53-750: The Mughal Khel is a subgroup of Yousafzai Pashtun tribe , primarily residing in the southern part of District Bannu , particularly in and around the Ghoriwala region . They are known for their unique situation of being Yousafzai individuals settled far from their original homeland and speaking the Central dialect of Pashto , while still maintaining their Yousafzai heritage. The tribe traces its lineage back to Hassan Khan Yousafzai, an adventurer from Yousafzai county , who initially settled in Kurram before his descendants migrated to Ghoriwala. Hassan Khan Yousafzai belonged to
106-566: A beautiful mosque in Bannu Bazar in around 1820s. The Mughal Khel tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting
159-574: A group of opposing Afghans, as also corroborated by Abulfazl Beyhaqi . It is recorded that Afghans were also enrolled in the Ghurid Kingdom (1148–1215). By the beginning of the Khilji dynasty in 1290, Afghans have been well known in northern India. Ibn Battuta , a famous Moroccan traveler, visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty in 1333 writes. "We travelled on to Kabul, formerly
212-567: A horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification." The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan is also the origin of the ethnonym Afghān , which has been historically used for all Pashtuns. According to a popular mythical genealogy, recorded by 17th-century Mughal courtier Nimat Allah al-Harawi in his book Tārīkh-i Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-i Afghānī , the Yusufzai tribe descended from their eponymous ancestor Yūsuf, who
265-499: A message was sent thither to you (saying ) thus : ... look after the farming but the order was given to you thus. You should hand over the grain and then request it from the citizens store: I will not order, so ... I myself order and in respect of winter sends men thither to you then look after the farming. To Ormuzd Bunukan, Greetings." "because [you] (pl.), the clan of the Afghans, said thus to me: ... And you should not have denied (?)
318-501: A particular people as mentioned in the Bactrian documents. "To Ormuzd Bunukan, from Bredag Watanan ... greetings and homage from ... the sotang (?) of Parpaz (under) the glorious Yabghu of Hephthal , the chief of the Afghans, the judge of Tukharistan and Gharchistan . Moreove, a letter [has come hither] from you, so I have heard how [you have] written to me concerning my health. I arrived in good health (and) afterwards (?) I heard that
371-463: A payment in grain or rice. The ghulām or "slaves" were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master's household. Although the ghulām were less free as compared to the hamsāya or the faqīr , they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society. Afghan (ethnonym) The ethnonym Afghan ( Dari Persian / Pashto : افغان ) has been used historically to refer to
424-400: A regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on. The wēsh system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s. The hamsāya or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to
477-428: A vast town, the site of which is now occupied by Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called Kuh Sulayman . It is told that the prophet Sulayman [Solomon] ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it." A 16th-century Muslim historian writing about
530-496: Is a variety of Northern Pashto , is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects: The Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups: The khān referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed
583-513: Is later recorded in the 6th century CE in the form of "Avagāṇa" [अवगाण] by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his Brihat-samhita . "It would be unfavourable to the people of Chola, the Afghans (Avagāṇa), the white Huns and the Chinese." The word Afghan also appeared in the 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam , where a reference is made to the village of Saul, which was estimated to be located near Gardez , in
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#1732858425791636-577: The British Raj annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904). The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into West Pakistan , and then in 1970 into the North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) of Pakistan. Its area is part of the present-day Buner , Lower Dir and Upper Dir . One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje,
689-612: The Gadezai branch of the Ilyaszai Yousafzai clan. Presently, the population of the Mughal Khels is estimated to be in the tens of thousands. Yusufzai The Yusufzai or Yousafzai ( Pashto : یوسفزی , pronounced [jusəpˈzai] ), also referred to as the Esapzai ( ايسپزی , pronounced [iːsəpˈzai] ), or Yusufzai Afghans historically, are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns . They are natively based in
742-550: The Musulmáns of the Kohistán (the mountains), and how matters stood there, they said, "Don't call it Kohistán, but Afghánistán; for there is nothing there but Afgháns and disturbances." Thus it is clear that for this reason the people of the country call their home in their own language Afghánistán, and themselves Afgháns. The people of India call them Patán ; however the reason for this is not known. But it occurs to me, that when, under
795-530: The Paktia province of Afghanistan. "Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live Afghans. " Hudud al-'Alam also speaks of a king in Ninhar ( Nangarhar ), who had Muslim, Afghan and Hindu wives. "Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives). The rest of the people are idolaters. In (Ninhar) there are three large idols." In
848-559: The Pashtuns . Since the second half of the twentieth century, the term " Afghan " evolved into a demonym for all residents of Afghanistan , including those outside of the Pashtun ethnicity. The earliest mention of the name Afghan ( Abgân ) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE. In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) was used in reference to
901-684: The Red Sea , many of the Copts became converts to the Jewish faith ; but others, stubborn and self-willed, refusing to embrace the true faith, leaving their country, came to India, and eventually settled in the Sulimany mountains, where they bore the name of Afghans." The coined term of Afghanistan came into place in 1855, officially recognized by the British during the reign of Dost Mohammad Khan . Some scholars suggest that
954-569: The Sanskrit and Avestan words for " horse "), or the Assakenoi of Arrian , which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush . This view was propounded by scholars like Christian Lassen , J. W. McCrindle , M. V. de Saint Martin, and É. Reclus , The Indian epic Mahabharata speaks about Kambojas among the finest horsemen , and ancient Pali texts describe their lands as
1007-446: The land of horses . Kambojas spoke Avestan language and followed Zoroastrianism . Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism originated in the land of Kambojas. The last part of the name -stān is a Persian suffix for "place of". The Pashto translation of stogna is prominent in many languages of Asia. The name Afghanistan is mentioned in writing by the 16th century Mughal ruler Babur and his descendants, referring to
1060-565: The 11th century, Afghans are mentioned in al-Biruni 's Tarikh-ul Hind ("History of the Indus"), which describes groups of rebellious Afghans in the tribal lands west of the Indus River in what is now known as Pakistan. Al-Utbi, the Ghaznavid chronicler. In n his Tarikh-i Yamini records that many Afghans and Khiljis (possibly the modern Ghilji ) living between Laghman and Peshawar enlisted in
1113-621: The British at Nagina on 21 April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in Farrukhabad , which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash . In Dir , descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of Dir , laid the foundation of the state of Dir . In 1897,
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#17328584257911166-627: The Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of Saharanpur , also ruling over Dehradun . In 1761, he took part in the Third Battle of Panipat and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas . He also convinced Shuja-ud-Daula , the Nawab of Awadh , to join
1219-552: The Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as Mir Bakshi (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II . After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, Zabita Khan , who was defeated in 1772 by a joint Mughal-Maratha force, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by
1272-739: The Mughal Army in Peshawar . In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from Delhi to suppress the revolt. Although the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern Kabul valley , he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from
1325-552: The Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other Mughal Emperor. Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency. Major parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following. After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which
1378-424: The Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans ( khēl ). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system ( wēsh ), each landowning khān would own shares ( brakha ) representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through
1431-579: The Yusufzai speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto (as in case of Mughal Khel ) and Afghan dialect Persian . In Pashto phonology , as /f/ is found only in loanwords and tends to be replaced by /p/, the name is usually pronounced as Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay . The name literally means "descendant of Yusuf " in Pashto; Yūsuf ( يوسف ) is an Arabic and Aramaic masculine given name meaning "(God) shall add." According to some scholars, including philologist J.W. McCrindle ,
1484-516: The Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in Baburnama by Babur , a Timurid ruler from Fergana (in present-day Uzbekistan ) who captured Kabul in 1504 . On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his Bajaur massacre , Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad ( Swat ), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of Panjkora and
1537-634: The Yusufzai tribe over the years. The faqīr or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the faqīr used to pay rent for the land they cultivated. In the 19th century, the distinction between hamsāya as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and faqīr as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients. The mlātəṛ or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans ( kasabgar ), musicians ( ḍəm ), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for
1590-463: The army of Sabuktigin after Jayapala was defeated. "The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to Ghizny ." Al-Utbi further states that Afghans and Ghiljis made up a part of Mahmud Ghaznavi 's army and were sent on his expedition to Tokharistan , while on another occasion Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked and punished
1643-505: The bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in Rohilkhand , India where they were known as the Rohilla . Najib-ud-Daula , who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of Najibabad in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor Alamgir II on
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1696-628: The control of the Yusufzai. Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire , categorized all Afghan tribes into four ulūs (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: Durrani , Ghilji , Sur , and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the Mohmand , Afridi , Bangash , and Khattak . The Bar Durrani comprised
1749-441: The country was not a definite political unit, and its component parts were not bound together by any identity of race or language. The earlier meaning of the word was simply "the land of the Afghans", a limited territory which did not include many parts of the present state but did comprise large districts now either independent or within the boundary of British India (Pakistan)." There are a number of other hypotheses suggested for
1802-699: The history of Muslim rule in the subcontinent states: "He [Khalid bin Abdullah son of Khalid bin Walid ] retired, therefore, with his family, and a number of Arab retainers, into the Sulaiman Mountains, situated between Multan and Peshawar, where he took up his residence, and gave his daughter in marriage to one of the Afghan chiefs, who had become a proselyte to Mahomedism. From this marriage many children were born, among whom were two sons famous in history. The one Lodhi ,
1855-537: The local elements and thus have transitioned from the Hard Pashto pronunciations to Soft Pashto but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified. As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said: The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin. Yusufzai Pashto, which
1908-422: The men of Rob [that] the Afghans took (away) the horses." "[To...]-bid the Afghan... Moreover, they are in [War]nu (?) because of the Afghans, so [you should] impose a penalty on Nat Kharagan ... ... Lord of Warnu with ... ... ...the Afghan... ..." The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern Pashtun , with the name Afghan being derived from Asvakan . The term "Afghan"
1961-529: The name Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay is derived from the tribal names of Aspasioi and Assakenoi – the ancient inhabitants of the Kunar Valley and the Swat Valley who offered resistance when Alexander invaded their land in 327–326 BCE. According to historian R.C. Majumdar , the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the larger Aspasioi , and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from
2014-553: The northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( Malakand , Dir , Swat , Shangla , Buner , Swabi , Mardan , Bajaur , Peshawar , Tor Ghar ), to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of Afghanistan , including Kunar , Kabul , Kandahar and Farah . Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu ( Mughal Khel ), Balochistan Sibi ( Akazai ), Chagai ( Hassanzai ) and Rohilkandh . Most of
2067-553: The other Sur ; who each, subsequently, became head of the tribes which to this day bear their name. I have read in the Mutla-ul-Anwar , a work written by a respectable author, and which I procured at Burhanpur , a town of Khandesh in the Deccan , that the Afghans are Copts of the race of the Pharaohs ; and that when the prophet Moses got the better of that infidel who was overwhelmed in
2120-507: The progenitors of the Gigyani and Tarkani tribes, respectively. Yūsuf had one brother, Umar, who was the progenitor of the Mandanr tribe, which is closely related to Yusufzais. The 1595 Mughal account Ain-i-Akbari also mentioned the tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns, which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th-century Pashtuns. During the early modern period ,
2173-589: The rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Swat and Buner by the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan . This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal Army during Akbar's reign. In 1630, under the leadership of Pir Roshan 's great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, Kheshgi , Mohmand , Afridi , Bangash , and other tribes launched an attack on
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2226-540: The rule of Muhammadan sovereigns, Musulmáns first came to the city of Patná , and dwelt there, the people of India (for that reason) called them Patáns—but God knows!" Regarding the modern state of Afghanistan , the Encyclopædia of Islam explains: "The country now known as Afghanistan has borne that name only since the middle of the 18th century, when the supremacy of the Afghan race became assured: previously various districts bore distinct apellations, however
2279-404: The territory between Khorasan , Kabulistan , and the Indus River , which was inhabited by tribes of Afghans . "The road from Khorasān leads by way of Kandahār. It is a straight level road, and does not go through any hill-passes... In the country of Kābul there are many and various tribes. Its valleys and plains are inhabited by Tūrks , Aimāks, and Arabs. In the city and the greater part of
2332-680: The tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of Malik Ahmad Khan was against any forging of close ties. Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors Humayun and Akbar . Although suspicions existed on both sides and
2385-593: The united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite intoxicating confections ." Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that threatened his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to India . As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married Bibi Mubarika , daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue
2438-474: The villages, the population consists of Tājiks*( Sarts ). Many other of the villages and districts are occupied by Pashāis , Parāchis, Tājiks, Berekis, and Afghans... In the hill-country to the north-east lies Kaferistān , such as Kattor and Gebrek. To the south is Afghānistān." The name "Afghanistan" is also mentioned in the writings of the 16th-century historian Ferishta : "The men of Kábul and Khilj also went home; and whenever they were questioned about
2491-516: The word Aśvaka , which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or " cavalrymen " (from aśva or aspa , the Sanskrit and Avestan words for " horse "). McCrindle noted: "The name of the Aśvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses . The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ἵππος ,
2544-677: The word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in Avestan and ava-Han/apa-Han in Sanskrit , which means "killing, striking, throwing and resisting, or defending." Under the Sasanians , and possibly the Parthian Empire , the word was used to refer to men of a certain Persian sect. Another view is that the name Afghan evidently derives from the word Aśvakan which means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or " cavalrymen " (from aśva or aspa ,
2597-482: Was a man named Gadezai , who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day District Buner , while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by Ulugh Beg in Kabul . Initially settling in Kurram , Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to Ghoriwala in present-day District Bannu . Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family
2650-715: Was claimed to be a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a kinsman of Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid . When Khalid ibn al-Walid summoned Qais from Ghor to Medina , Qais accepted Islam and the prophet renamed him Abdur Rashīd (meaning "Servant of the Guide to the Right Path" or "Servant of God" in Arabic ). Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there. The book stated that Yūsuf's grandfather (and Mand's father), Khashay, also had two other sons, Muk and Tarkalāṇī, who were
2703-416: Was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as Mughal Khel . Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of
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#17328584257912756-731: Was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader). In 1586, Akbar the Great tried to invade Malakand in the Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586) but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar. During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and Mandanrs rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan . In late 1585, Moghul emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush
2809-409: Was son of Mand, who was son of Khashay (or Khakhay), who was son of Kand, who was son of Kharshbūn, who was son of Saṛban (progenitor of the Sarbani tribal confederacy), who was son of Qais Abdur Rashid (progenitor of all Pashtuns). Qais Abdur Rashid was a descendant of Afghana, who was described as a grandson of the Israelite king Saul and commander-in-chief of the army of prophet Solomon . Qais
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