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51-572: Mount Putuo is one of the four sacred mountains in Chinese Buddhism , the others being Mount Wutai , Mount Jiuhua , and Mount Emei (bodhimaṇḍas for Manjushri , Kṣitigarbha , and Samantabhadra , respectively). Mount Putuo lies in the East China Sea and incorporates the beauty of both mountain and sea. Mountain Putuo is at 29°58′3～30°02′3 north latitude, 122°21′6～122°24′9 east longitude. Its area

102-426: A bodhisattva and protector of beings in hell realms . " Mount Potalaka (Sanskrit)" ( 普陀山 ), Zhejiang, 284 m (932 ft) 30°00′35″N 122°23′06″E  /  30.00972°N 122.38500°E  / 30.00972; 122.38500 This mountain is considered the bodhimanda of Avalokitesvara ( Guan Yin ), bodhisattva of compassion. It became a popular pilgrimage site and received imperial support in

153-684: A center of Guanyin worship. Traditionally there were three main temples: the Puji Temple ( 普濟寺 , founded in 10th century), the Fayu Temple ( 法雨寺 , founded 1580 CE), and the Huiji Temple ( 慧濟寺 , founded 1793 CE). The site has received numerous renowned visitors over the ages, including the then 20-year-old future Chan master Yinyuan Longqi (Japanese: Ingen ), who came to the site in 1612, while looking for his father, who had disappeared fifteen years earlier. Taixu spent several years in solitary retreat at

204-497: A fugitive escape, and predicts that Prince Guang will come to save them. As expected, the prince appears and turns himself in to Yuchi in exchange for Lianmei and Haisheng's release. However, Sima also shows up and fights with Yuchi and his soldiers to save Prince Guang. Just then, a messenger arrives with an imperial edict announcing that Emperor Wuzong is dead and that Prince Guang will succeed him. Yuchi commits suicide in shame for failing to complete his mission. Prince Guang returns to

255-505: A means of communication between heaven and earth and as the place where immortality can be found. The sanctity of the Five Great Mountains is the reason why even today these mountains still host an exceptional diversity of plants, trees and animal species. "Tranquil Mountain" ( 泰山 ) Shandong , 1,545 m (5,069 ft) 36°15′N 117°06′E  /  36.250°N 117.100°E  / 36.250; 117.100 This mountain

306-723: A number of interruptions, this imperial custom was preserved until the end of the last dynasty, when, after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Yuan Shikai had himself crowned as emperor at the Temple of Heaven in Beijing . But just to be safe, he also made an offer to the god of the northern Mount Heng . In the 2000s formal sacrifices both in Confucian and Taoist styles have been resumed. The Five Great Mountains have become places of pilgrimage where hundreds of pilgrims gather in temples and caves. Although

357-697: A small hermitage on Putuo. There are 238 species of natural trees and shrubs in Putuo Mountain, including 63 species of rare and precious ancient trees and more than 100 years old, belonging to 37 families and 53 genera, with the largest number of eucalyptus trees. The list of plants in Mountain Putuo: The rare plant Many of the Zhoushan Islands are now linked by bridges. This means that Putuoshan can easily be reached by bus from Shanghai and Ningbo . The bus terminates at Shenjiamen Bus Station. From

408-549: Is Samantabhadra , known in Chinese as Puxian ( 普贤菩萨 ). "Nine Glories Mountain" ( 九华山 ; 九華山 ), Anhui , 1,341 m (4,400 ft), 30°28′56″N 117°48′16″E  /  30.48222°N 117.80444°E  / 30.48222; 117.80444 Many of the mountain's shrines and temples are dedicated to Ksitigarbha (known in Chinese as Dìzàng, 地藏 , in Japanese as Jizō ), who is

459-462: Is 4.2 to 5.7 metres per second (15 to 21 km/h). The Mount Putuo has all-year-round travel seasons, but in regard to when and where to get on the island, tourists should be careful and check the weather forecast beforehand. In 2013 the Chinese religious film Avalokitesvara tells the origin of Mount Putuo as the bodhimanda of Guanyin Bodhisattva. The film was filmed onsite at Mount Putuo. It

510-537: Is a 2013 Chinese religious film directed by Zhang Xin. It is loosely based on a legend about how Mount Putuo in China's Zhejiang Province became the bodhimaṇḍa of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara , who is better known in Chinese as Guanyin . The film starred Li Chun, Nie Yuan , Nakaizumi Hideo, Siqin Gaowa , Nakano Ryoko and Mou Fengbin in the leading roles. It was shown at the 37th Montreal World Film Festival in 2013 and

561-493: Is about to kill him. Sima defeats Yuchi in a duel and wants to finish him off, but Lianmei stops him and asks him to spare Yuchi. Prince Guang and Sima accompany Yu Xiufeng, Lianmei and Haisheng as they bring the figurine back to Mount Meicen. Egaku finds out later and makes his way to Mount Meicen too. Yuchi tracks down Prince Guang with the help of the governor of Mingzhou . Lianmei and Haisheng disguise themselves as Prince Guang and Sima in order to lure Yuchi to chase them, while

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612-482: Is approximately 12.5 square kilometres (4.8 sq mi) and there are numerous famous temples. Every year on the 19th day of the 2nd lunar month, 19th day of the 6th lunar month, and 19th day of the 9th lunar month of the Chinese calendar , it welcomes millions of people for the celebration of the birth of Guanyin. Mount Putuo has been a pilgrimage site for over a thousand years. After the Tang dynasty , Mount Putuo became

663-747: Is associated with Feng Shan and by extension the Mandate of Heaven and life or death, being the most important of all the mountains "Splendid Mountain" ( 华山 ; 華山 ), Shaanxi , 2,154 m (7,067 ft) 34°29′N 110°05′E  /  34.483°N 110.083°E  / 34.483; 110.083 "Balancing Mountain" ( 衡山 ), Hunan , 1,290 m (4,230 ft) 27°15′17″N 112°39′21″E  /  27.254798°N 112.655743°E  / 27.254798; 112.655743 "Permanent Mountain" ( 恒山 ; 恆山 ), Shanxi, 2,017 m (6,617 ft) 39°40′26″N 113°44′08″E  /  39.67389°N 113.73556°E  / 39.67389; 113.73556 In

714-633: Is famous for being one of the birthplaces of Taoism and particularly important to the Zhengyi Dao , with many Taoist temples built upon the mountainside. Literally "Neat Clouds" ( 齐云山 ; 齊雲山 ), Anhui . Main peak: 585 m (1,919 ft). 29°48′29.9988″N 118°01′56.9994″E  /  29.808333000°N 118.032499833°E  / 29.808333000; 118.032499833 Literally "Misty Green City Wall" ( 青城山 ); (Nearby city: Dujiangyan, Sichuan . Main peak: 1,260 m (4,130 ft) (surveyed in 2007). In ancient Chinese history, Mount Qingcheng area

765-500: Is far from enough, the cable car has become another important means of transportation. It is an Asian warm-temperate moist climate ( Cfa ) and has four distinct seasons. It has plenty of rain and fog. The average temperature of whole year is 16.1 °C (61 °F). The coldest month is January, average temperature is 5.4 °C (42 °F). The hottest month is August, temperature is 27.0 °C (81 °F). It has typhoon season on July, August and September. The average speed of wind

816-481: Is only 3 km (1.9 mi) from Shenjiamen. (approx 800 RMB). The ferry services mentioned below are still available but the bus services now provide a greater level of convenience and comfort. Putuoshan can be reached by boat from the major cities of Ningbo and Shanghai. It will take approximately an hour by boat to reach the wharf at Ningbo, from where a bus transports passengers to Ningbo city centre. There are two boats linking Putuoshan and Shanghai. One departs in

867-493: Is referred to as the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism ( 四大道教名山 ; Sì dà dàojiào míngshān ). The sacred mountains have all been important destinations for pilgrimage, the Chinese term for pilgrimage ( 朝圣 ; 朝聖 ; cháoshèng ) being a shortened version of an expression which means "paying respect to a holy mountain" ( 朝拜圣山 ; 朝拜聖山 ; cháobài shèng shān ). The Five Great Mountains or Wuyue are arranged according to

918-516: Is the home to a complex of Taoist temples and monasteries associated with the Lord of the North, Xuantian Shangdi . It is also renowned as being the place of origin for Tai chi . Literally "Dragon and Tiger" ( 龙虎山 ; 龍虎山 ), Jiangxi . Main peak: 247.4 m (812 ft). 28°06′48.999″N 116°57′29.998″E  /  28.11361083°N 116.95833278°E  / 28.11361083; 116.95833278 It

969-475: The "Northern Great Mountain" ( 北岳 ; 北嶽 ; Běi Yuè ), "Southern Great Mountain" ( 南岳 ; 南嶽 ; Nán Yuè ), "Eastern Great Mountain" ( 东岳 ; 東嶽 ; Dōng Yuè ), "Western Great Mountain" ( 西岳 ; 西嶽 ; Xī Yuè ), and "Central Great Mountain" ( 中岳 ; 中嶽 ; Zhōng Yuè ). According to Chinese mythology, the Five Great Mountains originated from the body of Pangu ( 盘古 ; 盤古 ; Pángǔ ), the first being and

1020-436: The 180 precepts of Lord Lao for how to live a good and honest life. Twenty of these precepts focused explicitly on the conservation of nature, while many other precepts were indirectly aimed at preventing the destruction of nature. Respect for nature has been a key component of Taoism from the very outset and, in its own right, explains why the Five Great Mountains are considered sacred. In addition, Taoists consider mountains as

1071-703: The Banshengdong Wharf on the Shenjiamen waterfront it is a 10-minute ride by fast ferry (22 RMB ) to Putuoshan. In Shanghai, the Nanpu Bridge Bus Station, Shanghai Stadium Sightseeing Bus Center and Shanghai South Long Distance Bus Station have several departures daily to Shenjiamen (4–5 hours, 138 RMB). In Ningbo, the North and South bus stations both have regular daily departures to Shenjiamen (2–3 hours, 60 RMB). There are two flights daily from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport to Putuo Airport, which

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1122-416: The Five Great Mountains are not traditionally canonized as having any exclusive religious affiliations, many of them have a strong Taoist presence, thus the five mountains are also grouped by some as part of "Sacred Taoist Mountains". There are also various Buddhist temples and Confucian academies built on these mountains. Alternatively, these mountains are sometimes referred to by the respective directions:

1173-492: The Four "Sacred Mountains of China" are: "Five-Platform Mountain" ( 五台山 ), Shanxi, 3,058 m (10,033 ft), 39°04′45″N 113°33′53″E  /  39.07917°N 113.56472°E  / 39.07917; 113.56472 Wutai is the home of the Bodhisattva of wisdom, Manjusri or Wenshu ( 文殊 ) in Chinese. "High and Lofty Mountain" ( 峨嵋山 ), Sichuan , 3,099 m (10,167 ft) The patron bodhisattva of Emei

1224-473: The Song dynasty. Mount Xuedou has been recently promoted as a fifth sacred mountain of Chinese Buddhism. This was first advocated by Changxing (1896-1939), an associate of the famous reformer Taixu . Xuedou mountain is seen as the sacred place of bodhisattva Maitreya . It is located 8 kilometers north-west of Xikou Town, Fenghua City , Zhejiang. Mount Xuedou is home to the newly expanded Xuedou monastery, which

1275-530: The course of history, there had been more than one location with the designation for Mount Heng, the North Great Mountain. The Great Northern Mountain was designated on the original Mount Heng with the main peak known as Mount Damao ( 大茂山 ) today, located at the intersection of present-day Fuping County , Laiyuan County and Tang County in Hebei province. Mount Heng was renamed Mount Chang ( 常山 ) to avoid

1326-741: The creator of the world. Because of its eastern location, Mount Tài is associated with the rising sun which signifies birth and renewal. Due to this interpretation, it is often regarded as the most sacred of the Five Great Mountains . In accordance with its special position, Mount Tài is believed to have been formed out of Pangu's head. Mount Heng in Hunan is believed to be a remainder of Pangu's right arm, Mount Heng in Shanxi of his left arm, Mount Song of his belly, and Mount Hua of his feet. In ancient times mountains were places of authority and fear, ruled by dark forces and faithfully worshipped. One reason for such worship

1377-479: The day the figurine is completed, Yu Xiufeng and his grandson, Haisheng, discover a baby girl in a lotus pond. Yu Xiufeng adopts the baby girl as his granddaughter and names her "Lianmei" ("lotus sister"). The figurine is taken to Mount Wutai and enshrined in a Buddhist temple there. In 845 CE, Emperor Wuzong orders the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution because he thinks that Buddhism is corrupting

1428-410: The entire island. It is therefore necessary to control the number of cars on the island to avoid traffic congestion. At the same time, excessive vehicle emissions will affect the environment and air quality of Mountain Putuo. In addition, Putuo Mount is mountainous, so buses are not flexible enough for people to travel. And as there are thousands of tourists coming to Mountain Putuo and the number of buses

1479-429: The evening and travels overnight, arriving in the early morning; the other leaves early in the day from a wharf outside of Shanghai city centre but takes less than two hours. The transportation system of Mountain Putuo is very special. Private cars are not allowed there, and people can only rely on public transport. The reason for this rule is because the area of Putuo Mountain is very small, and only one road runs through

1530-660: The fifth sacred mountain of Chinese Buddhism. Mount Lu is also an important sacred mountain in Chinese Buddhism, especially for Pure Land Buddhism . It is the site Donglin Temple , founded by the Pure Land patriarch Huiyuan . There are also sacred mountains in Tibetan Buddhism , which are considered holy sites of Tibetan Buddhism. Chan Buddhism developed the Five Mountains and Ten Temples System (五山十刹, wushan shicha ) during

1581-480: The figurine back to Japan. However, he can bring back the virtues embodied by the bodhisattva – such as compassion and mercy – and impart them to his people. Avalokitesvara was approved by China's State Administration for Religious Affairs and State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television before it starting filming on 6 June 2012 at Mount Putuo , Zhejiang Province . It opened in Chinese theatres on 26 July 2013. Venerable Master Yicheng,

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1632-657: The figurine, so he chases Egaku, catches up with him, and starts beating him. Lianmei stops Haisheng and tells him she believes Egaku when he claims he is innocent. However, she refuses to let Egaku take the figurine with him. Egaku feels so ashamed of himself that he gives up and returns to Japan. Lianmei and Haisheng are captured later at a roadblock in Mingzhou by the governor, who seizes the figurine from them. The governor then tries to bribe Yuchi to help him cover up for his failure to hunt down Prince Guang, but Yuchi refuses and accuses him of corruption. Meanwhile, Haisheng escapes from

1683-522: The five cardinal directions of Chinese geomancy , which includes the center as a direction. The grouping of the five mountains appeared during the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC), and the term Wuyue ("Five Summits") was made popular during the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han dynasty 140-87 BC. In Chinese traditional religion they have cosmological and theological significance as

1734-637: The late Southern Song (1127–1279). The five mountains where the top Chan monasteries in the empire were located were: The Four Holy Mountains of Tibetan Buddhism, located in Yunnan , Qinghai , and the Tibet Autonomous Region , are: The "Four Sacred Mountains" of Taoism are: Literally "Military Wherewithal" ( 武当山 ; 武當山 ); northwestern Hubei . Main peak: 1,612 m (5,289 ft). 32°40′0″N 111°00′4″E  /  32.66667°N 111.00111°E  / 32.66667; 111.00111 . It

1785-601: The masses. He also senses that Prince Guang will become a threat to him, so he sends General Yuchi to assassinate the prince. At the same time, the Reverend Wuchen asks Yu Xiufeng to collect the figurine from Mount Wutai and hide it at Mount Meicen. During the journey, Yu Xiufeng and his grandchildren meet Egaku , a Japanese Buddhist monk sent by Empress Tachibana to find and bring the figurine to Japan. As Lady Zheng had secretly tasked General Yuchi's deputy, General Sima, with protecting her son, Sima saves Prince Guang when Yuchi

1836-425: The most renowned mountains in Chinese history, which have been the subjects of imperial pilgrimage by emperors throughout ages. They are associated with the supreme God of Heaven and the five main cosmic deities of traditional Chinese religion . The group associated with Buddhism is referred to as the Four Sacred Mountains of Buddhism ( 四大佛教名山 ; Sì dà fójiào míngshān ), and the group associated with Taoism

1887-521: The original Mount Heng meant that for much of the eras of fragmentation, the region was either under non-Han rulers or a contested area. The shrines built to perform the rites were neglected and damaged from time and natural disasters. The decline was especially acute after the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty when the local population fell sharply after the wars. This created opportunities for Ming dynasty officials who were natives of Shanxi to spread rumours that

1938-448: The palace for his coronation, while Lianmei and Haisheng bring the figurine back to Mount Wutai. Egaku travels to China again later to ask for the figurine. The Reverend Wuchen initially rejects his request. However, Egaku eventually manages to convince everyone of his sincerity by kneeling outside the temple for several days, so Wuchen allows him to bring the figurine to Japan. When Egaku's ship sails past Mount Meicen, Lianmei rows towards

1989-486: The prison and drags Lianmei along with him. Yuchi is furious when he learns of their escape and orders the other prisoners to be executed. However, Lianmei succeeds in convincing Haisheng to go back to the prison with her because she knows what would happen if they escaped. Yuchi is so impressed by Lianmei's act of self-sacrifice that he spares the prisoners. Yuchi sets a trap to lure Prince Guang out of hiding. He announces that Lianmei and Haisheng will be executed for helping

2040-519: The real Prince Guang and Sima use the opportunity to escape. Yu Xiufeng stays behind to distract Governor Song, who kills him when refuses to reveal the prince's whereabouts. Yuchi finds out that he has been tricked so he stops chasing Lianmei and Haisheng. In the meantime, Egaku finds the figurine and tries to sneak away with it. When Haisheng and Lianmei return home, they are horrified to see their grandfather dead. Haisheng sees Egaku fleeing and immediately suspects that Egaku killed his grandfather and stole

2091-570: The relevant rites to continue to be performed in the historic Beiyue Temple . The movement for the change persisted after the demise of the Ming dynasty and into the Qing dynasty. Finally, Emperor Shunzhi consented to have the rites to be moved to Shanxi as well. "Lofty Mountain" ( 嵩山 ), Henan, 1,494 m (4,902 ft) 34°29′5″N 112°57′37″E  /  34.48472°N 112.96028°E  / 34.48472; 112.96028 In Chinese Buddhism ,

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2142-650: The representation, on the physical plane of earth, of the ordered world emanating from the God of Heaven ( Tian – Shangdi ), inscribing the Chinese territory as a tán ( 壇 ; 'altar'), the Chinese concept equivalent of the Indian mandala . The five mountains are among the best-known natural landmarks in Chinese history, and since the early periods in Chinese history, they have been the ritual sites of imperial worship and sacrifice by various emperors. The first legendary sovereigns of China went on excursions or formed processions to

2193-419: The ship on a raft because she cannot bear to see the figurine leave. A fierce storm suddenly breaks out and causes the figurine to be cast overboard. When the storm has subsided, Egaku is deeply saddened to learn that Lianmei and the figurine are lost at sea. Just then, lotuses appear all over the water surface. Egaku sees a vision of Lianmei as Guanyin on Mount Meicen, and realises that he is not destined to bring

2244-657: The spirit of Mount Heng had abandoned the original location and settled on Xuanwu Mountain in Hunyuan County in Shanxi . Between the reigns of Emperor Hongzhi and Emperor Wanli , they kept petitioning the emperors to declare the change and decree for the rites for the Northern Great Mountain to be shifted there. In 1586, Emperor Wanli opted a compromise by re-designating the Xuanwu Mountain as Mount Heng, but ordered

2295-528: The summits of the Five Great Mountains. Every visit took place at the same time of the year. The excursions were hunting trips and ended in ritual offerings to the reigning god. The emperors, starting with the First Emperor of Qin , formalized these expeditions and incorporated them into state ritual as prescribed by Confucianism. With every new dynasty, the new emperor hurried to the Five Great Mountains in order to lay claim to his newly acquired domains. Barring

2346-412: The taboo of sharing the same personal name as Emperor Wen of Han . The appellations Heng and Chang were used extensively in the past to name various districts in the region, such as Changshan Prefecture ( 常山郡 ), Hengshan Prefecture ( 恒山郡 ), and Hengzhou ( 恒州 ). While it was customary of the ethnic Han emperors to order rites to be performed regularly to honour the Five Great Mountains, the location of

2397-535: Was also selected as one of the World Great films during the 37th Montreal World Film Festival . 30°00′35″N 122°23′06″E  /  30.00972°N 122.38500°E  / 30.00972; 122.38500 Sacred Mountains of China#Sacred Mountains of Buddhism The Sacred Mountains of China are divided into several groups. The Five Great Mountains ( simplified Chinese : 五岳 ; traditional Chinese : 五嶽 ; pinyin : Wǔyuè ) refers to five of

2448-665: Was famous for being for "The most secluded place in China". 30°58′35.73″N 103°30′59.90″E  /  30.9765917°N 103.5166389°E  / 30.9765917; 103.5166389 . The term "Three Mountains" ( 三山 ) has varied meanings. The Three Sacred Mountains commonly refer to: The Three Famous Mountains are: The Three Holy Mountain Peaks at Yading , Daocheng County : Download coordinates as: Avalokitesvara (film) Avalokitesvara , also known as Bu Ken Qu Guan Yin (literally "the Guanyin who refuses to leave"),

2499-476: Was named one of the four World Greats. The film is set in China during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Tang dynasty . Li Yi, the Prince Guang , a relative of the emperor, has been sickly since childhood. His mother, Lady Zheng , commissions Yu Xiufeng, a craftsman from Mount Meicen , to create a porcelain figurine of Guanyin so that she can pray to the bodhisattva to bless her son with good health. On

2550-552: Was originally founded during the Jin dynasty and is connected with the eccentric monk named Budai , who is considered to have been an emanation of Maitreya . Fanjingshan ( 梵净山 ; Fànjìngshān ), part of the Wuling Mountains in Tongren , Guizhou , is another sacred mountain associated with Maitreya. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Fanjing shan is also often claimed to be

2601-451: Was the value of the mountains to human existence as a spring of welfare and fertility, as the birthplace of rivers, as a place where herbs and medicinal plants grew and as a source of materials to build houses and tools. A basic element of Taoist thought was, and still is, an intuitive feeling of connectedness with nature. As early as the fourth century, the Taoists presented the high priests with

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