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44-561: The Mowat Centre described itself as "Ontario's non-partisan, evidence-based voice on public policy." It "undertakes collaborative applied policy research, proposes innovative research-driven recommendations, and engages in public dialogue on Canada's most important national issues." Academic experts the Mowat Centre collaborated with include Robin Boadway , Sujit Choudhry , Tom Courchene , and others. Organizations Mowat collaborated with include

88-416: A synthetic crude oil (or algae-derived ethanol, which is very, very inefficient), these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. "Most life cycle analysis results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that biofuels can supplement anthropogenic energy demands and mitigate green house gas emissions to the atmosphere". Using net-carbon-positive oil to fuel transportation

132-483: A buffer against the economic and political impacts of an energy crisis . For example, all 31 members of the International Energy Agency hold a minimum of 90 days of their oil imports. These countries also committed to passing legislation to develop an emergency response plan in the case of oil supply shocks and other short-term threats to energy security. The value of such reserves was demonstrated by

176-699: A degree in engineering at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1964 and studied economics at Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship . At Queen's he completed his doctorate in economics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1986. He was previously editor of the Journal of Public Economics . He also serves on the editorial board of the Canadian Tax Journal ,

220-596: A net exporter of energy into the 2000s. Increasing energy security is also one of the reasons behind a block on the development of natural gas imports in Sweden. Greater investment in native renewable energy technologies and energy conservation is envisaged instead. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC , while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy . Petroleum, otherwise known as "crude oil", has become

264-466: A network of common gas security risk assessments, and a "solidarity mechanism", which would be activated in the event of a significant gas supply crisis. A bilateral solidarity agreement was signed between Germany and Denmark on 14 December 2020. The proposed UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement "provides for a new set of arrangements for extensive technical cooperation ... particularly with regard to security of supply". Uranium for nuclear power

308-412: A third of a trillion Watts) despite supply chain issues and high raw material prices. The European Union was especially impactful—its annual additions increased nearly 30% to 36 gigawatts in 2021. The International Energy Agency 's 2022 Renewable Energy Market Update predicts that the global capacity of renewables would increase an additional 320 gigawatts. For context, that would almost entirely cover

352-415: A vast energy supply to fuel anything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Peak oil expert Michael Ruppert has claimed that for every kilocalorie of food produced in the industrial world, 10 kilocalories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. Energy plays an important role in

396-449: Is mined and enriched in countries including Canada (23% of the world's total in 2007), Australia (21%), Kazakhstan (16%) and more than 10 other countries. Uranium is mined and fuel is manufactured significantly in advance of need. Nuclear fuel is considered by some to be a relatively reliable power source, being more common in the Earth's crust than tin, mercury or silver, though a debate over

440-730: Is a Canadian economist. He held the David Smith Chair at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario . Earlier he was Sir Edward Peacock Professor of Economic Theory at Queen's University. He has taught at Queen's University since 1973. He was Head of the Department of Economics at Queen's from 1981 to 1986, and was previously associate director of the John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy. Born in Regina, Saskatchewan , he earned

484-531: Is a major source of green house gases, any one of these developments could replace the energy we derive from oil. Traditional fossil fuel exporters (e.g. Russia) who built their country's wealth from memorialized plant remains (fossil fuels) and have not yet diversified their energy portfolio to include renewable energy have greater national energy insecurity . In 2021, global renewable energy capacity made record-breaking growth, increasing by 295 gigawatts (295 billion Watts, equivalent to 295,000,000,000 Watts, or

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528-425: Is a significant energy security issue, renewable technologies can provide alternative sources of electric power as well as possibly displacing electricity demand through direct heat production (e.g. geothermal and burning fuels for heat and electricity). Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products . As the finite resources that have been so crucial to survival in

572-587: Is composed of experts, education and policy leaders, and public figures, and includes former Ontario cabinet ministers from all major parties: Sean Conway , Joseph Cordiano , Dianne Cunningham , and Frances Lankin . Among other members of the Mowat Centre's advisory board are Alan Broadbent , Lisa De Wilde , Tony Dean , Dominic Giroux , John Honderich , Shirley Hoy , Danielle Martin , and André Pratte . Robin Boadway Robin William Boadway , OC FRSC (born June 10, 1943)

616-470: Is one of the three current leading country in production of natural gas alongside US and Saudi Arabia . In the European Union , security of gas supply is protected by Regulation 2017/1938 of 25 October 2017, which concerns "measures to safeguard the security of gas supply" and took the place of the previous regulation 994/2010 on the same subject. EU policy operates on a number of regional groupings,

660-835: The Atlantic Provinces Economic Council , the Broadbent Institute , the Brookings Institution , the Caledon Institute of Social Policy , the Canada West Foundation , Corporate Knights , KPMG , Leger Marketing , and others. According to a 2015 report analyzing its own policy impact and public footprint, the Mowat Centre played a role in the passage of the Fair Representation Act 2011 and reforms made to policy proposals that led to

704-540: The Canada Job Grant and income splitting in Canada. According to the same report, in the years 2010 through 2014 the Mowat Centre published 101 reports, was mentioned in 1317 media reports, and was referenced 59 times in policy reports and 87 times in academic research. The Mowat Centre's research focused on two areas: intergovernmental economic and social policy and government transformation. In addition, The Mowat Centre

748-710: The Energy East proposal, and carbon pricing in Canada. In addition to public policy research, the Mowat Centre engages in a variety of public policy knowledge transfer and convening activities. In 2010 it co-organized, with the Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, the 2010 State of the Federation conference. In 2011 the Mowat Centre co-organized, with the Brookings Institution, the Windsor-Detroit summit. Following

792-601: The National Tax Journal , International Tax and Public Finance and Regional Science and Urban Economics . His research interests are public sector economics and welfare economics, with special emphasis on tax theory and policy, redistribution , fiscal federalism and cost–benefit analysis. His work includes books entitled From Optimal tax theory to tax theory: Retrospective and Prospective views , Public Sector Economics , Welfare Economics, Canadian Tax Policy, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Canada and Economics and

836-464: The Russia-Ukraine gas dispute in 2006. Natural gas has been a viable source of energy in the world. Consisting of mostly methane , natural gas is produced using two methods: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas comes from methanogenic organisms located in marshes and landfills, whereas thermogenic gas comes from the anaerobic decay of organic matter deep under the Earth's surface. Russia

880-655: The economic impact of immigrants in Canada , Canadians’ attitudes towards the Canadian federation, the distribution of electoral ridings in Canada , the economy of Ontario and Canada and others. The Mowat Centre also led the Mowat Centre EI Task Force, a task force of leading experts and public figures co-chaired by Ratna Omidvar and Roy Romanow , which reviewed Canada's Employment Insurance (EI) system, conducted public consultations about its relevance to contemporary realities, commissioned research on various aspects of

924-532: The globalization of the world leading to energy security and energy vulnerability at the same time. Renewable resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency and transitions exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of wind power and solar power and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security. The modern world relies on

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968-447: The health care system in Canada , the integration of human services, outcomes-based funding, insights for governments from behavioural science , the regulation of disruptive technologies , the role of government procurement [lxviii] in poverty reduction , community benefits agreements and other topics. Mowat NFP, Mowat's research hub focused on the not-for-profit sector, published research on human capital and capacity building in

1012-555: The peaking of world oil production is also starting to attract the attention of at least the French government. Increased competition over energy resources may also lead to the formation of security compacts to enable an equitable distribution of oil and gas between major powers. However, this may happen at the expense of less developed economies. The Group of Five , precursors to the G8 , first met in 1975 to coordinate economic and energy policies in

1056-1072: The Canadian Economy as well as articles in academic journals. He has been involved in research studies for the John Deutsch Institute, the Economic Council of Canada , the World Bank , the OECD , the Financial and Fiscal Commission in South Africa, the Canadian Tax Foundation and for Royal Commissions on the Economic Union, on Passenger Transportation and on Aboriginal Peoples , the Mowatt Policy Center (University of Toronto) and various Canadian government departments. In 2008, he

1100-658: The Mowat Centre in January 2016 for a senior position with the Public Service of Canada . The Mowat Centre was established with funding from the Ontario government. According to the Mowat Centre's public reports, the core grant constitutes less than 40% of the Centre's annual funding ($ 900,000 out of a total budget of $ 2,289,410 in fiscal year 2014-2015), with the remainder of its funding raised independently. The Mowat Centre's advisory board

1144-459: The Strait of Hormuz to throw the market into a spiral." New threats to energy security have emerged in the form of the increased world competition for energy resources due to the increased pace of industrialization in countries such as India and China , as well as due to the increasing consequences of climate change . Although still a minority concern, the possibility of price rises resulting from

1188-631: The United States more than once. The 1973 oil embargo against the United States is an historical example in which oil supplies were cut off to the United States due to U.S. support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War . This has been done to apply pressure during economic negotiations—such as during the 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute . Terrorist attacks targeting oil facilities, pipelines, tankers, refineries, and oil fields are so common they are referred to as "industry risks". Infrastructure for producing

1232-421: The heat from the outer core of the Earth to heat water, steam created from the heated water can not only power electricity-generating turbines, but also eliminate the need for consuming electricity to create hot water for showers, washing machines, dishwashers, sterilizers, and more; geothermal is one of the cleanest and most efficient options, needing fuel to dig deep holes, hot water pumps, and tubing to distribute

1276-602: The hot water. Geothermal not only helps energy security, but also food security via year-round heated greenhouses. Hydroelectric, already incorporated into many dams around the world, produces a lot of energy, usually on demand, and is very easy to produce energy as the dams control the gravity-fed water allowed through gates which spin up turbines located inside of the dam. Biofuels have been researched relatively thoroughly, using several different sources such as sugary corn (very inefficient) and cellulose-rich switchgrass (more efficient) to produce ethanol, and fat-rich algae to produce

1320-501: The national security of any given country as a fuel to power the economic engine. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others; for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy needs. Not every sector is as critical as the others. Some have greater importance to energy security. Threats to a nation's energy security include: Political and economic instability caused by war or other factors, such as strike action , can also prevent

1364-426: The not-for-profit sector, social enterprises , social impact bonds , data priorities for the not-for-profit sector, wages in the not-for-profit sector and other topics. Mowat Energy, Mowat's research hub focused on energy policy, published research on energy security , energy R&D funding, social license and public engagement in energy policy decisions, an analysis of the economic impact [lxxxiv] on Ontario of

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1408-498: The proper functioning of the energy industry in a supplier country. For example, the nationalization of oil in Venezuela has triggered strikes and protests in which Venezuela's oil production rates have yet to recover. Exporters may have political or economic incentive to limit their foreign sales or cause disruptions in the supply chain. Since Venezuela's nationalization of oil, anti-American Hugo Chávez threatened to cut off supplies to

1452-765: The relative lack of disruption caused by the 2007 Russia-Belarus energy dispute , when Russia indirectly cut exports to several countries in the European Union . Due to the theories in peak oil and need to curb demand, the United States military and Department of Defense had made significant cuts, and have been making a number of attempts to come up with more efficient ways to use oil. Compared to petroleum , reliance on imported natural gas creates significant short-term vulnerabilities. The gas conflicts between Ukraine and Russia of 2006 and 2009 serve as vivid examples of this. Many European countries saw an immediate drop in supply when Russian gas supplies were halted during

1496-576: The resource is extremely vulnerable to sabotage. One of the worst risks to oil transportation is the exposure of the five ocean chokepoints, like the Iranian-controlled Strait of Hormuz . Anthony Cordesman , a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. , warns, "It may take only one asymmetric or conventional attack on a Ghawar Saudi oil field or tankers in

1540-432: The resource most used by countries all around the world, including Russia, China and the United States of America. With all the oil wells located around the world, energy security has become a main issue to ensure the safety of the petroleum that is being harvested. In the middle east, oil fields have become main targets for sabotage due to how heavily countries rely on oil. Many countries hold strategic petroleum reserves as

1584-491: The study of public economics". Energy security Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption (as opposed to household energy insecurity ). Access to cheaper energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities . International energy relations have contributed to

1628-751: The summit, the Mowat Centre took a leading role in creating the Council of the Great Lakes Region, which was launched in 2013. Mowat has since collaborated with the Council of the Great Lakes Region on several research projects. The Mowat Centre's founding director was Matthew Mendelsohn . Mendelsohn is a former political science professor at Queens University and a former Deputy Minister in the Ontario Public Service, and has advised governments and political candidates on various policy matters, drawing on his academic expertise as well as Mowat research. He left

1672-430: The system from leading Canadian academic experts, and made recommendations about improving Canada's support system for the unemployed. In the area of government transformation, the Mowat Centre published work examining "how governments can improve their ability to deliver high-quality public services and public policy, even in times of fiscal constraint", through public service reform. Issues have included improvements to

1716-457: The timing of peak uranium does exist. Nuclear power is seen as a means to reduce carbon emissions . Although generally considered a viable energy resource, nuclear power remains controversial due to the risks associated with it. Another factor in the debate with nuclear power is the concern from people or companies regarding the location of a nuclear energy plant or the disposal radioactive waste nearby. In 2022, nuclear power provided 10% of

1760-589: The wake of the 1973 Arab oil embargo , a rise in inflation and a global economic slowdown. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas , nuclear power , high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy conservation measures. The United Kingdom began exploiting North Sea oil and gas reserves, and became

1804-425: The world decline day by day, countries will begin to realize that the need for renewable fuel sources will be more vital than ever before. Moreover, renewable energy resources are more evenly distributed than fossil fuels and, as a result, can improve energy security and reduce geopolitical tensions among states. Geothermal (renewable and clean energy) can indirectly reduce the need for other sources of fuel. By using

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1848-510: The world's total electricity share. The most notable use of nuclear power within the United States is in U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and submarines, which have been exclusively nuclear-powered for several decades. These classes of ship provide the core of the Navy's power, and as such are the single most noteworthy application of nuclear power in the United States. The deployment of renewable fuels: For countries where growing dependence on imported gas

1892-655: Was home to three research hubs, two of which have also closed. One was focused on energy policy in Ontario and Canada. The other was focused on education and skills. A third research hub, focused on the not-for-profit sector in Ontario and Canada, remains active. In the area of intergovernmental economic and social policy, the Mowat Centre published research into policy areas such as Canadian transfer payments , equalization payments in Canada , fiscal federalism in Canada, intergovernmental relations in Canada, poverty reduction and social programs in Canada , Canada's Employment Insurance program, Canada's immigration system and

1936-733: Was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition for being "one of Canada's leading public finance economists". In 2009, he was the Distinguished CES Fellow at the University of Munich. He was Past President of the International Institute of Public Finance. On January 29, 2016, Boadway received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University for his contribution of "number of important insights to

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