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52-486: Muslin ( / ˈ m ʌ z l ɪ n / ) is a cotton fabric of plain weave . It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. It is commonly believed that it gets its name from the city of Mosul, Iraq . Muslin was produced in different regions of the Indian subcontinent; Bengal was the main manufacturing region and the main centers were Sonargaon (near Dhaka), Shantipur and Murshidabad . Muslin

104-604: A Moroccan traveler who came to Bengal in the middle of the 14th century, praised the cotton cloth made in Sonargaon in his book The Rihla . Chinese writers who came to Bengal in the fifteenth century praised cotton cloth. The muslin industry flourished in Bengal between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The main muslin production centers in Bengal during this period were Dhaka and its surrounding areas, Shantipur, Malda and Hooghly. The 16th-century English traveller Ralph Fitch lauded

156-435: A district of Baghdad ." The word was adopted into Medieval Latin as attabi , then French as tabis and English as tabby , as in "tabby weave". Its uses range from heavy and coarse canvas and blankets made of thick yarns to the lightest and finest cambries and muslins made in extremely fine yarns. Chiffon, organza, percale and taffeta are also plain weave fabrics. Ralph Fitch Ralph Fitch (1550 – 1611)

208-453: A fine and transparent variety of fine muslin from Dacca. The fabric's characteristics are summed up in its name. Muslin has several kinds of variations. Many of the below are mentioned in Ain-i-Akbari (16th-century detailed document) Mull is another kind of muslin. It is a soft, thin, and semitransparent material. The name is derived from Hindi "mal" which means "soft". Swiss mull is

260-453: A fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris. Muslin is often the cloth of choice for theatre sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It

312-498: A misreading of a report by William Bolts from 1772. Many of the threatened weavers fled East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) and settled in the eastern districts of West Bengal, these districts were famous for the cotton products of Bengal. The quality, fineness and production volume of Bengali muslin declined as a result of these policies, continuing when India transitioned from Company rule to British Crown control . To revive Bengal muslin, two muslin production centers were set up by

364-451: A product of West Bengal . Plain weave In plain weave cloth, the warp and weft threads cross at right angles, aligned so they form a simple criss-cross pattern. Each weft thread crosses the warp threads by going over one, then under the next, and so on. The next weft thread goes under the warp threads that its neighbor went over, and vice versa. A balanced plain weave can be identified by its checkerboard -like appearance. It

416-735: A scheme called Bangladesh Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Restoration was undertaken to restore and develop the muslin production system in Bangladesh. Under this project, samples of muslin from different countries including India, Britain were inspected and data collected. Old maps of the Meghna River were examined and combined with modern satellite imagery to identify possible locations – where phuti carpus plants could still be found. From there,

468-516: A single piece of cloth could be easily moved through the ring. Very fine cotton cloth was made in Mosul in the 12th century and later. Arab traders carried it to Europe as a commodity, and enchanted Europeans called it muslin; since then the very fine and beautiful cotton cloth came to be known as muslin. In 1298 AD, Marco Polo described in his book The Travels that muslin is made in Mosul, Iraq. Ibn Battuta ,

520-516: A thread count of 300, which is nowhere near the quality of real Dhaka muslin ; But much better quality than what the weavers of many generations past have woven. The Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB) is implementing the first phase of the project titled Bangladesh's Golden Heritage Muslin Yarn Manufacturing Technology and Muslin Cloth Reviving , and the Revival work was completed in 2020. Dhakai Muslin

572-459: A type of which is finished with stiffening agents. Because muslin is an inexpensive, unbleached cotton fabric available in different weights, it is often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and therefore can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. When sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment by using muslin fabric to make a test-model before cutting pieces from more expensive fabric to make

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624-630: A valuable consultant for the English East India Company . Fitch's place of birth has long been a mystery but recent research indicates that he was most likely born in All Saints' parish, Derby. The first known documentary reference to him is in the archives of the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers , of which he was a Freeman and from which Company he received a loan of £50 for two years, 1575–1577. In February 1583, he embarked in

676-575: Is also known as one-up-one-down weave or over and under pattern. Examples of fabric with plain weave are chiffon , organza , percale and taffeta . According to the 12th-century geographer al-Idrīsī , in Andalusī-era Almería , imitations of Iraqī and Persian silks called «عَتَّابِيِّ» — ‘attābī — were manufactured, which David Jacoby identifies as "a taffeta fabric made of silk and cotton (natural fibers) originally produced in Attabiya,

728-445: Is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats . In video production, muslin is used as a cheap greenscreen or bluescreen , either pre-colored or painted with latex paint (diluted with water). Muslin

780-513: Is that the gauze reinforces the artery and helps prevent rupture. It is often used for aneurysms that, due to their size or shape, cannot be microsurgically clipped or coiled. Many travelers and merchants of the 13th and 14th centuries praised Bengal muslin, and claimed it as the best muslin. From the Mughal rulers to the European colonial rulers, Bengal's muslins were recognized for their superiority, with

832-592: Is the most common backdrop material used by photographers for formal portrait backgrounds. These backdrops are usually painted, most often with an abstract mottled pattern. In the early days of silent film -making, and until the late 1910s, movie studios did not have the elaborate lights needed to illuminate indoor sets, so most interior scenes were sets built outdoors with large pieces of muslin hanging overhead to diffuse sunlight. Surgeons use muslin gauze in cerebrovascular neurosurgery to wrap around aneurysms or intracranial vessels at risk for bleeding. The thought

884-611: The Euphrates , descended the river from Bir to Fallujah , crossed southern Mesopotamia to Baghdad , and dropped down the Tigris to Basra (May to July 1583). Here Eldred stayed behind to trade, while Fitch and the others sailed down the Persian Gulf to the Portuguese fortress and trading station at Ormuz , where they were promptly arrested as spies (at Venetian instigation, they claimed, as

936-456: The Indian subcontinent , but became unable to compete with the local muslin industry. The Company administration initiated several policies in an attempt to suppress the muslin industry, and muslin production subsequently experienced a period of decline. It has been alleged that in some instances Indian weavers were rounded up and their thumbs chopped off, although this has been refuted by historians as

988-642: The Rangoon area, ascended the Irrawaddy some distance, acquired a remarkable acquaintance with inland Pegu, and even reached to the Tai of Shan states and the Tai kingdom of Lanna (December 1586 and January 1587). Early in 1588 he visited Portuguese Malacca , another of Portugal's great fortresses and the gateway to the Far East, but found the security too strict to get passage into

1040-688: The Tyger for Tripoli (the seaport of Aleppo ) in Syria, together with merchants John Newberry and John Eldred, a jeweller named William Leedes and a painter, James Story, all financed by the Levant Company . This was the latest in a series of English attempts to penetrate the trade of the Indian Ocean and the Far East, going back to Anthony Jenkinson 's travels in Central Asia in the 1550s. From Aleppo, they reached

1092-1002: The China Sea. In the autumn of this year he began his homeward travels, first to Bengal ; then round the Indian coast, touching at Portuguese Cochin and Goa, to Ormuz; next up the Persian Gulf to Basra and up the Tigris to Mosul ( Nineveh ); finally via Tirfa, Bir on the Euphrates. He was appointed the Levant Company's Consul in Aleppo and Tripoli, to the Mediterranean. He arrived back in London on 29 April 1591, eight years after he had left. Since no news of him had reached his family and friends in that time, he had been presumed dead after seven years and his will had been proved. He resumed his involvement with

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1144-461: The English language around the 12th century. (Today, toile simply refers to any sheer fabric, which may be made, for example, from linen or cotton.) The modern German term for a test- or fitting garment is Nesselmodell . Muslin can be used as a filter : Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding . It is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack ,

1196-696: The Khadi and Rural Industries Commission, one at Basowa in Birbhum district of West Bengal , and the other at Panduru in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh . Under the patronage of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Kalicharan Sharma took the lead in reviving the lost fame of muslin in Basowa, Birbhum district of West Bengal, with the help of some spinners. He soon found the dry climate of Birbhum quite unsuitable for spinning muslin yarn. Later he shifted his work center to

1248-464: The Leathersellers' Company, becoming a Liveryman in 1599, serving as Warden in 1607 and joining the company's Court of Assistants in 1608. His experience was greatly valued by the founders of the English East India Company , including another of Elizabeth's adventurers, Sir James Lancaster , who consulted him on Indian affairs. Fitch ranks among the most remarkable of Elizabethan adventurers. There

1300-609: The Punjab. Fitch went on, descending the Jumna and the Ganges , to visit Allahabad , Benares , Patna , Kuch Behar , Hughli, Chittagong , etc. (1585–1586). His appreciating words about the Indian muslin . In 1586 Ralph Fitch remarked that in Sonargaon , just fifteen miles east of Dhaka , there is the best and finest cloth made of cotton that is in all India — Ralph Fitch He then pushed on by sea to Pegu and Burma . Here he visited

1352-538: The Venetians resented the 16th-century Portuguese commercial monopoly in the Indian Ocean that called an end to centuries of Venetian, Genoese and Pisan – plus Catalan – dealings with Arab middlemen, down from the Middle Ages) and sent as prisoners to the viceroy of Portuguese Goa and Damaon (September to October). Through the sureties procured by two Jesuits (one being Thomas Stevens , formerly of New College, Oxford ,

1404-544: The aperture of a lady's finger-ring. Gaius Petronius Arbiter (1st century AD Roman courtier and author of the Satyricon ) described the transparent nature of the muslin cloth as below: Thy bride might as well clothe herself with a garment of the wind as stand forth publicly naked under her clouds of muslin. Certain delicate muslins were given poetic names such as Baft Hawa ("woven air"), Shabnam ("evening dew"), and āb-i-ravān ("flowing water"). The latter name refers to

1456-636: The establishment of Murshidabad as the capital of Bengal, Cossimbazar —a small town on the banks of the Bhagirathi south of Murshidabad city, now included in the Baharampur municipality—became the center of a silk and cotton textile trade. The branch of the Bhagirathi that joined the Jalangi was called Cossimbazar river, and the triangular land surrounded by the Padma, Bhagirathi and Jalangi was called Cossimbazar Island. It

1508-518: The final product, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. In the United States, these test-models are themselves sometimes referred to as "muslins," the process is called "making a muslin," and "muslin" has become the generic term for any test- or fitting garment, regardless of the fabric it is made from. In Britain and Australia, the term for a test- or fitting garment used to be Toile . The word "toile," from an Old French word for "cloth," entered

1560-598: The first Englishman known to have reached India by the Cape route in 1579), Fitch and his friends regained their liberty. Story chose to join the Jesuits, and the others managed to escape from Goa (April 1584). They travelled through the heart of India to the court of the Great Mogul Akbar , then probably at Agra . The jeweller Leedes obtained a remunerative post with Akbar while Fitch continued his journey of exploration. Fitch did

1612-556: The first leg of that journey, from Agra to Allahabad , by joining a convoy "of one hundred and fourscore boates laden with Salt, Opium, Hinge ( asafoetida ), Lead, Carpets and diverse other commodities" going "downe the river jumna (Yamuna)". He reached Allahabad sometime in November 1585, when work on Akbar's great Fort at Allahabad was nearing completion. In September 1585, Newberry decided to begin his return journey overland via Lahore . He disappeared, presumably being robbed and murdered, in

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1664-630: The foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Mughal Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world. Dhaka muslin was first showcased in the UK at The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851. During the period of Company rule , the East India Company imported British-produced cloth into

1716-573: The genetic sequences of the recovered cotton plants were made and compared with the original ones. After testing, a carpus plant was identified, which was 70 percent identical to the Futi carpus. An island in the Meghna, 30 km north of Dhaka , was selected for the production of this corpus, where some seeds were sown experimentally in 2015, and the first cotton was harvested that year. But at that time there were no skilled spinners in Bangladesh to produce fine yarn, on

1768-472: The latter half of the 18th century, muslin weaving ceased in Bengal due to cheap fabrics from England and oppression by the colonialists. In India in the latter half of the 20th century and in Bangladesh in the second decade of the 21st century, initiatives were taken to revive muslin weaving, and the industry was able to be revived. Dhakai Muslin was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of Bangladesh in 2020 and Banglar Muslin (Bengal Muslin)

1820-469: The muslin he saw in Sonargaon . He visited India in 1583, described Sonargaon, "as a town ...... where there is the best and finest cloth made in all India". During the reign of Emperor Jahangir , Islam Khan Chishti shifted the capital from Rajmahal to Dhaka in 1610 AD, Dhaka gained prominence as the center of trade and commerce of Bengal. During this period the muslin produced in Dhaka achieved excellence, and

1872-624: The muslin produced here became world famous as Dhakai muslin . Mughal Emperor Akbar's courtier, Abul Fazal , praised the fine cotton fabric produced in Sonargaon (near Dhaka). Abul Fazl wrote "the Sarkar of Sonargaon produces a species of muslin very fine and in great quantity". European traders began arriving in the Bengali capital of Dhaka in the early seventeenth century, and these traders procured cotton cloth and muslin from Bengal for export to Europe. After

1924-453: The muslins produced at Sonargaon being the best. In 2013, the traditional art of Jamdani weaving in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . In 2020, Dhakai muslin was given Geographical indication status as a product of Bangladesh. In 2024, Banglar Muslin (or Bengal Muslin) was granted Geographical Indication status as

1976-520: The neighboring district of Murshidabad , and chose Chowk Islampur as the site of this weaving industry. Chowk Islampur, situated on the banks of the Bairab River, a tributary of the Padma , is an ancient village famous for spinning and weaving since the days of the East India Company . After India's independence, the village had already gained a reputation for high-quality silk weaving. A muslin training center

2028-406: The other hand Indian spinners were able to produce 200-300-400-500 count fine yarn from cotton. As a result, in joint venture with Indian spinners, a hybrid yarn of 200 and 300 count was produced by combining common and futi corpus cotton. At least 50 tools were needed to make cloth from yarn, which had to be reinvented, as they disappeared with muslin. Ultimately a weaver is able to weave a saree with

2080-510: The processes were manual, manufacturing involved many artisans for yarn spinning and weaving activities, but the leading role lay with the material and weaving . Muslins were originally made of cotton only. These were very thin, transparent, delicate and feather light breathable fabrics . There could be 1000–1800 yarns in warp and weigh 110 g (3.8 oz) for 0.91 m × 9.14 m (1 yd × 10 yd). Some varieties of muslin were so thin that they could even pass through

2132-854: The word muslin comes from ' Mosul '—a famous trading center and city in Iraq. Mosul produced a very fine cloth, which became known as muslin in Europe. The earliest specimen of Indian fine cotton cloth (like muslin) was found in Egypt as a mummy shroud around 2000 BC. The first commercial mention of Indian cotton is found in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (63 AD). The book mentions the export of fine cotton textiles from different parts of India to Europe. The eastern (Bengal) and north-western regions of India produced large quantities of fine cotton cloth, but Bengal cotton cloth

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2184-521: Was a gentleman , a merchant of London and one of the earliest British travellers and merchants to visit Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , Indian Ocean, South Asia , and Southeast Asia including the court of Mughal emperor Akbar the Great . At first he was no chronicler but he did eventually write descriptions of the Southeast Asia he saw in 1583–1591, and upon his return to England, in 1591, became

2236-498: Was a major trading center for muslin and silk and a trading post ( kuthi ) of various European merchants. In 1670 AD, Streynsham Master mention that muslin was produced at Malda, Shantipur, Hooghly etc. Advaitacharya Goswami's Shantipur Parichaẏa , Volume II mentions that the East India Company purchased £150,000 worth of muslin annually in the early 19th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as

2288-453: Was able to expand the production of muslin in different parts of West Bengal. Muslin products produced in West Bengal include handkerchiefs, dhoti , bed sheets and men's and women's clothing. According to 2015 data, the products were priced between ₹400 and ₹25,000, while some premium sarees in this category were priced between ₹70,000 and ₹150,000. In the second decade of the 21st century,

2340-470: Was able to reduce the cost of production and increase the wages of spinners. The use of this ambar Charkha proved to be effective and promising for the regeneration of muslin. To concentrate on muslin spinning, the Khadi Society constructed a separate spacious two-storied building at Berhampore in 1966. The Government of West Bengal launched "Project Muslin" in 2013 with Khadi. The aim in this initiative

2392-548: Was also produced in Malda and Hooghly . The muslin produced at Sonargaon and its surrounding areas was of excellent quality, which is popularly known as Dhaka Muslin . The muslin produced in Shantipur came to be known as Shantipuri Muslin , which was recognized by the East India Company . Muslin was made in Dhaka (Sonargaon) from very fine yarn, which is made from cotton called Phuti karpas ; while in Malda, Radhanagar and Burdwan, muslin

2444-403: Was made from fine yarn made from nurma or kaur cotton. A minimum of 300-count yarn was used for the muslin, making the muslin as transparent as glass. There were about 28 varieties of muslin, of which jamdani is still widely used. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade. In

2496-582: Was recognized as a GI (Geographical Indication) product on 28 December 2020. The Government of Bangladesh declared official revival of fine Dhaka Muslin in April 2022. In 2022, the Dhakai Muslin House was built on the banks of Shitalakshya river at Rupganj under Tarab municipality of Narayanganj district. The second phase of the project named ‘Dhaka Muslin Commercialization’ begins in 2023. Since all

2548-432: Was recognized as a Geographical Indication (GI) product of the Indian state of West Bengal in 2024. In 2013, Jamdani (a type of muslin) weaving art of Bangladesh included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO under the title Traditional art of Jamdani Weaving . The dictionary Hobson Jobson published by two Englishmen named S.C. Burnell and Henry Yule mentions that

2600-437: Was started at Chowk Islampur in 1955 under the supervision of Kalicharan Sharma. At first experiments were started on spinning yarn with traditional Kishan Charkha , but it was not possible to make more than 250 counts on this traditional Charkha. Kalicharan Sharma did further experiments and research and developed a highly sensitive six spindle Ambar Charkha (spinning wheel) capable of spinning 500 count yarn. This new Charkha

2652-552: Was superior in quality. According to the text, European merchants procured fine cotton fabrics from the Gange port of Bengal. In this text, broad and smooth cotton cloth is referred to as Monachi and the finest cotton cloth is called Gangetic . A kingdom called 'Ruhma' is found in the Sulaiman al-Tajir written by the 9th century Arab merchant Sulaiman, where fine cotton fabrics was produced. There were cotton fabrics so fine and delicate that

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2704-447: Was to revive the muslin fabric and support the weavers. Through this project, weavers from Murshidabad, Nadia, Maldah, Burdwan, Birbhum, Hooghly and Jhargram districts who are capable of weaving muslin cloth were identified. All these weavers are provided training and technical assistance to produce high quality muslin. Weavers are capable of producing 500 counts of muslin; Some weavers have been able to weave 700 count muslin. Project Muslin

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