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50-499: The system was reported to analyze government and commercial databases to find associations between suspects or to discover locations of or completely new "suspects". The database and technologies used in the system were housed by Seisint , a Florida-based company since acquired by LexisNexis . The Matrix program was shut down in June 2005 after federal funding was cut in the wake of public concerns over privacy and state surveillance. Matrix

100-573: A data warehouse . Dossiers would be reviewed by specialized software to identify anomalies using 'mathematical analysis'. When anomalies are spotted, they would be scrutinized by personnel who would search for evidence of terrorism or other crimes. Like the TIA, Matrix would use data mining where searches for patterns in this data (including the 'anomalies') would be used to identify individuals possibly involved in terrorist or other criminal activity. Congressional critic Paula B. Dockery pointed out that like

150-541: A service bureau for nonlegal applications until 1980. Rubin then hired a new team to build an entirely new information service dedicated exclusively to legal research . He coined a new name, LEXIS, from "lex", the Latin word for law, and "IS" for "information service". After several iterations, the original functional and performance specifications were finalized by Rubin and executive vice president Bob Bennett in late summer 1972. System designer Edward Gottsman supervised

200-679: A computer database to help him keep track of it all. In 1965, Horty's work inspired the Ohio State Bar Association (OSBA) to independently develop its own CALR system, Ohio Bar Automated Research (OBAR). In 1967, the OSBA signed a contract with Data Corporation, a local defense contractor, to build OBAR based on the OSBA's written specifications. Data proceeded to implement OBAR on Data Central, an interactive full-text search system originally developed in 1964 as Recon Central to help U.S. Air Force intelligence analysts search text summaries of

250-435: A future in which large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through professional intermediaries like librarians. The developers of several other early information services in the 1970s harbored similar ambitions (e.g., OCLC 's WorldCat ), but met with financial, structural, and technological constraints and were forced to retreat to the professional intermediary model until

300-470: A leader in contract data analytics. In February 2020, LexisNexis transitioned its database services to the Amazon Web Services cloud architecture, and shut down its legacy mainframes and servers. In 2020, Estates Gazette and the remaining business of Reed Business Information became part of LexisNexis. In 2000, LexisNexis purchased RiskWise, a St. Cloud, Minnesota company. Also in 2000,

350-579: A library of briefs and motions. In addition to this, Lexis also has libraries of statutes, case judgments and opinions for jurisdictions such as France , Australia , Canada, Hong Kong , South Africa and the United Kingdom as well as databases of law review and legal journal articles for countries for which materials are available. Previously, LexisNexis had a stripped-down free version (known as LexisOne) but this has been discontinued and replaced by Lexis Communities, which provides news and blogs across

400-554: A network to interconnect many local, state, regional, and tribal law enforcement databases. In 2002, RISSNET was connected with the FBI's Law Enforcement Online system. In 2003, the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) declared that RISSNET would be the official "backbone" for all unclassified, but sensitive criminal intelligence data traffic. Later that year, members were also given access to

450-416: A profit for the first time in 1977. In 1980, LEXIS completed its hand-keyed electronic database of all extant U.S. federal and state cases. The NEXIS service, added that same year, provided journalists with a searchable database of news articles. In September 1981, Rubin and several of his allies (including Bennett and Gottsman) left Mead Data Central to pursue other opportunities. When Toyota launched

500-688: A variety of legal areas. Time Matters is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. Lexis for Microsoft Office is a LexisNexis-branded software offering. In France, the UK and Australia, LexisNexis publishes books, magazines and journals, both in hard copy and online. Titles include Taxation Magazine , Lawyers Weekly and La Semaine Juridique . Lastly, LexisNexis focused on generative AI tool for attorneys called LexisNexis Precision that can produce memos defining key legal concepts, identify and summarize new case developments, and generate common legal documents. The organization that eventually became LexisNexis UK

550-441: Is a global provider of news and business information and market intelligence tools for professionals in risk management, corporate, political, media, and academic markets. In 2022, LexisNexis Risk Solutions was sued by immigration advocates for allegedly violating Illinois law by collecting and combining extensive personal information and selling it to third parties, including federal immigration authorities. The lawsuit claimed that

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600-411: Is a print and electronic publishing company that provides information to financial and legal professionals in the banking industry, as well as online training and tools for financial institutions. SIS was founded in 1971 by Alex and Gabrielle Sheshunoff. The company became recognized for providing guidance and analysis to the banking industry. In 1988 Thompson Media, a division of Thomson Reuters, acquired

650-536: Is a violation of the GDPR, which requires companies to obtain consent from individuals before collecting and storing their personal data. Regional Information Sharing Systems Regional Information Sharing Systems ( RISS ) is an information-sharing program funded by the U.S. Federal government whose purpose is to connect databases from local and regional law enforcement so that they can use each other's data for criminal investigations. In 1997, RISS created RISSNET ,

700-454: Is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York . Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had

750-506: The Arthur D. Little consulting firm to study the business possibilities for the Data Central technology. Arthur D. Little dispatched a team of consultants from New York to Ohio led by H. Donald Wilson . After Mead asked for a practicing lawyer on the team, Jerome Rubin, a Harvard -trained attorney with 20 years of experience was included. The resulting study concluded that the nonlegal market

800-526: The Lexus line of luxury vehicles in 1989, Mead Data Central sued for trademark infringement on the grounds that consumers of upscale products (like lawyers) might confuse "Lexus" with "Lexis". A market research survey asked consumers to identify the spoken word "Lexis". Survey results showed that a nominal number of people thought of the computerized legal search system; a similarly small number thought of Toyota's luxury car division. A judge ruled against Toyota, and

850-633: The Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (MATRIX). In February 2008, Reed Elsevier purchased data aggregator ChoicePoint (previous NYSE ticker symbol CPS) in a cash deal for US$ 3.6 billion. The company was rebranded as LexisNexis Risk Solutions . In 2013, LexisNexis, together with Reed Elsevier Properties SA, acquired publishing brands and businesses of Sheshunoff and A.S. Pratt from Thompson Media Group . Sheshunoff Information Services , A.S. Pratt, & Alex Information (collectively, SIS), founded in 1972,

900-574: The deportation of undocumented migrants . LexisNexis has been accused of violating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by collecting and storing personal data of European citizens without their explicit consent. The accusation was made by NOYB , a European privacy advocacy group, which filed a complaint with the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC), the lead supervisory authority for LexisNexis in

950-464: The "LexisNexis", "Butterworths" and " Tolley " trade marks. Such publications include Halsbury's Laws of England and the All England Law Reports , amongst others. The Butterworths name is also used to publish works in many countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. LexisNexis also produces a range of software, services and products which are designed to support

1000-567: The Court's precedents on whether Illinois could constitutionally apply its income tax to Mead, an out-of-state, Ohio-based corporation. The Court reversed and remanded so the lower courts could apply the correct test and determine whether Mead and Lexis were a "unitary" business. In 1997, LexisNexis acquired 52 legal titles (including the Lawyers' Edition ) owned by the Thomson Corporation . Thomson

1050-482: The European Union. NOYB alleges that LexisNexis collects personal data of European citizens through its legal research products and services, including Lexis Advance and LexisNexis® Academic. This data includes names, addresses, email addresses, and IP addresses. NOYB also alleges that LexisNexis does not provide European citizens with an opportunity to opt out of the collection and storage of their personal data. This

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1100-530: The LexisNexis system to Reed Elsevier for $ 1.5 billion. The U.S. state of Illinois subsequently audited Mead's income tax returns and charged Mead an additional $ 4 million in income tax and penalties for the sale of LexisNexis; Mead paid the tax under protest, then sued for a refund in an Illinois state court. On April 15, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Mead that the Illinois courts had incorrectly applied

1150-603: The TIA, this kind of 'data mining' may be ineffective, and have severe downsides, including its privacy costs. Data from Matrix would be transferred through the Regional Information Sharing Systems network, an existing secure law enforcement network used to transmit sensitive information among law enforcement agencies. The network was linked to High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas, United States Attorneys' Offices, other federal agencies and several state law enforcement systems. Seisint LexisNexis

1200-500: The company acquired the American legal publisher Matthew Bender from Times Mirror . In 2002, it acquired a Canadian research database company, Quicklaw . In 2002, LexisNexis acquired the Ohio legal publisher Anderson Publishing. In 2004, Reed Elsevier Group, parent company of LexisNexis, purchased Seisint, Inc, from founder Michael Brauser of Boca Raton, Florida . Seisint housed and operated

1250-525: The company appealed the decision. Mead lost on appeal in 1989 when the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit held that there was little chance of consumer confusion. Today, the two companies have an amicable business relationship, and in 2002 implemented a joint promotion called "Win a Lexus on Lexis!" In 1988, Mead acquired the Michie Company, a legal publisher, from Macmillan . In December 1994, Mead sold

1300-476: The company's practices posed "a grave threat to civil liberties." Critics accused LexisNexis of violating individuals' privacy rights by providing addresses, phone numbers, relatives' names, and more through the data being sold to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). In November 2019, several legal scholars and human rights activists called on LexisNexis to cease work with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement because their work directly contributes to

1350-454: The company. Separately, the Sheshunoffs began publishing Alex Information products. In 1995, SIS acquired A.S. Pratt & Sons. Established in 1933, Pratt's Letter is believed to be the second oldest continuously published newsletter in the country behind Kiplinger's Washington Letter , which began publication in 1923. A.S. Pratt is a provider of regulatory law and compliance work tools for

1400-485: The contents of aerial and satellite reconnaissance photographs. (Before computer vision was invented, text summaries were manually prepared by enlisted personnel called "photo interpreters"; analysts then used those summaries as a catalog to retrieve photographs from which they could draw inferences about enemy strategy. ) In 1968, paper manufacturer Mead Corporation purchased Data Corporation for $ 6 million to gain control of its inkjet printing technology. Mead hired

1450-535: The early 1990s. The LexisNexis story begins in western Pennsylvania in 1956, when attorney John Horty began to explore the use of CALR technology in support of his work on comparative hospital law at the University of Pittsburgh Health Law Center . Horty was surprised to discover the extent to which the laws governing hospital administration varied from one state to another across the United States and began building

1500-631: The end of that year, the LEXIS database had reached two billion characters in size and added the entire United States Code , as well as the United States Reports from 1938 through 1973. By 1974, LEXIS was running on an IBM 370/155 computer in Ohio supported by a set of IBM 3330 disk storage units which could store up to about 4 billion characters. Its communications processor could handle 62 terminals simultaneously with transmission speed at 120 characters per second per user. On this platform, LEXIS

1550-527: The financial services industry. Gabrielle Sheshunoff returned in 2004 to unite the AlexInformation, Sheshunoff, and A.S. Pratt brands before it was sold to Thompson in 2008. In November 2014, LexisNexis Risk Solutions bought Health Market Science (HMS), a supplier of data about US healthcare professionals. In May 2022, LexisNexis acquired the behavioral biometrics technology provider, BehavioSec for an undisclosed sum. On March 9, 2005, LexisNexis made

Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-489: The funding and operations described here, the ACLU's requests revealed that Matrix would perform an almost identical function to the banned TIA. Matrix would bind together government and commercial databases to allow federal and state law enforcement entities to conduct detailed searches on individuals. Public revelation of the projects funding caused an uproar in the media and states began withdrawing their support. The Matrix program

1650-552: The implementation of the specifications as working computer code . At the same time, Rubin and Bennett orchestrated the necessary keyboarding of the legal materials to be provided through LEXIS, and designed a business plan, marketing strategy, and training program. MDC's corporate headquarters were moved to New York City, while the data center stayed in Dayton, Ohio . Lexis was the first information service to directly serve end users. Rubin later explained that they were trying "to crack

1700-488: The librarian barrier. Our goal was to get a LEXIS terminal on every lawyer's desk." To persuade American lawyers to use LEXIS (at a time when computer literacy was rare), MDC used aggressive marketing, sales, and training campaigns. On April 2, 1973, MDC publicly launched LEXIS at a press conference in New York City, with libraries of New York and Ohio case law as well as a separate library of federal tax materials. By

1750-426: The practice of the legal profession. For example, case management systems, customer relationship management systems ("CRMs") and proofreading tools for Microsoft Office. InterAction is a customer relationship management system designed specifically for professional services firms such as accountancy and legal firms. Business Insight Solutions offers news and business content and market intelligence tools. It

1800-523: The program originated, and to the federal government on 30 October 2003. The ACLU followed this up with simultaneous information requests in Connecticut, Michigan, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania for information about those states' participation in Matrix. The ACLU's requests sought to find out the information sources that Matrix was drawing upon, who had access to the database and how it is being used. As well as

1850-681: The program, citing privacy and security concerns. The U.S. federal government and the CIA was cited as likely future users. The program's similarity to the Total Information Awareness (TIA) federally funded initiative that was terminated following public concerns contributed to Matrix's demise. Matrix came under scrutiny by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) which made Freedom of Information Act requests in Florida, where

1900-705: The system was handed over to law enforcement officials, although Seisint continued to house and operate it on their behalf. After a demonstration of the system at the White House in January 2003 Matrix received US$ 4 million in grants from the U.S. Justice Department and the program was earmarked US$ 8 million by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The program snowballed, as states signed up to participate, including Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio and Utah. California and Texas joined then exited

1950-802: The theft of personal information of Seisint users public. It was originally estimated that 32,000 users were affected, but that number greatly increased to over 310,000. Affected persons were provided with free fraud insurance and credit bureau reports for a year. However, no reports of identity theft or fraud were discovered to have stemmed from the security breach. The hackers stole passwords, names, addresses, and Social Security and driver's license numbers of customers of LexisNexis's Seisint division. Seisint collects data on individuals that's used by law enforcement agencies and private companies for debt recovery, fraud detection and other services. LexisNexis services are delivered via two websites that require separate paid subscriptions . In 2000, Lexis began building

2000-594: The well-known Queen's Law Bookseller. Butterworths was acquired by International Publishing Corporation in 1965; IPC was acquired by the Reed Group in 1970. Heinemann Professional Publishing was merged with Butterworths Scientific in 1990 to form Butterworth-Heinemann . The Butterworths publishing business is now owned and operated in the UK by Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd, a company in the Reed Elsevier Group. Publications continue to be produced by RELX (UK) Ltd using

2050-425: The world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX . LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier). According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to both envision and actually bring about

Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-453: Was "unacceptably dirty." In February 1970, Mead reorganized Data Corporation's Information Systems Division into a new Mead subsidiary called Mead Data Central (MDC). Wilson and Rubin, respectively, were installed as president and vice president. A year later, Mead bought out the OSBA's interests in the OBAR project, and OBAR disappears from the historical record after that point. After Wilson

2150-448: Was able to execute over 90% of searches within fewer than five seconds. Over 100 text terminals had been deployed to various legal offices (i.e., law firms and government agencies) and over 4,000 users had been trained. By 1975, the LEXIS database had grown to 5 billion characters and could handle up to 200 terminals simultaneously. By 1976, the LEXIS database included case law from six states, plus various federal materials. MDC turned

2200-433: Was finally shut down in June 2005 after federal funding was cut in the wake of public concerns over privacy and state surveillance. Seisint retained the technology used to operate Matrix. Both Seisint and its Matrix technology are now owned by LexisNexis . The Matrix website stated that the data would include criminal histories, driver's license data, vehicle registration records, and public data record entries. Other data

2250-444: Was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth (1786–1860). He was a pupil at King Henry VIII School , Coventry . After leaving Coventry he was apprenticed to and, for some time, worked for his uncle Joseph Butterworth , the great law bookseller of Fleet Street . In 1818, however, disagreement between them as to the terms of partnership made Henry set up on his own account at the corner of Middle Temple Gate (7 Fleet Street), where he became

2300-488: Was nonexistent, the legal market had potential, and OBAR needed to be rebuilt to profitably exploit that market. At the time, OBAR searches often took up to five hours to complete if more than one user was online, and its original terminals were noisy Teletypes with slow transmission rates of 10 characters per second. The original OBAR terminals were belatedly replaced with CRT text terminals in 1970. OBAR also had quality control issues; Rubin later recalled that its data

2350-537: Was put in charge, he became reluctant to implement his own study's recommendation to abandon the OBAR/Data Central work to date and start over. In September 1971, Mead's management relegated Wilson to vice chairman of the board (i.e., a nonoperational role) and elevated Rubin to president of MDC. Rubin pushed the legacy Data Central technology back to Mead Corporation. Under a newly organized division, Mead Technical Laboratories, Data Central continued to operate as

2400-416: Was required to sell the titles as a condition of acquiring competing publisher West . In 1998, Reed Elsevier acquired Shepard's Citations and made it part of LexisNexis. Before electronic citators like Westlaw's KeyCite appeared, Shepard's was the only legal citation service which attempted to provide comprehensive coverage of American law . In 2019, LexisNexis announced a joint venture with Knowable,

2450-489: Was the brainchild of Hank Asher , a businessman in the data aggregation field. Asher reportedly contacted Florida police immediately after the September 11 terrorist attacks, claiming he could find the hijackers as well as other potential terrorists. Asher reportedly offered to make available the database and technology that could do the job quickly, for free, supplied by the company he owned and operated: Seisint . Control of

2500-625: Was thought to include credit histories, driver's license photographs, marriage and divorce records, social security numbers, dates of birth, and the names and addresses of family members, neighbors and business associates. All of this information is available to the government without the need for a warrant. The ACLU pointed out that the type of data that the Matrix compiles could be expanded to include information in commercial databases encompasses such as purchasing habits, magazine subscriptions, income and job histories. Matrix would combine these government records and information from commercial databases in

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