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35-486: The abbey was founded as a dependency of Luxeuil Abbey , on land granted by Gundoin, Duke of Alsace on the old route leading to the Pierre Pertuis Pass . The abbot of Luxeuil, Saint Waldebert , sent Saint Germanus of Granfelden , who served 35 years as the first abbot, with Saint Randoald of Grandval as his prior. Both were martyred in 675 by Adalrich, Duke of Alsace after they protested against his expulsion of

70-448: A domed belfry decorated with mosaic of tiles or slates or beaten from metal. The lakes are perfect for swimming in the warmer months. The summits of Haut Jura have wonderful views across Lac Léman ( Lake Geneva ) and toward the Alps. Forty percent of the region's GDP is dependent on manufacturing activities, and most of its production is exported. Construction of automobiles and their parts

105-648: Is a cultural and historical region of eastern France. It is composed of the modern departments of Doubs , Jura , Haute-Saône and the Territoire de Belfort . In 2021, its population was 1,179,601. From 1956 to 2015, the Franche-Comté was a French administrative region . Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté . The region is named after the Franche Comté de Bourgogne ( Free County of Burgundy ), definitively separated from

140-417: Is one of the most buoyant industries there. Forestry exploitation is steadily growing, and 38% of the agriculture is dairy and 17% cattle farming. The region has a large and lucrative cheese-making industry, with 40 million tonnes of cheese produced here each year, much of which is made by fruitières (traditional cheese dairies of Franche-Comté); for instance, Comté cheese comes from this region. Among

175-456: The Dukes of Burgundy , who provided lay abbots , the priors or provosts being the senior monks. In 968 Conrad of Burgundy granted the abbey "in benefice " to Count Luitfrid , who then divided the property among his sons as though it had been granted in proprium , as property. After a court case it was returned to the king. In 999, Rudolph III of Burgundy presented the bishop of Basel with

210-564: The Treaty of Nijmegen (1678), leaving the Holy Roman Empire as a result. Enclaves such as Montbéliard remained outside French control. The Franche-Comté was one of the last parts of France to have serfdom . In 1784, half of the population consisted of serfs, accounting for 400,000 out of the 1 million French serfs. Landowners took one-twelfth of the sale's price if a serf ( mainmortable ) wanted to sell up. Serfs were not forced to stay on

245-499: The regional languages of France, the term Franc-comtois refers to two dialects of two different languages. Franc-comtois is the name of the dialect of Langue d'Oïl spoken by people in the northern part of the region. The dialect of Arpitan has been spoken in its southern part since as early as the thirteenth century (the southern two-thirds of Jura and the southern third of Doubs ). Both are recognized as languages of France . 215,178 students were in school in Franche-Comté at

280-486: The Alps, the Jura mountains are more accessible and are France's first cross-country skiing area. It is also a superb place to hike, and there are some fine nature trails on the more gentle slopes. The Doubs and Loue valleys, with their timbered houses perched on stilts in the river, and the high valley of Ain, are popular visitor areas. The Région des Lacs is a land of gorges and waterfalls dotted with tiny villages, each with

315-522: The Burgundian court. Columbanus was exiled from Luxeuil by Theuderic II of Austrasia and the dowager Queen Brunehaut . He was succeeded as abbot by Saint Eustace of Luxeuil , the head of the monastic school, which under Eustace and his successor Saint Waldebert , established a high reputation. The extensive library and the great scriptorium are first attested under Abbot Waldebert (629–670). The school and example of Luxeuil contributed significantly to

350-688: The Frankish Kingdom under his rule, and the region remained a part of the Kingdom of Burgundy under the later Merovingians and Carolingians . The name Franche Comté de Bourgogne or Freigrafschaft Burgund in German ( Free County of Burgundy ) did not appear officially until 1366. It had been a territory of the County of Burgundy from 888, the province becoming subject to the Holy Roman Empire in 1034. It

385-547: The Israelites in two scenes, and an allegorical page with two scenes at the end of the book. A facsimile was published in 1971 ( Die Bibel von Moutier-Grandval , ed. J. Duft, Bern 1971). 47°16′50″N 7°22′19″E  /  47.280545°N 7.37201°E  / 47.280545; 7.37201 Luxeuil Abbey Luxeuil Abbey ( French pronunciation: [lyksœj] ), the Abbaye Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul ,

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420-527: The abbey and its 540 square miles of lands, establishing the Prince-Bishopric of Basel as a secular territory; disputes with the Prince-bishops were to continue. According to legend, Bellelay Abbey was founded as a dependency in 1136, but as this belonged to the new Premonstratensian order the story seems unlikely. The abbey owned Corgémont , Tavannes and Perrefitte and other properties. From 1486

455-716: The abbey was also part of the Protectorate of Bern in the Old Swiss Confederacy , while remaining subject to Basel. From 1475 the Alsatian -born chronicler Johann Burchard , living in Rome, was provost. After the Swiss Reformation , the monks fled to Delémont , and between 1534-1792 the parish church there also served as their church. The arrival of French Revolutionary armies in 1792 ended both abbey and Prince-bishopric, and

490-480: The abbey's site is built over by the modern town, but the fine Gothic church, built in the 14th century, was not destroyed; neither were the cloisters and conventual buildings, which until the "Association Laws" of 1901 were used as a seminary for the diocese of Besançon , and still remain in existence. The church itself, now known as the Basilica of St. Pierre ( Basilique Saint-Pierre ), has for many years served as

525-454: The buildings of the abbey have now disappeared, although some 12th century remains of buildings were discovered under the town in 2008. However the small chapelle de Chalière , now serving as the cemetery chapel at Perrefitte, is a Carolingian building with faded 11th century wall-paintings that was built by the abbey. The major relics of the abbey were taken to Delémont at the Reformation, and

560-465: The church there still has the bodies of Saints Germanus and Randoald, while the museum has Germanus's reputed cross (metal and enamel over wood, perhaps 9th century on older wood), sandals, and chalice (13th century, silver-gilt). The Moutier-Grandval Bible is an illuminated manuscript bible of about 840, which was probably written in Tours , France, perhaps specially for the abbey. It was owned by them until

595-568: The conversion of the Burgundians . Luxeuil sent out monks to found houses at Bobbio , between Milan and Genoa , where Columbanus himself became abbot, and monasteries at Saint-Valéry and Remiremont . To Luxeuil came such monks as Conon, abbot of Lérins Abbey to prepare for the reform of his monastery, and Saints Wandregisel and Philibert , founders respectively of the abbeys of Fontenelle and Jumièges in Normandy , who spent years in studying

630-602: The country. Most of the decline occurred in Haute-Saône and Jura , which remain among the country's more agriculture-dependent areas. This region borders Switzerland and shares much of its architecture, cuisine, and culture with its neighbour. Between the Vosges range of mountains to the north and the Jura range to the south, the landscape consists of rolling cultivated fields, dense pine forest, and rampart-like mountains. Not so majestic as

665-489: The decline of discipline. The Emperor Charles V curtailed the power of Luxeuil's abbots. In 1634, however, the commendatory abbots ceased, and Luxeuil was joined to the reformed Congregation of St. Vanne . From the report of the "Commission des Réguliers", drawn up in 1768, the community appears to have been numerous and flourishing, and discipline well kept. At the French Revolution the monks were dispersed. Most of

700-723: The dissolution in the French Revolutionary Wars , when it was apparently forgotten and found in Delémont by children. It is now in the British Library (MS Addl. 10546). There are three full pages with miniatures, two showing scenes from the Book of Genesis : the story of Adam and Eve over several registers like a " strip cartoon ", Moses receiving the Tablets of the Law and teaching them to

735-612: The eighteenth abbot, Saint Ansegisus , the Emperor Louis the Pious renewed its charters, restored the church and monastic buildings, and reformed discipline. The monastery and the small town that clustered around its walls were devastated by the Vikings in about 886. In 917, it was sacked by the Hungarians . From the 15th century the institution of non-resident commendatory abbots encouraged

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770-515: The grandson and heir of Charles the Bold. When Philip's son, Emperor Charles V , inherited the Spanish throne in 1516, the Franche-Comté, along with the rest of the Burgundian lands (except Burgundy itself), passed to the Spanish. Franche-Comté was captured by France in 1668, but returned to Spain under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle . It was conquered a second time in 1674, and finally was ceded to France in

805-615: The intellectual and spiritual stimulation of the Irish monks, the abbey at Luxeuil, dedicated to Saint Peter , soon became the most important and flourishing monastery in Gaul. The community was so large that choir followed choir in the chanting of the office , and at Luxeuil the laus perennis imported from Agaunum went on day and night. Most of the earliest rule that was observed at Luxeuil derived from Celtic monastic traditions, whether or not written down by Columbanus, supplemented increasingly by

840-517: The land, but the lord could claim droit de suite , whereby a peasant who died away from his holding left it to the lord, even if he had heirs. A runaway serf's land was forfeit after ten years. Louis XVI issued a decree banning these practices on 8 August 1779, but the Parlement of Besançon blocked this until 1787. The population of the region fell by a fifth from 1851 to 1946, reflecting low French natural growth and migration to more urbanized parts of

875-503: The more formalized Benedictine Rule that was followed throughout the West, which provided for the abbot's orderly election, his relations with his monks, and the appointment of monastic officials and their delegated powers. In 603, a synod accused Columbanus of keeping Easter by the Celtic date, but his severity and the inflexible rule he had established may have been the true cause of friction with

910-640: The parish church of Luxeuil-les-Bains. For a list of abbots, see Henri Baumont, Étude historique sur l'abbaye de Luxeuil (590–1790) (Luxeuil, 1895), appendix I . 47°48′59″N 6°22′53″E  /  47.81639°N 6.38139°E  / 47.81639; 6.38139 Franche-Comt%C3%A9 Franche-Comté ( UK : / ˌ f r ɒ̃ ʃ k ɒ̃ ˈ t eɪ / , US : /- k oʊ n ˈ -/ ; French: [fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ; Frainc-Comtou : Fraintche-Comtè ; Arpitan : Franche-Comtât ; also German : Freigrafschaft ; Spanish : Franco Condado ; all lit.   ' Free County ' )

945-501: The population of the Sorgenau valley . The abbey became, like some others, the secular ruler of a local territory, and by the 9th or 10th century had property and influence all the way to Lake Biel and into the Balsthal valley , but was regarded as a fief of the king of Burgundy . There was to be a long history of disputes over the property and privileges of the abbey, which later fell under

980-705: The region after the Gauls had vacated the area. Later, it was part of the territory of the Alemanni in the fifth century, then the Kingdom of Burgundy from 457 to 534. The Burgundians adopted Chalcedonian Christianity , Christianizing the region. In 534, it became part of the Frankish kingdom. In 561 it was included in the Merovingian Kingdom of Burgundy under Guntram , the third son of Clotaire I . In 613, Clotaire II reunited

1015-536: The region of Burgundy proper in the fifteenth century. In 2016, these two-halves of the historic Kingdom of Burgundy were reunited, as the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is also the 6th biggest region in France. The name "Franche-Comté" is feminine because the word "comté" in the past was generally feminine, although today it is masculine. The principal cities are the capital Besançon , Belfort and Montbéliard . Other important cities are Dole (the capital before

1050-617: The region was conquered by Louis XIV in the late seventeenth century), Vesoul (capital of Haute-Saône), Arbois (the "wine capital" of the Jura), and Lons-le-Saunier (the capital of Jura). The region has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age and was occupied by the Gauls . It was then heavily settled by Germanic peoples during the Germanic migrations , most notably the Burgundians , who settled in

1085-424: The ruins of a well-fortified Gallo-Roman settlement, Luxovium , about eight miles away. The Roman town had been ravaged by Attila in 451, and was now buried in the dense overgrown woodland that had filled the abandoned site over more than a century, but the place still had the advantage of the thermal baths ("constructed with unusual skill", according to Columbanus' early biographer, Jonas of Bobbio ) down in

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1120-404: The rule observed in monasteries which derived their origin from Luxeuil. About 732, a raiding party of Moors under the general Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , governor of Al-Andalus , penetrating from Arles deep into Burgundy, briefly took possession of Luxeuil and massacred most of the community, including Abbot Mellinus. The few survivors rebuilt the abbey. In 816, under the reforming government of

1155-422: The valley, which still give the town its name of Luxeuil-les-Bains . Jonas described it further: "There stone images crowded the nearby woods, which were honoured in the miserable cult and profane former rites in the time of the pagans". With a grant from an officer of the palace at Childebert 's court, an abbey church was built with a sense of triumph within the heathen site and its "spectral haunts". Under

1190-560: Was definitively separated from the neighboring Duchy of Burgundy upon the latter's incorporation into the Kingdom of France in 1477. That year at the Battle of Nancy during the Burgundian Wars , the last duke, Charles the Bold , was killed in battle. Although the county, along with the Duchy, was seized by King Louis XI of France , in 1492 his son Charles VIII ceded it to Philip of Austria ,

1225-522: Was one of the oldest and best-known monasteries in Franche-Comté , located in what is now the département of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté , France . The abbey was founded circa 590 by the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus . Columbanus and his companions first settled in cells at Annegray , in the commune of Voivre, Haute-Saône. Looking for a more permanent site for his community, Columbanus decided upon

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