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38-608: The maneuverability of the motorcycle on crowded streets offer advantages not provided by larger, more traditional police vehicles. The motorcycle's relatively small size allows it to get to accident scenes more quickly when incidents such as traffic collisions slow down access by four-wheel vehicles, and to access routes unavailable to other motor vehicles, such as narrow streets and footpaths . Police motorcycles are also used in police escorts for parades , funeral processions , motorcades , Olympic torch relays , and other events. Police officers have used motorcycles—primarily for

76-600: A pilgrimage . Examples of the latter are the Pilgrim's Way in England and Pilgrim's Route (St. Olav's Way or the Old Kings' Road) in Norway. Some landowners allow access over their land without dedicating a right of way. These permissive paths are often indistinguishable from normal paths, but they are usually subject to restrictions. Such paths are often closed at least once a year, so that

114-423: A legally protected right to travel. Other public rights of way in England and Wales, such as bridleways , byways , towpaths , and green lanes are also used by pedestrians. In Scotland there is no legal distinction between a footpath and a bridleway and it is generally accepted that cyclists and horse riders may follow any right of way with a suitable surface. The law is different in both Northern Ireland and

152-633: A new water-cooled version of Norton's twin-rotor Wankel engine. This machine was designated Interpol 2A . When production of the Interpol 2 ceased it was succeeded by the P52 version of the Norton Commander . Norton did not sell the Interpol 2 to the general public. Sales were restricted to fleet customers: civilian police forces, military police forces (particularly the Royal Air Force Police), and

190-1207: A number of countries. These can be rural in nature, such as the Essex Way , in southern England, which crosses farmland, or urban as with various routes in London, England , or along a coastline like the South West Coast Path in the West of England , or in the high mountains, like the Pacific Crest Trail in the US, which reaches 13,153 feet (4,009 m) at Forester Pass in the Sierra Nevada . Many footpaths require some maintenance. Most rural paths have an earth or grass surface with stiles , and or gates, including kissing gates . A few will have stepping stones , fords, or bridges. Urban footpaths may be constructed of masonry , brick , concrete , asphalt, cut stone or wood boardwalk . Crushed rock , decomposed granite , fine wood chips are also used. The construction materials can vary over

228-534: A one-tier system) has a statutory duty to maintain a definitive map, though in national parks the national park authority usually maintains the map. The Inner London boroughs are exempt from the statutory duty though they have the powers to maintain a map: currently none does so. Currently, the number of footpaths in the UK totals 427,301 (around 81% of all rights of way) with a net combined route length of 105,125 miles. In Scotland different legislation applies and there

266-476: A park is found along the seawall in Stanley Park , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada. This is a segregated path, with one lane for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. In the US and Canada, where urban sprawl has begun to strike even the most rural communities, developers and local leaders are currently striving to make their communities more conducive to non-motorized transportation through

304-443: A pavement/ sidewalk in some English-speaking countries (such as Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland). A footpath can also take the form of a footbridge , linking two places across a river. Public footpaths are rights of way originally created by people walking across the land to work, market, the next village, church, and school. This includes mass paths and corpse roads . Some footpaths were also created by those undertaking

342-834: A permanent right of way cannot be established in law. A mass path is a pedestrian track or road connecting destinations frequently used by rural communities, most usually the destination of Sunday Mass . They were most common during the centuries that preceded motorised transportation in Western Europe, and in particular the British Isles and the Netherlands (where such a path is called "kerkenpad" (lit. Church path). Mass paths typically included stretches crossing fields of neighboring farmers and were likely to contain stiles , when crossing fences or other boundaries, or plank footbridges to cross ditches. Some mass paths are still used today in

380-422: A route along a country path can be impeded by ploughing, crops, overgrown vegetation, illegal barriers (including barbed wire ), damaged stiles , etc. There have been numerous problems over the years in England and Wales with landowners. One notable example was with the millionaire property tycoon Nicholas Van Hoogstraten who had a long-standing dislike of and dispute with ramblers, describing them as "scum of

418-631: Is Britain's oldest national conservation body. The society was founded as the Commons Preservation Society and merged with the National Footpaths Society in 1899, and adopted their present name. Much of the Open Spaces Society's work is concerned with the preservation and creation of public paths. Before the introduction of definitive maps of public paths in the early 1950s, the public did not know where paths were, and

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456-543: Is a Norton motorcycle produced from 1984 to 1989. It has an air-cooled twin rotor 588 cc (35.9 cu in) Wankel engine . Its model name refers to the Norton Interpol , a 1970s police version of the Norton Commando . However, the Interpol was a piston-engined model and is mechanically unrelated to the Interpol 2. Towards the end of the production run one machine was built for development purposes with

494-580: Is a narrow, usually paved, pedestrian path, often between the walls of buildings in towns and cities. This type is usually short and straight, and on steep ground can consist partially or entirely of steps. In older cities and towns in Europe, alleys are often what is left of a medieval street network, or a right of way or ancient footpath. Similar paths also exist in some older North American towns and cities. In some older urban development in North America lanes at

532-568: Is a type of thoroughfare that is intended for use only by pedestrians and not other forms of traffic such as motorized vehicles , bicycles and horses . They can be found in a wide variety of places, from the centre of cities, to farmland, to mountain ridges. Urban footpaths are usually paved, may have steps, and can be called alleys , lanes, steps, etc. National parks , nature preserves , conservation areas and other protected wilderness areas may have footpaths ( trails ) that are restricted to pedestrians. The term footpath can also describe

570-572: Is an integrated walkway system that has over 160 kilometers (99 mi) of footpaths which link every major park, river, pond, and green space in six municipalities. In London , England, there are several long-distance walking routes which combine footpaths and roads to link green spaces. These include the Capital Ring , London Outer Orbital Path and the Jubilee Walkway , the use of which have been endorsed by Transport for London . An alley

608-575: Is no legally recognised record of rights of way. However, there is a National Catalogue of Rights of Way (CROW), compiled by the Scottish Rights of Way and Access Society (Scotways), in partnership with Scottish Natural Heritage, and the help of local authorities. The Open Spaces Society is a charitable British organisation that works to protect public rights of way and open spaces in the United Kingdom, such as common land and village greens . It

646-1005: The Harley-Davidson FLHTP Electra Glide, the FLHP Road King , the XL883 Sportster and the new XB12XP Buell Ulysses Police motorcycle. The FLHTP Electra Glide and the FLHP Road King are also offered as Fire/Rescue motorcycles. In 2014, the Los Angeles Police Department added the Zero Motorcycles MMX electric motorcycle to its fleet. The motorcycle was praised over the traditional bulky Harley-Davidson and BMW bikes for its stealth, low operational costs, immediate tactical advantage, and low environmental footprint. Footpaths A footpath (also pedestrian way, walking trail , nature trail )

684-474: The Isle of Man . He became frustrated at the lack of privacy at his home when ramblers deviated from a pathway to take photographs of his dwelling. Clarkson's property bordered a small 250-metre strip of land that had no definitive status as a public right of way but was used by walkers regardless. Clarkson aimed to close access to this small strip of his land, thereby forcing ramblers to take a small diversion to stick to

722-612: The Kawasaki Concours 14 is being modified and marketed for police use in some markets. In Germany, BMW Motorrad is the largest provider of motorcycles for authority use. In the United Kingdom, the most common police motorcycles are the BMW R1200RT and the Yamaha FJR1300 . Some police forces also use scooters within towns for parking enforcement, or special-purpose machines such as unmarked (covert), or off-road motorcycles. Of

760-538: The Republic of Ireland and there are far fewer rights of way in Ireland as a whole (see Keep Ireland Open ). Footpaths and other rights of way in England and Wales are shown on definitive maps . A definitive map is a record of public rights of way in England and Wales. In law it is the definitive record of where a right of way is located. The highway authority (normally the county council , or unitary authority in areas with

798-728: The Republic of Ireland , but are usually subject to Ireland's complicated rights of way law. Corpse roads provided a practical means for transporting corpses, often from remote communities, to cemeteries that had burial rights, such as parish churches and chapels of ease . In Great Britain , such routes can also be known by a number of other names: bier road, burial road, coffin road, coffin line, lyke or lych way, funeral road, procession way, corpse way, etc. Nowadays footpaths are mainly used for recreation and have been frequently linked together, along with bridle paths and newly created footpaths, to create long-distance trails . Also, organizations have been formed in various countries to protect

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836-585: The British manufacturers themselves, Triumph motorcycles, built at Meriden , were used by many British (including the Metropolitan Police ) and Commonwealth police forces until 1983 when the factory closed. From the late 1940s, Triumph was also, for a time, the choice of the Parisian police, a fact promoted in a factory-produced movie, It's A Triumph ! . The police version of the 650cc 6T Triumph Thunderbird

874-499: The Open Spaces Society helped the successful campaign for paths to be shown on Ordnance Survey maps. It advises the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and National Assembly for Wales on applications for works on common land. Local authorities are legally required to consult the society whenever there is a proposal to alter the route of a public right of way. The Ramblers are another British organisation concerned with

912-538: The R1200RT-P and R900RT-P. More than 225 U.S. law enforcement agencies, including the California Highway Patrol , have BMW authority motorcycles in their fleets of patrol vehicles. The new BMW bikes outperformed the aging Harley-Davidson fleet. Harley-Davidson has maintained a long relationship with police departments and law-enforcement agencies in some countries. For the 2009 model year, Harley-Davidson offers

950-567: The UK newspaper, Motor Cycle News reported Derbyshire's Chief Constable comparing these Triumphs very unfavorably to BMW, in particular, its anti-vibration engine mounts. Supported by an article in rival publication, Motor Cycle Weekly , this criticism was strongly refuted by the factory and Derbyshire eventually accepted evaluation of police versions of the new Triumph T140W TSS in anti-vibration mounts. Norton 's Commando Interpol and later Wankel rotary engine Interpol 2 motorcycle were used by some British forces until that firm's collapse in

988-598: The armed forces also grew, providing a stable production market for the more utilitarian machines, especially as Europe rearmed after World War I . As of 2004 police departments in the United States typically use purpose-built motorcycles marketed by Harley-Davidson, Kawasaki , or BMW Motorrad . Kawasaki police motorcycles , which were built for the US market in Lincoln, Nebraska , ceased production in September 2005. However,

1026-572: The early 1990s. Other marques such as BSA were used by some forces, although only the Velocette LE "noddy-bike" model proved as popular with the police as the Triumphs. In 2008, BMW claimed to be the largest seller of motorcycles for authority use, as more than 100,000 BMW motorcycles were in official use in over 150 countries on five continents. In 2007, BMW sold 4,284 police motorcycles worldwide. BMW produces factory built police-specific models such as

1064-488: The earth". In 1999 Hoogstraten erected a large fence across a footpath on his country estate in East Sussex. Local ramblers staged a protest against the erection of the fence outside the boundary of Van Hoogstraten's estate. On 10 February 2003 and after a 13-year battle and numerous legal proceedings, the path was finally re-opened. Another conflict involved Jeremy Clarkson , a TV presenter and Top Gear host who lives on

1102-479: The enforcement of traffic laws and as escort vehicles—since the early 20th century. Chief August Vollmer of the Berkeley Police Department is credited with organizing the first official police motorcycle patrol in the United States in 1911. However, several police forces around the country reported using motorcycles as patrol vehicles earlier. Harley-Davidson credits Detroit, Michigan as being

1140-540: The first purchaser of police motorcycles in 1908. The police department in Evanston , Illinois also purchased a belt-driven motorcycle for its first motorcycle police officer in 1908, and the Portland Police Bureau had a police officer who used his personal motorcycle to patrol the city as early as 1909. The role of the motorcycle as inexpensive public transportation evolved in the 1930s, and their use by police and

1178-735: The length of the footpath and may start with a well constructed hard surface in an urban area, and end with an inexpensive soft or loose surface in the countryside. Stairs or steps are sometimes found in urban alleys , or cliff paths to beaches. The main issues in urban areas include maintenance, litter, crime, and lighting after dark. In the countryside there are issues relating to conflicts between walkers and livestock, and these occasionally result in people being injured or even killed. Dogs often contribute to such conflicts – see in England and Wales The Dogs (Protection of Livestock) Act 1953 . Also footpaths in remote locations can be difficult to maintain and

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1216-517: The official public right of way and therefore protecting his claimed right to privacy on his own property. In May 2010 the former transport minister, Hon. David Anderson MHK, accepted the conclusions of a public inquiry that all except five of the paths claimed at the inquiry as public rights of way have been dedicated as public rights of way and should be added to the definitive map. [REDACTED] Media related to Public footpaths at Wikimedia Commons Norton Interpol 2 The Interpol 2

1254-414: The protection of footpaths. There are a variety of footpaths in urban settings, including paths along streams and rivers, through parks and across commons . Another type is the alley , normally providing access to the rear of properties or connecting built-up roads not easily reached by vehicles. Towpaths are another kind of urban footpath, but they are often shared with cyclists. A typical footpath in

1292-455: The rear of houses, to allow for deliveries and garbage collection, are called alleys. Alleys may be paved, or unpaved, and a blind alley is a cul-de-sac . Some alleys are roofed because they are within buildings, such as the traboules of Lyon , or when they are a pedestrian passage through railway embankments in Britain. The latter follow the line of rights-of way that existed before the railway

1330-580: The right to use public footpaths, including the Ramblers Association and the Open Spaces Society in England. Footpaths are now also found in botanic gardens , arboretums , regional parks , conservation areas , wildlife gardens , and open-air museums . There are also educational trails , themed walks , sculpture trails and historic interpretive trails. In England and Wales , public footpaths are rights of way on which pedestrians have

1368-561: The use of less traditional paths. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has established the Active Living by Design program to improve the livability of communities in part through developing trails, The Upper Valley Trails Alliance has done similar work on traditional trails, while the Somerville Community Path and related paths, are examples of urban initiatives. In St. John's , Newfoundland , Canada The Grand Concourse ,

1406-459: Was built. Because of topography , steps ( stairs ) are the predominant form of alley in hilly cities and towns. This includes Pittsburgh (see Steps of Pittsburgh ), Cincinnati (see Steps of Cincinnati ), Portland, Oregon , Seattle , and San Francisco in the United States, as well as Hong Kong , and Rome . Footpaths (and other rights of way) have been combined, and new paths created, so as to produce long-distance walking routes in

1444-625: Was nicknamed the SAINT, an acronym of "Stops Anything In No Time". By the mid-1970s, with industrial problems and closures affecting their spares supply and service, Triumphs and other British marques were increasingly replaced by the smoother BMW R80 (and to a more limited extent, Norton Interpols ) than by then-current Triumph police bikes. In an attempt to win back orders from BMW, Meriden marketed Triumph Bonneville and Tiger models of 750cc size with anti-vibration mountings as well as electric starting but these still only achieved limited sales success. In 1981,

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