church ), the proprietor himself often also held the office of Vogt , frequently retaining it after reform of

3465-606: The latter. As of December 2016, 92 Lords Temporal sit in the House in right of hereditary peerages (that being the maximum number allowed under the House of Lords Act 1999 ) and 19 sit in right of judicial life peerages under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . The rest are life peers under the Life Peerages Act 1958 . Until the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009), certain judges sat in

3542-493: The law, and owning property in the—then still administrative—countship ( Grafschaft ). The churches, monasteries and canonries, as such, received advocates alike, who by degrees assumed the position above defined. Under the Carolingians, it was made obligatory for bishops , abbots and abbesses to appoint such officials in every county where they held property . The office was not at first hereditary nor even for life,

3619-464: The manor of lands they have inherited. The UK Identity and Passport Service will include such titles on a British passport as an "observation" (e.g., 'The Holder is the Lord of the Manor of X'), provided the holder can provide documentary evidence of ownership. The United States forbids the use of all titles on passports. Australia forbids the use of titles on passports if those titles have not been awarded by

3696-444: The medieval sense. A Capitulary of about 790 ordained that the higher clergy, "for the sake of the church's honour, and the respect due to the priesthood" ( pro ecclesiastico honore, et pro sacerdotum reverentia ) should have advocates. Charlemagne, who obliged bishops, abbots and abbesses to maintain advocati , commanded to exercise great care in the choice of persons to fill the office; they must be judicious men, familiar with

3773-787: The modern French Monsieur , derives directly from the Latin seniorem , meaning "elder, senior". From this Latin source derived directly also the Italian Signore , the Spanish Señor , the Portuguese Senhor . Non- Romance languages have their own equivalents. Of the Germanic family there is the Dutch Meneer/Mijnheer/De Heer (as in: aan de heer Joren Jansen ), German Herr , and Danish Herre . All three of these stem from

3850-482: The most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon period" ). He used an Anglo-Saxon phrase that indicated a noble, prince, ruler or lord to refer to God ; however, he applied this as a gloss to the Latin text that he was producing, and not as a clear translation of the term itself. "Lord", as a gloss to Old English dryhten , meant "royal", "ruler", "prince", or "noble", and did not indicate

3927-506: The noble and the religious senses. Its root, ginoo , is also found in Visayan languages like Cebuano as the term for "lord". Ginoo is also the Tagalog root for Ginoóng , the modern equivalent of the English term " Mister " (akin to how Romance language terms like señor may be glossed as either "lord", "mister", or "sir"). Ilocano meanwhile employs Apo for "Lord" in religious contexts; it

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4004-485: The office of Lord High Admiral into commission. The title Naval Lord to the Board of Admiralty was first used around the 1600s. These were a body of Senior Admirals, first called Naval Lord Commissioners, then Naval Lords then Professional Naval Lords then Sea Lords. The President of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty (with the other five Naval appointments being the Second Sea Lord, Third Sea Lord, etc. sequentially), or sometimes First Lord Commissioner of

4081-476: The office of an advocate, in which case they appointed deputy-advocates ( subadvocati ) to represent them. From the time of Charlemagne, who had such officials appointed in ecclesiastical territories not directly under the control of his counts, the Vogt was a state functionary representing ecclesiastical dignitaries (such as bishops and abbots) or institutions in secular matters, and particularly before secular courts. Such representatives had been assigned to

4158-534: The one word " Bishop ". In the United States, bishops are addressed as "Excellency". Various other high offices of state in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Republic of Ireland are prefixed with the deferential appellation of "lord". These include: Holders of these offices are not ex officio peers, although the holders of some of the offices were in the past always peers. In most cultures in Europe an equivalent appellation denoting deference exists. The French term Mon Seigneur ("My Lord"), shortened to

4235-419: The possessions of the church in the form of supplies or services, which he could demand, or in the form of a lien on church property. Such advocates were to be found even in Roman times; a Synod of Carthage decreed, in 401, that the emperor should be requested to provide, in conjunction with the bishops, defensores for the churches. There is evidence, moreover, for such defensores ecclesiæ in Italy, at

4312-545: The powers and functions of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as an abbey. They typically had responsibility for the "comital" functions which defined the office of early medieval " counts ", such as taxation, recruitment of militias, and maintaining law and order. This type of office could apply to specific agricultural lands, villages, castles, and even cities. In some regions, advocates came to be governors of large provinces, sometimes distinguished by terms such as Landvogt . In different parts of medieval Europe,

4389-429: The proprietorship (see also lay abbot ). The three-way struggle for control of the Vogtei of the more important abbacies, played out among the central monarchy, the Church and the territorial nobility, was well established as a prerogative of the nobility; the Hirsau formulary (1075) confirmed count Adalbert of Calw as hereditary advocate of the Abbey, an agreement so widely copied elsewhere in Germany that from

4466-403: The protection they afforded by a domain and preach revenues granted by the abbey: thus the duke of Normandy was advocatus of nearly all the abbeys in the duchy . The second class included the petty lords who held their advocateships as hereditary fiefs and often as their sole means of subsistence. An abbey's avoué , of this class, corresponded to a bishop's vidame . Their function

4543-419: The purchaser the impression of a physical existence. Whether a title of "Lord of the Manor" is registered or unregistered has no effect on its legal validity or existence, which is a matter of law to be determined by the courts. Modern legal cases have been won by persons claiming rights as lords of the manor over village greens . The heads of many ancient English land-owning families have continued to be lords of

4620-416: The register, on the appropriate notification. Thus in effect the register is closed for new registrations. Such titles are legally classified as "incorporeal hereditaments" as they have no physical existence, and usually have no intrinsic value. However a lucrative market arose in the 20th century for such titles, often for purposes of vanity, which was assisted by the existence of an official register, giving

4697-425: The relationship between two or more persons within the highly stratified feudal social system. For example, a man might be lord of the manor to his own tenants but also a vassal of his own overlord, who in turn was a vassal of the King. Where a knight was a lord of the manor, he was referred to in contemporary documents as "John (Surname), knight, lord of (manor name)". A feudal baron was a true titular dignity, with

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4774-402: The release of the prisoners, but only after paying a ransom and giving the Tre Pievi or three communes at the north end of Lake Como to Medici. Due to the weak 1526 treaty, in 1531 Milan attacked again, capturing Morbegno and defeating the League forces in the area. The Three Leagues called the Old Swiss Confederacy for help, calling in duties of a defence alliance concluded earlier. Due to

4851-420: The religious conflicts in the Confederation only the Protestant cantons supported the Three Leagues, while the Catholic cantons insisted that any help was dependent on the Leagues converting back to the old faith. The Protestant and League forces were able to drive the Milanese out of the Valtellina . In a peace treaty concluded the next year, Chiavenna and the Valtellina were granted to the Three Leagues; only

4928-457: The right to attend Parliament, but a feudal baron, Lord of the Manor of many manors, was a vassal of the King. The substantive title of "lord of the manor" came into use in the English medieval system of feudalism after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The title "Lord of the Manor" was a titular feudal dignity which derived its force from the existence and operation of a manorial court or court baron at which he or his steward presided, thus he

5005-411: The substantive title " Lord of Parliament " rather than Baron. The heir to the throne in Scotland holds the title Lord of the Isles . In England, the title Lord of the Isle of Wight used to exist but fell out of use before the creation of the modern peerage system. The British sovereign is also accorded the title Lord of Mann as head of state of the Isle of Mann. The feudal title of "Lord of

5082-454: The tenth century, the office developed into a hereditary possession of the higher nobility, who frequently exploited it as a way of extending their power and territories, and in some cases took for themselves the estates and assets of the church bodies for whose protection they were supposedly responsible. In Austria, the teaching of the Church that, according to canon law individuals were prohibited from exercising authority over Church property,

5159-432: The term advocate developed different meanings, and other terms were also sometimes used to represent similar offices. For example, Anglo-Norman comital functions for larger districts were executed by vicomtes in Normandy, and sheriffs in England. In contrast, the advocatus or advocate as an officer of a court of law , which is still current in modern English, first appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries, concomitant with

5236-401: The title landvoogd or gouverneur-generaal , which was for example the main title of Margaret of Parma . In modern Dutch , the word voogd is the primary word for the concept of legal guardian . After leaving the Holy Roman Empire, the title of Landvogt continued to be used in the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1415. A Landvogt ruled a Landvogtei , either representing

5313-407: The twenty-one longest-serving bishops of the Church of England from among the other bishops (plus some female bishops of shorter service in consequence of the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 ), who are all entitled to receive writs of summons in right of their bishoprics or archbishoprics. The Lords Temporal greatly outnumber the Lords Spiritual, there being nearly 800 of the former and only 26 of

5390-430: The word advocatus was never used to denote a hereditary representative of an abbot; but in some of the larger abbeys there were hereditary stewards whose functions and privileges were not dissimilar to those of the continental advocati . Instead, the word advocatus , or more commonly avowee , was in constant use in England to denote the patron of an ecclesiastical benefice , whose sole right of any importance

5467-409: Was a hereditary one of presenting a parson to the bishop for institution. In this way the hereditary right of presentation to a benefice came to be called in English an advowson ( Latin : advocatio ). In medieval Poland , a wójt was the hereditary head of a town (under the overlordship of the town's owner – the king, church, or noble). In modern Poland, a wójt is the elected head of

5544-508: Was an officer of the king, who served as administrator and judge of a subdivision of royal property, or of a royal abbey. The seat of an imperial Reichsvogt was often at an imperial city . When the imperial cities gained more independence, by the late Middle Ages, they took over their own governance. The land Vogt office of the Alsace , consisting of the ten imperial cities of the Décapole ,

5621-575: Was ceded to the king of France in 1648, but the cities remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the cities were soon thereafter annexed by France. Several small land Vögte continued to exist until the end of the Empire in 1806, mainly in the Swabian Circle . In what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg the Habsburg dynasty continued into modern times to rule through governors who used

5698-467: Was generally to represent the abbot in his capacity as feudal lord, act as his representative in the courts of his superior, exercise secular justice in the abbot's name in the abbatial court , and lead the retainers of the abbey to battle under the banner of the patron saint . The advocatus ecclesiae was also known as a custos or adjutator in the 10th and 11th centuries. Initially, only counts and dukes were appointed advocati , but by

5775-544: Was nominally a subject territory of Bern , but enjoyed a special status as a military ally. The office of Landvogt was abolished in 1798, with the foundation of the Helvetic Republic . Although the title of Duke of Burgundy was extinguished by the French king after the annexation of its ancestral lands in 1477, the Habsburg kings of Spain and archdukes of Austria continued to use the title to refer to their realms in

5852-545: Was only accepted reluctantly by the nobles. The rights of advocacy were bought back by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century abbeys in alliance with the Babenberg and early Habsburg dukes; the abolition of the Vogtei ( Entvogtung ) thereby exchanged local secular jurisdiction for the protective overlordship of the duke of Austria , sometimes by forging charters that the duke confirmed. The medieval Holy Roman Empire included what

5929-447: Was the lord of the manorial court which determined the rules and laws which were to govern all the inhabitants and property covered by the jurisdiction of the court. To the tenants of a certain class of manor known in Saxon times as Infangenthef their lord was a man who had the power of exercising capital punishment over them. The term invariably used in contemporary mediaeval documents

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