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37-529: In Muş Province , the river is interrupted near Toklu by the Alpaslan-1 Dam , which was completed in 2009. The Alpaslan-2 Dam was completed in 2021 and is located downstream of Alpaslan-1. The river merges into the reservoir of the Keban Dam , at one time Turkey's largest dam, which was completed in 1974 and provides electrical power. In Bingöl and Elazığ provinces, Kalehan Energy has four dams planned for

74-526: A major source of income in the Iraq-Turkey border area. Larger-scale agriculture and industrial activities dominate the economic life of the lower-lying region around Diyarbakır , the largest Kurdish-majority city in the region. Elsewhere, however, military activity and high unemployment has led to extensive migration from the region to other parts of Turkey and abroad. Part of the Fertile Crescent of

111-592: A part of Ottoman sanjaks . However, powerful and less accessible tribes, particularly those close to the frontier with Persia , enjoyed a high degree of autonomy. According to a kanunname (book of law) mentioned by Evliya Çelebi , there were two administrative units different from regular sanjaks: 1) Kurdish sanjaks ( Ekrad Beyliği ), characterized by the hereditary rule of the Kurdish aristocracy and 2) Kurdish governments ( hükümet ). The Kurdish sanjaks, like ordinary sanjaks, had military obligations and had to pay taxes. On

148-557: Is a province in the east Anatolia region of Turkey (Türkiye). Its area is 8,718 km , and its population is 399,202 (2022), down from 453,654 in 2000. The provincial capital is the city of Muş . Another town in Muş province, Malazgirt ( Manzikert ), is famous for the Battle of Manzikert of 1071. The province is considered a part of historical Western Armenia . Before the Armenian genocide ,

185-444: Is often used in the context of Kurdish nationalism , which makes it a controversial term among proponents of Turkish nationalism . The term has different meaning depending on context. The Encyclopaedia of Islam delineates the geography of Turkish Kurdistan as following: According to Trotter (1878), the limit of their extent to the north was the line Divriği — Erzurum — Kars . In the region of Erzurum they are found especially to

222-515: Is regarded as one of the earliest leaders who pursued modern nationalist ideas among Kurds. In a letter to a British Vice-Consul, he declared: the Kurdish nation is a people apart. . . we want our affairs to be in our hands'.' The breakup of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the First World War led to its dismemberment and establishment of the present-day political boundaries, dividing

259-557: Is the southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group . The Kurdish Institute of Paris estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of them in the southeast. Southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan) is considered to be one of the four parts of Kurdistan , which also includes parts of northern Syria ( Western Kurdistan ), northern Iraq ( Southern Kurdistan ) and northwestern Iran ( Eastern Kurdistan ). The term Turkish Kurdistan

296-460: The Akdoğan Mountains . 39°24′N 43°45′E  /  39.400°N 43.750°E  / 39.400; 43.750 This article related to a river in Turkey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mu%C5%9F Province Muş Province ( Turkish : Muş Vilayeti ; Kurdish : Parêzgeha Mûşê ; Armenian : Մուշի մարզ , romanized :  Mushi marz )

333-807: The Ancient Near East , Northern Kurdistan was quickly affected by the Neolithic Revolution that saw the spread of agriculture. In the Bronze Age , it was ruled by the Arameans , followed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Iron Age . Classical antiquity saw the arrival of first Greater Armenia , then the Roman Empire . The early Muslim conquests swept over the region with the spread of Islam . During

370-606: The Middle Ages , the region came under the rule of local chieftains. In the 10th and 11th centuries, it was ruled by the Kurdish Marwanid dynasty. From the 14th century onwards, the region was mostly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire . A tax register (or defter ) dating back to 1527 mentions an area called Vilayet-i Kurdistan , which included seven major and 11 minor emirates (or principalities ). The document refers to

407-573: The Ottoman Empire , Constantinople decided not to settle these in Kurdistan due to the extreme poverty and lack of material resources for the refugees. Yet after some time, the Ottomans started seeing the refugees as a chance to diminish the Kurdish claim to the region and allowed the refugees to settle in the region. From early stage on, some Caucasians went through a voluntary process of Kurdification and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue. When

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444-554: The 1990s, forced immigration from the southeast has led millions of Kurds to settle in the cities Ankara , Izmir or Istanbul . There used to be 11 Jewish communities in the Turkish Kurdistan . Much of the region is fertile and has traditionally exported grain and livestock to the cities in the plains. The local economy is dominated by animal husbandry and small-scale agriculture , with cross-border smuggling to and from Iraqi Kurdistan (especially of petroleum ) providing

481-629: The Kurdish emirates as eyalet (state), an indication of the autonomy they enjoyed. In a Ferman (imperial decree) issued by Suleiman I , around 1533, he outlines the rules of inheritance and succession among Kurdistan beys i.e. the Kurdish aristocracy. Hereditary succession was granted to Kurdish emirates loyal to the Ottoman Empire , and Kurdish princes were granted autonomy within the Empire. The degree of autonomy of these emirates varied greatly and depended on their geopolitical significance. The weak Kurdish tribes were forced to join stronger ones or become

518-437: The Kurdish states or hükümets as Cezire, Egil, Genç, Palu and Hazo. In the late 18th and early 19th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire , the Kurdish principalities became practically independent. The Ottoman government began to assert its authority in the region in the early 19th century. Concerned with independent-mindedness of Kurdish principalities, Ottomans sought to curb their influence and bring them under

555-515: The Kurdish-inhabited regions between several newly created states. The establishment and enforcement of the new borders had profound effects for the Kurds, who had to abandon their traditional nomadism for village life and settled farming. There has been significant conflict in Turkey over the Kurdish populations' linguistic rights. At various points in its history Turkey has enacted laws prohibiting

592-429: The Muş province are toxic Ferula and non-toxic Ferula, Rheum ribes , Gundelia , Sorrel , Arum maculatum , Eremurus spectabilis , Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss, Chaerophyllum macrospermum, Thymus (plant) , Chondrilla juncea , Tulipa sintenisii , Eryngium billardieri , Chicory , Astragalus kurdicus, Paeonia turcica and Euphorbia sp . In addition, there are Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae mushrooms in

629-628: The addition of the toponymic suffix -iya and Greek Arsanias ) under the influence of many other Armenian toponyms beginning with Ara- . The main source of the Murat River starts in the Diyadin district of Ağrı . The Kocasu River , which originates in the Bingöl Mountains , flows into the Murat River by the village of Sarıpınar village in the Bulanık district after taking the waters coming from

666-522: The area was a part of the Six Armenian Vilayets . The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. Avni Çakır was appointed Governor of the province in August 2023. There are a total of 8 mountain ranges, 4 of which are large, in the province. Muş province is surrounded by Otluk Mountains in the middle, Akdoğan Mountains in the north, Bingöl Mountains in

703-494: The census of 1935, the first census conducted there after the province was split from Bitlis earlier. Bingöl Province was separated from Muş in 1935, while Tunceli Province was separated from Elazığ in 1936 and Kurdish was also the first language in these newly-established provinces in their first census in 1945 with 56% and 53%, respectively. Moreover, other ethnic groups also exist in Turkish Kurdistan including Arabs , Assyrians , Circassians , Ossetians and Turks . Since

740-582: The control of the central government in Constantinople. However, removal from power of these hereditary principalities led to more instability in the region from the 1840s onwards. In their place, sufi sheiks and religious orders rose to prominence and spread their influence throughout the region. One of the prominent Sufi leaders was Sheikh Ubeydalla Nahri , who began a revolt in the region between Lakes Van and Urmia . The area under his control covered both Ottoman and Qajar territories. Shaikh Ubaidalla

777-473: The east and the south-east. The Kurds also occupy the western slopes of Ararat, the districts of Kağızman and Tuzluca . On the west they extend in a wide belt beyond the course of the Euphrates, and, in the region of Sivas, in the districts of Kangal and Divriği. Equally, the whole region includes areas to the east and south-east of these limits... Turkish Kurdistān numbers at least 17 of them almost totally: in

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814-583: The every high parts of the province. Frangula alnus and Prunus cerasifera are located on the humid shores of the lakes. Oak trees, Crataegus monogyna , Rosa canina , Malus sylvestris , Pyrus elaeagrifolia , Prunus mahaleb , Aria edulis and Cotoneaster nummularius are other trees in the Muş Province. The main animals in the region are Bear , Wolf , Fox , Pig , Partridge , Lynx , Duck , Turtle , Williams's jerboa , Caspian turtle and European green lizard . The touristic places in Muş are

851-418: The first census of Turkey in 1927, Kurdish was the largest first language in the provinces of Ağrı ( 58%), Bitlis ( 75%), Diyarbakır ( 69%), Elazığ ( 53%), Hakkâri ( 89%), Mardin ( 61%), Siirt ( 74%, includes present-day Batman) and Van ( 77%). Moreover, Kurdish was the largest first language with a plurality in Şanlıurfa with 42%. 69% of the population in Muş Province had Kurdish as their first language in

888-520: The frontiers of Kurdistan hardly allow an exact appreciation of the area." The region forms the south-eastern edge of Anatolia , in Upper Mesopotamia . It is dominated by high peaks rising to over 3,700 m (12,000 ft) and arid mountain plateaux , forming part of the arc of the Taurus Mountains . It has an extreme continental climate —hot in the summer, bitterly cold in the winter. In

925-532: The historical Murat Bridge , the tulips on the Muş Plain , Muş Castle, Haspet Castle , Kepenek Castle , Kayalıdere Castle , Mercimekkale Mound , Lake Akdoğan , Künav Cave , Lake Haçlı , Malazgirt Castle and Esenlik Mosque . The city is served by the Muş Airport . It has a train station and a bus station(MUŞTİ). Muş province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold ): Historically, Muş

962-427: The north-east, the provinces of Erzincan , Erzurum and Kars ; in the centre, going from west to east and from north to south, the provinces of Malatya , Tunceli , Elazığ , Bingöl , Muş , Karaköse ( Ağrı ), then Adıyaman , Diyarbakır , Siirt , Bitlis and Van ; Finally, the southern provinces of Şanlıurfa (Urfa), Mardin and Çölamerik ( Hakkarî ). Nonetheless, it is emphasized that "the imprecise limits of

999-486: The northwest, Şerafettin Mountains in the west, Karaçavuş Mountains in the southwest, Yakupağa Mountains and Bilican Mountains in the southeast, Cemalverdi Mountains in the east. Plains constitute 27.2 percent of the Muş provincial area. The most important are Muş , Bulanık , Malazgirt and Liz Plains. The main largest lakes in Muş are Lake Akdoğan , Lake Haçlı and Lake Kaz . The main plant species in

1036-649: The other hand, the Kurdish hükümet neither paid taxes nor provided troops for the Ottoman Army , and the Ottomans preferred not to interfere in their succession and internal affairs. According to Çelebi, by the mid-17th century the autonomy of the Kurdish emirates had diminished. At this time, out of 19 sanjaks of the Diyarbekir Eyalet , 12 were regular Ottoman sanjaks, and the remaining were referred to as Kurdish sanjaks. The Kurdish sanjaks were Sagman, Kulp, Mihraniye, Tercil, Atak, Pertek, Çapakçur and Çermik. Çelebi lists

1073-503: The police have been closing down these private schools. There has been a long-running separatist conflict in Turkey which has cost 30,000 lives, on both sides. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions during the 1920s and 1930s. These were forcefully put down by the Turkish authorities and the region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965. Kurdish place names were changed and turkified,

1110-515: The rest of the 1980s and into the 1990s. By 1993, the total number of security forces involved in the struggle in southeastern Turkey was about 200,000, and the conflict had become the largest counter-insurgency in the Middle East , in which much of the countryside was evacuated, thousands of Kurdish-populated villages were destroyed, and numerous extra judicial summary executions were carried out by both sides. More than 37,000 people were killed in

1147-838: The river: from upstream to downstream, the Upper Kaleköy Dam , Lower Kaleköy Dam , Beyhan I Dam , and Beyhan II Dam . The Beyhan I and Upper Kaleköy dams are already completed. Once completed, all four dams will have a combined installed capacity of 1,855 MW. The present name is usually connected with the Turkish given name Murat or the word from which that name derives, murat ' purpose, intention, desire ' . But this may be folk etymology, so Hrach Martirosyan tentatively proposes derivation from Old Armenian [[[wikt:մօր#Etymology_2|mōrat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) , [[[wikt:մօր#Etymology_2|murat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ' mud, marsh ' . The river

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1184-547: The use of Kurdish in schools. To counter the Dersim rebellion , a turkification process was started by the Turkish government and the Elazığ Girls' Institute ( Turkish : Elazığ Kız Enstitüsü, EGI ) was opened in 1937. The institute was a boarding school for Kurdish girls and young women who had to learn to speak Turkish with their children which before they were not able to as most of them didn't know Turkish. The girls' school

1221-512: The use of Kurdish language was outlawed, the words Kurds and Kurdistan were erased from dictionaries and history books, and the Kurds were only referred to as Mountain Turks . Politicians were often prosecuted and sentenced to prison terms for speaking Kurdish. In 1983, a number of provinces were placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). A guerrilla war took place through

1258-622: The violence and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. The situation in the region has since eased following the capture of the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999 and the introduction of a greater degree of official tolerance for Kurdish cultural activities, encouraged by the European Union . However, some political violence is still ongoing and the Turkish–Iraqi border region remains tense. When refugees from Caucasus reached

1295-568: Was called Arșania in sources of the Neo-Assyrian Empire , and Arsanias in Classical Greek and Roman sources. Those forms may be derived from an earlier form of Armenian Արածանի Aratsani , which Armen Petrosyan derives from an Armenian descendant of the Proto-Indo-European root * h₂erǵ ' white, bright ' . Armenian Aratsani may have developed from an earlier form * Artsani (whence Akkadian Arșania with

1332-509: Was known for producing wheat . The province also grew madder , but locals retained it, using it for dye . The area also had salt mines . As of 1920, the region had so much salt that it was said to have enough to supply Europe and Asia. 39°00′02″N 41°49′38″E  /  39.00056°N 41.82722°E  / 39.00056; 41.82722 Turkish Kurdistan Ancient Medieval Modern Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan ( Kurdish : Bakurê Kurdistanê )

1369-602: Was open until 1959. In 2014, several Kurdish NGOs and two Kurdish political parties supported a boycott of schools in Northern Kurdistan to promote the right to education in the Kurdish language in all subjects. While Kurdish identity has become more acceptable in Turkish society, the Turkish government has only allowed the Kurdish language to be offered as an elective in schools. The government has refused to honor other demands. In several southeastern cities, Kurds have established private schools to teach classes in Kurdish but

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