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34-561: The area of Mueang Chiang Mai district was the central part of the Lanna Kingdom , named Nopphaburi Si Nakhon Phing Chiang Mai. King Mengrai the Great was the first king of the Mengrai dynasty, who established the city. The government created Mueang Chiang Mai district in 1899. The first district office was opened in 1929, on the west side of the old city hall of Chiang Mai. A new district office

68-408: A central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as chiang , wiang , nakhon or krung – with Bangkok as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon ) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted allegiance , and frequently paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor –

102-664: A municipal status equivalent to town ( thesaban mueang ). In standard Thai, the term for the country of Thailand is ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai. Mueang still forms part of the placenames of a few places, notably Don Mueang District , home to Don Mueang International Airport ; and in the Royal Thai General System of Transcription Mueang Phatthaya ( เมืองพัทยา ) for the self-governing municipality of Pattaya . Nakhon ( นคร ) as meaning "city" has been modified to thesaban nakhon ( เทศบาลนคร ), usually translated as " city municipality ". It still forms part of

136-419: A regular tribute, whether they wanted to or not. Many different levels of Aztec officials were involved in managing the empire's tribute system. The lowest ranking officials were known as calpixque . Their job was to collect, transport, and receive tributes from each province. Sometimes one calpixque was assigned to an entire province. Other times, multiple calpixques were assigned to each province. This

170-485: A tax. It could be levied on land, landowners, and slaveholders, as well as on people. Even when assessed on individuals, the amount was often determined by the value of the group's assets and did not depend—as did Islamic jizya—upon actual head counts of men of fighting age. Christian Iberian rulers would later adopt similar taxes during their reconquest of the peninsula. Christians of the Iberian Peninsula translated

204-526: A title. The tributary relationship between China and Korea was established during the Three Kingdoms of Korea , but in practice it was only a diplomatic formality to strengthen legitimacy and gain access to cultural goods from China. This continued under different dynasties and varying degrees until China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. The relationship between China and Vietnam

238-566: Is colloquially known as Muang Lao , but for Lao people , the word conveys more than mere administrative district. The usage is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states , described by later scholars as Mandala (Southeast Asian political model) . Provinces of Laos are now subdivided into what are commonly translated as districts of Laos , with some retaining Muang as part of

272-578: Is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the comparative method . This term has Proto-Tai-tone A1 . All A1 words are rising tone in modern Thai and Lao, following rules determined for tone origin . Accordingly, the term is: Different linguistic tones give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone. Mueang conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of

306-618: Is now Thailand , Laos , Burma , Cambodia , parts of northern Vietnam , southern Yunnan , western Guangxi and Assam . Mueang was originally a term in the Tai languages for a town having a defensive wall and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of khun ( ขุน ), together with its dependent villages. The mandala model of political organisation organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to

340-473: Is referred to as Shinkou ( 進貢  [ ja ] ), Sakuhou ( 冊封  [ ja ] ) and Choukou ( 朝貢  [ ja ] ). According to the Chinese Book of Han , the various tribes of Japan (constituting the nation of Wa ) had already entered into tributary relationships with China by the first century. However, Japan ceased to present tribute to China and left the tributary system during

374-504: The Heian period without damaging economic ties. Although Japan eventually returned to the tributary system during the Muromachi period in the reign of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , it did not recommence presenting tribute, and it did not last after Yoshimitsu's death (Note that Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was a Shogun , hence technically, he was not the head of the state. Hence, this made him subordinate to both

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408-511: The Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi ("Native Chieftain") system. Ming and Qing -era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials. In the 19th century, Thailand's Chakri dynasty and Burma's colonial and subsequent military rulers did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the petty kingdoms are gone,

442-546: The emperor of Japan and the Chinese emperor at the same time. The Japanese emperor continued to refuse to join the tributary system). According to the Korean historical document Samguk Sagi ( Korean :  삼국사기 ; Hanja :  三國史記 ), Goguryeo sent a diplomatic representative to the Han dynasty in 32 AD, and Emperor Guangwu of Han officially acknowledged Goguryeo with

476-519: The 20th century, the geopolitics of East and Southeast Asia were influenced by the Chinese tributary system. This assured them their sovereignty and the system assured China the incoming of certain valuable assets. "The theoretical justification" for this exchange was the Mandate of Heaven , that stated the fact that the emperor of China was empowered by the heavens to rule, and with this rule the whole mankind would end up being beneficiary of good deeds. Most of

510-518: The Asian countries joined this system voluntary. The Islamic Caliphate introduced a new form of tribute, known as the ' jizya ', that differed significantly from earlier Roman forms of tribute. According to Patricia Seed: What distinguished jizya historically from the Roman form of tribute is that it was exclusively a tax on persons, and on adult men. Roman "tribute" was sometimes a form of borrowing as well as

544-503: The Aztec Empire because they were crucial for construction, weaponry and religious ceremonies. Certain regions of Mexico with higher quantities of natural resources were able to pay a larger tribute. The basin of Mexico, for instance, had a large resource pool of obsidian and salt ware. This increased usefulness of such regions and played a role in their social status and mobility throughout the empire. As expansion continued with tribute,

578-554: The Aztecs would simply collect tributes. Ideally, there was no interference in the local affairs of conquered peoples unless these tributes were not paid. There were two types of provinces that paid tribute to the Aztec Empire. First, there were strategic provinces. These provinces were considered client states , as they consensually paid tributes in exchange for good relations with the Aztecs. Second, there were tributary provinces or tributary states . These provinces were mandated to pay

612-461: The Chinese-established empires throughout ancient history, including neighboring countries such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo, Indonesia and Central Asia. This tributary system and relationship are well known as Jimi ( 羁縻  [ zh ] ) or Cefeng ( 冊封  [ zh ] ), or Chaogong ( 朝貢  [ zh ] ). In Japanese, the tributary system and relationship

646-485: The demand for warriors to serve the Empire in their efforts to take control of nearby city/state regions increased drastically. "Land belonged to the city-state ruler, and in return for access to land commoners were obliged to provide their lord with tribute in goods and rotational labor service. They could also be called on for military service and construction projects." It was very common to be called for military service, as it

680-880: The district: There is one town-municipality ( thesaban mueang ) in the district: There are eight sub-district municipalities ( thesaban tambons ) in the district: There is one sub-district administrative organization (SAO) in the district: This Chiang Mai province location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mueang Mueang ( Ahom : 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 ; Thai : เมือง mɯ̄ang , pronounced [mɯaŋ˧] listen ), Muang ( Lao : ເມືອງ mɯ́ang , pronounced [mɯaŋ˦] ; Tai Nuea : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ muang ), Mong ( Shan : မိူင်း mə́ŋ , pronounced [məŋ˦] ), Meng ( Chinese : 猛 or 勐 ) or Mường (Vietnamese) were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia , adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China , including what

714-420: The meaning of "town language," specifically in contrast to those of the many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas. Tribute A tribute ( / ˈ t r ɪ b juː t / ; from Latin tributum , "contribution") is wealth, often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of lands which

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748-633: The most powerful of the period being Ming China . Following Kublai Khan 's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed. Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by

782-406: The name of some places. Sung Noen District is noted for having been the site of two ancient cities: Mueang Sema and Khorakhapura. Pali púra became Sanskrit puri , hence Thai บุรี, บูรี , (buri) all connoting the same as Thai mueang : city with defensive wall. "Khorakhapura" was nicknamed "Nakhon Raj," which as a portmanteau with Sema, became Nakhon Ratchasima. Though dropped from

816-585: The name of this mueang, Sanskrit buri persists in the names of others. Müang Fai is a term reconstructed from Proto-Tai , the common ancestor of all Tai languages . In the Guangxi - Guizhou of Southern China region, the term described what was then a unique type of irrigation engineering for wet-rice cultivation . Müang meaning 'irrigation channel, ditch, canal' and Fai , 'dike, weir, dam.' together referred to gravitational irrigation systems for directing water from streams and rivers. The Proto-Tai language

850-451: The name: Thailand is colloquially known as Mueang Thai . After the Thesaphiban reforms of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab , city-states under Siam were organized into monthon ( มณฑล , Thai translation of mandala ), which was changed to changwat ( จังหวัด ) in 1916. Mueang still can be found as the term for the capital districts of the provinces ( amphoe mueang ), as well as for

884-562: The place names remain. Place names in Southwestern Tai languages In Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town." Usually used as a place name for villages. The placename "mueang" is written in Chinese characters as 勐, 孟 ; měng , which is equivalent to Tai Nüa : ᥛᥫᥒᥰ and Tai Lü : ᦵᦙᦲᧂ , both of which are spoken in China . Laos

918-535: The same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems ( müang-faai ) – which probably was the primary reason for founding mueang . Kham Mueang ( Thai : คำเมือง ) is the modern spoken form of the old Northern Thai language that was the language of the kingdom of Lan Na (Million Fields). Central Thai may call northern Thai people and their language Thai Yuan . They call their language Kham Mueang in which Kham means language or word; mueang ; town, hence

952-424: The state conquered. In the case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance. Tributes are different from taxes, as they are not collected in the same regularly routine manner that taxes are. Further, with tributes, a recognition of political submission by the payer to the payee is uniquely required. The Aztec Empire is another example, as it received tribute from

986-432: The various city-states and provinces that it conquered. Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia, Borneo, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar and Central Asia. The Aztecs used tributes as a means for maintaining control over conquered areas. This meant that rather than replacing existing political figures with Aztec rulers or colonizing newly conquered areas,

1020-753: The word mueang yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The National Library of Laos , in collaboration with the Berlin State Library and the University of Passau , started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in Vientiane in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in

1054-711: Was a "hierarchic tributary system". China ended its suzerainty over Vietnam with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) following the Sino-French War . Thailand was always subordinate to China as a vassal or a tributary state since the Sui dynasty until the Taiping Rebellion of the late Qing dynasty in the mid-19th century. Some tributaries of imperial China encompasses suzerain kingdoms from China in East Asia has been prepared. Before

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1088-577: Was done to ensure that there was one calpixque present at each of the provinces' various towns. One rank higher than the calpixque were the huecalpixque . They served as managers of the calpixque. Above the huecalpixque were the petlacalcatl . Based in Tenochtitlan , they oversaw the entire tribute system. There was also a military trained official known as the cuahtlatoani . They were only involved when newly conquered provinces resisted paying tribute. Natural resources were in high demand throughout

1122-506: Was opened in August 1989. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Mae Rim , San Sai , San Kamphaeng , Saraphi and Hang Dong . The main river through the district is the Ping River . Mueang Chiang Mai is divided into 16 sub-districts ( tambon ), which are further subdivided into 78 administrative villages ( muban ). There is one city municipality ( thesaban nakhon ) in

1156-425: Was vital to the expansion of the Aztec Empire. Tributes to the Aztec Empire were also made through gold, silver, jade and other metals that were important to Aztec culture and seen as valuable. China often received tribute from the states under the influence of Confucian civilization and gave them Chinese products and recognition of their authority and sovereignty in return. There were several tribute states to

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