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65-650: Established in 1949 as the Dunwich Laboratory, the station was a facility established by the Queensland government. It was designed to encourage use and shared research between CSIRO fisheries division, the Queensland Department of Harbours and Marine (Fisheries) and the University of Queensland . It was initially run by CSIRO staff, in particular, Dr J.M. Thomson who lived on site from 1949 to 1953. The station

130-475: A coherent set of statements criticising emissions trading without any additional wording needed. In subsequent Senate Estimates hearings during 2010, Senator Carr and Clark went on record claiming the paper was originally stopped from publication solely due to its low quality not meeting CSIRO standards. At the time of its attempted suppression, the paper had been accepted for publication in an academic journal, New Political Economy , which in 2010 had been ranked by

195-588: A core aim of CSIRO is Cooperative Research "working hand in hand with industry [to] build partnerships and engage with industry to generate impact". On 25 November 2009, a debate was held in the Australian Senate concerning the alleged involvement of the CSIRO and the Labor government in censorship. The debate was called for by opposition parties after evidence came to light that a paper critical of carbon emissions trading

260-625: A major international exhibition. In November 2000, Cisco acquired Radiata in exchange for US$ 295 million in Cisco common stock with the intention of incorporating the Radiata Baseband Processor and Radio chips into its Aironet family of wireless LAN products. Cisco subsequently took a large write-down on the Radiata acquisition, following the 2001 telecoms crash , and in 2004 it shut down its internal development of wireless chipsets based on

325-431: A method of identifying fake vials, on the basis that a unique tracer code developed by CSIRO was embedded in the product. However, the code sold to Novartis for more than A$ 2M was apparently not unique, and was based on a "cheap tracer ... bought in bulk from a Chinese distributor". Novartis was contractually bound not to reverse-engineer the tracer to verify its uniqueness. The Sydney Morning Herald report alleges that this

390-958: A microwave internet link. The improved boating and diving facilities would attract scientists and researchers from all over the world. The new Moreton Bay Research Station and Study Centre (MBRS) was opened on 23 June 2000, by the Honourable Peter Beattie , MLA, with funding provided by the University of Queensland, the Port of Brisbane Corporation, the Royal Queensland Yacht Squadron and Consolidated Rutile Limited (now Sibelco Australia). 27°29′48″S 153°24′00″E  /  27.49667°S 153.40000°E  / -27.49667; 153.40000 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO )

455-479: A series of biological controls into Australia, such as the introduction of myxomatosis and rabbit calicivirus for the control of rabbit populations. CSIRO is governed by a board appointed by the Australian Government, currently chaired by Kathryn Fagg . There are eight directors inclusive of the chief executive, presently Doug Hilton , who are responsible for management of the organisation. CSIRO

520-409: A shadowy organisation responsible for US consumers being compelled to make "a multimillion dollar donation" on the basis of a questionable patent claiming "decades old" technology. The resulting debate became so heated that the author was compelled to follow up with a defence of the original article. An alternative view was also published on The Register , challenging a number of the assertions made in

585-766: A synthetic polymer such as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) . Such notes incorporate many security features not available in paper banknotes, including the use of metameric inks . Polymer banknotes last significantly longer than paper notes, causing a decrease in environmental impact and a reduced cost of production and replacement. Modern polymer banknotes were first developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and The University of Melbourne . They were first issued as currency in Australia during 1988 (coinciding with Australia's bicentennial year); by 1996,

650-575: Is an Australian Government agency that is responsible for scientific research and its commercial and industrial applications. CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. From its headquarters in Canberra, CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States, employing about 5,500 people. Federally funded scientific research in Australia began in 1916 with

715-433: Is located on North Stradbroke Island, a 27,700-hectare sand island, 30 minutes from Brisbane by boat. The island lies between the sub-tropical and temperate zones, and its waters feature a wide range of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. Mud flats surround the island, providing an estuarine environment which supports worms and bivalves and other tiny organisms. There is also a large dugong population which feeds off

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780-506: Is structured into Research Business Units, National Facilities and Collections, and Services. As at 2023, CSIRO's research areas are identified as "Impact science" and organised into the following Business Units: CSIRO manages national research facilities and scientific infrastructure on behalf of the nation to assist with the delivery of research. The national facilities and specialised laboratories are available to both international and Australian users from industry and research. As at 2019,

845-645: The 1923 Imperial Conference 's call for colonies to broaden their economic base, in 1926 the Australian Parliament modified the principal Act for national scientific research (the Institute of Science and Industry Act 1920 ) by passing The Science and Industry Research Act 1926 . The same conference led to the creation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in New Zealand. The new Act replaced

910-681: The Australian Dung Beetle Project . Bornemissza, upon settling in Australia from Hungary in 1951, noticed that the pastureland was covered in dry cattle dung pads which did not seem to be recycled into the soil and caused areas of rank pasture which were unpalatable to the cattle. He proposed that the reason for this was that native Australian dung beetles, which had co-evolved alongside the marsupials (which produce dung very different in its composition from cattle), were not adapted to utilise cattle dung for their nutrition and breeding since cattle had only relatively recently been introduced to

975-610: The Australian House of Representatives that in relation to the worker's compensation claim for psychological injuries of ex-CSIRO employee, Martin Williams, which was vigorously defended by Comcare on the advice of the CSIRO, that CSIRO officers had provided false testimony on no less than 128 occasions under oath when the matter went before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Mirabella stated, "even in establishing

1040-589: The Australian dollar was switched completely to polymer banknotes. Romania was the first country in Europe to issue a plastic note in 1999 and became the third country after Australia and New Zealand to fully convert to polymer by 2003. Other currencies that have been switched completely to polymer banknotes include: the Vietnamese đồng (2006) although this is only applied to banknotes with denominations above 5,000 đồng,

1105-1458: The Brunei dollar (2006), the Nigerian Naira (2007), the Papua New Guinean kina (2008), the Canadian dollar (2013), the Maldivian rufiyaa (2017), the Mauritanian ouguiya (2017), the Nicaraguan córdoba (2017), the Vanuatu vatu (2017), the Eastern Caribbean dollar (2019), the pound sterling (2021) and the Barbadian dollar (2022). Several countries and regions have now introduced polymer banknotes into commemorative or general circulation, including: Nigeria , Cape Verde , Chile , The Gambia , Trinidad and Tobago , Vietnam , Mexico , Taiwan , Singapore , Malaysia , Botswana , São Tomé and Príncipe , North Macedonia , Russia , Solomon Islands , Samoa , Morocco , Albania , Sri Lanka , Hong Kong , Israel , China , Kuwait , Mozambique , Saudi Arabia , Isle of Man , Guatemala , Haiti , Jamaica , Libya , Mauritius , Costa Rica , Honduras , Angola , Namibia , Lebanon ,

1170-579: The Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the United States Department of the Treasury in 1997 and 1998, when 40,000 test banknotes were printed and evaluated; and was evaluated by the central banks of 28 countries. Polymer banknotes usually have three levels of security devices. Primary security devices are easily recognisable by consumers and may include intaglio , metal strips, and the clear areas of

1235-633: The Great Depression , research was extended into manufacturing and other secondary industries. In 1949 the Act was changed again, and the entity name amended to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The amendment enlarged and reconstituted the organisation and its administrative structure. Under Ian Clunies Ross as chairman, CSIRO pursued new areas such as radio astronomy and industrial chemistry. CSIRO still operates under

1300-586: The Advisory Council of Science and Industry, was established in 1916 on the initiative of prime minister Billy Hughes . However, the advisory council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. In 1920 the council was renamed the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, and was led by George Handley Knibbs (1921–26), but continued to struggle financially. Implementing

1365-534: The Ars Technica piece. Total income to CSIRO from the patent is currently estimated at nearly $ 430 million. On 14 June 2012, the CSIRO inventors received the European Patent Office (EPO) European Inventor Award (EIA), in the category of "Non-European Countries". On 14 July 2011, Greenpeace activists vandalised a crop of GM wheat, circumventing the scientific trials being undertaken. Greenpeace

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1430-628: The Australian Research Council as an 'A class' publication. In an ABC radio interview, Spash called for a Senate enquiry into the affair and the role played by senior management and the Science Minister. After these events, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that "Questions are being raised about the closeness of BHP Billiton and the CSIRO under its chief executive, Megan Clark". After his resignation, an unedited version of

1495-449: The CSIRO gained worldwide attention, including some criticism, for promoting a high- protein , low- carbohydrate diet of their own creation called Total Wellbeing Diet . The CSIRO published the diet in a book which sold over half a million copies in Australia and over 100,000 overseas. The diet was criticised in an editorial by Nature for giving scientific credence to a "fashionable" diet sponsored by meat and dairy industries. In

1560-417: The CSIRO on 1 January 2015, caused an international outcry after describing Australia's national climate change discussion as "more like religion than science," a week after announcing hundreds of job cuts to the organisation that will reduce the effectiveness of its climate research team. In "an open letter to the Australian Government and CSIRO", 2,800 of the leading climate scientists from 60 countries say

1625-615: The Philippines , Egypt , the United Arab Emirates , Samoa , and Bermuda . In the 1980s, Canadian engineering company AGRA Vadeko and US chemical company US Mobil Chemical Company developed a polymer substrate trademarked as DuraNote. It had been tested by the Bank of Canada in the 1980s and 1990s; test C$ 20 and C$ 50 banknotes were auctioned in October 2012. It was also tested by

1690-597: The Queensland government to permit the university to take over part of the station, and develop its teaching and research facilities. The laboratory was renamed the Dunwich Marine Station (DMS) in 1961, becoming the first marine station managed by the University of Queensland. It would be joined by the Heron Island Research Station in the 1970s. Facilities were basic, with a bunkhouse, two-storey lab, engine room and kitchen/mess hall. Livestock roamed

1755-635: The Radiata technology in order to focus on software development and emerging new technologies. Controversy over the CSIRO patent arose in 2006 after the organisation won an injunction against Buffalo Technology in an infringement suit filed in Federal Court in the Eastern District of Texas. The injunction was subsequently suspended on appeal, with the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit finding that

1820-535: The allegations seriously and responded to the articles on a number of occasions. The shadow minister for innovation, industry, science and research, Sophie Mirabella , wrote to the government requesting it establish an inquiry. Mirabella said she is aware of as many as 100 cases of alleged workplace harassment. On 20 July 2012 Comcare issued CSIRO with an Improvement Notice with regard to handling and management of workplace misconduct/code of conduct type investigations and allegations. On 24 June 2013 Mirabella advised

1885-620: The announcement of cuts to the CSIRO's Oceans and Atmosphere research program has alarmed the global climate research community. They say the decision shows a lack of insight and a misunderstanding of the importance of the depth and significance of Australian contributions to global and regional climate research. The CSIRO has been the target of successive funding cuts under the Morrison government , starting with cuts targeting climate science research initiated by Tony Abbott . Polymer banknote Polymer banknotes are banknotes made from

1950-503: The author Jane Austen . A polymer £20 was issued in 2020 with a picture of J.M.W. Turner , and the £50 note was released in 2021, featuring Alan Turing . Although the polymer Bank of England notes are 15% smaller than the older, paper issue, they bear a similar design. Some businesses operating in the UK cash industry have opposed the switch to polymer, citing a lack of research into the cost impact of its introduction. In December 2022, following

2015-500: The banknote. Secondary security devices are detectable by a machine. Tertiary security devices may only be detectable by the issuing authority when a banknote is returned. Modern polymer banknotes were first developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation or CSIRO and first issued as currency in Australia during 1988, to coincide with Australia's bicentennial year. In August 2012, Nigeria's Central Bank attempted

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2080-428: The continent in the 1880s. The Australian Dung Beetle Project sought, therefore, to introduce species of dung beetle from South Africa and Europe (which had co-evolved alongside bovids) in order to improve the fertility and quality of cattle pastures. Twenty-three species were successfully introduced throughout the duration of the project and also had the effect of reducing the pestilent bush fly population by 90%. CSIRO

2145-472: The creation of the Advisory Council of Science and Industry. However, the council struggled due to insufficient funding. In 1926, research efforts were revitalised with the establishment of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding. CSIR grew rapidly, achieving significant early successes. In 1949, legislative changes led to

2210-460: The death of Queen Elizabeth II , the Bank of England unveiled the design of a new series of banknotes featuring King Charles III . The rest of the design, however, is unchanged, with the exception of a slight alteration in colour. In the Philippines, it was proposed in 2009 to shift to the usage of polymer for Philippine peso banknotes. This did not push through due to concern the shift would have over

2275-447: The early 1990s, CSIRO radio astronomy scientists John O'Sullivan, Graham Daniels, Terence Percival, Diethelm Ostry and John Deane undertook research directed to finding a way to make wireless networks work as fast as wired networks within confined spaces such as office buildings. The technique they developed, involving a particular combination of forward error correction , frequency-domain interleaving, and multi-carrier modulation , became

2340-485: The environment, human nutrition, conservation, urban and rural planning, and water. It works with leading organisations around the world and maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States of America, employing about 5500 people. Notable inventions and breakthroughs by CSIRO include: CSIRO had a pioneering role in the scientific discovery of the universe through radio "eyes". A team led by Paul Wild built and operated (from 1948)

2405-509: The fifth electronic computer in the world. It was over 1,000 times faster than the mechanical calculators available at the time. It was decommissioned in 1955 and recommissioned in Melbourne as CSIRAC in 1956 as a general purpose computing machine used by over 700 projects until 1964. The CSIRAC is the only surviving first-generation computer in the world. Between 1965 and 1985, George Bornemissza of CSIRO's Division of Entomology founded and led

2470-400: The first polymer notes to enter general circulation in the UK. The Royal Bank of Scotland followed in 2016 with a new issue of plastic £5 notes illustrated with a picture of author Nan Shepherd . In September 2016, the Bank of England began to issue £5 polymer notes with a picture of Winston Churchill ; and in 2017 a polymer £10 began replacing its paper equivalent, featuring a picture of

2535-568: The following National Facilities are listed: CSIRO manages a number of collections of animal and plant specimens that contribute to national and international biological knowledge. The National Collections contribute to taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. As at 2019, CSIRO's Collections are listed as the following: In 2019, CSIRO Services are itemised as follows: Other services are noted as including education, publishing , infrastructure technologies, Small and Medium Enterprise engagement and CSIRO Futures. A precursor to CSIRO,

2600-403: The framework for this inquiry it is obvious there's an inappropriate 'hands on' approach by CSIRO." In response to the allegations Clark commissioned Dennis Pearce, who is assisted by an investigation team from HWL Ebsworth Lawyers, to conduct an independent investigation into allegations of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour. Mirabella continued to question the independence of

2665-717: The institute with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). With encouragement from prime minister Stanley Bruce , strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding, CSIR grew rapidly and achieved significant early successes. The council was structured to represent the federal structure of government in Australia, and had state-level committees and a central council. In addition to an improved structure, CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under George Julius , David Rivett , and Arnold Richardson. Research focused on primary and secondary industries. Early in its existence, CSIR established divisions studying animal health and animal nutrition. After

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2730-462: The investigation. The first stage of the investigation published its findings at the end of July 2013, and the final stage was scheduled to be complete by February 2014. Post the Pearce Report, CSIRO overhauled its relevant policies and put in place training and whistleblower procedures to address the situation. In August 2015 the CSIRO discontinued its annual July and August survey, conducted over

2795-591: The judge in Texas should have allowed a trial to proceed on Buffalo's challenge to the validity of the CSIRO patent. In 2007, CSIRO declined to provide an assurance to the IEEE that it would not sue companies which refused to take a license for use in 802.11n-compliant devices, while at the same time continuing to defend legal challenges to the validity of the patent brought by Intel , Dell , Microsoft , Hewlett-Packard and Netgear . In April 2009, Hewlett-Packard broke ranks with

2860-655: The organisation being accused of being "Australia's biggest patent troll", a wrathful "patent bully", and of imposing a "WiFi tax" on American innovation. Further fuel was added to the controversy after a settlement with the carriers, worth around $ 229 million, was announced in March 2012. Encouraged in part by an announcement by the Australian Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills Science and Research, Senator Chris Evans, an article in Ars Technica portrayed CSIRO as

2925-465: The paper was released by Spash as a discussion paper, and later published as an academic journal article. On 11 April 2013, the Sydney Morning Herald ran a story on how CSIRO had "duped" the Swiss-based pharmaceutical giant Novartis into purchasing an anti-counterfeit technology for its vials of injectable Voltaren . The invention was marketed by a small Australian company called DataTrace DNA as

2990-402: The previous five years, polling to create a long-term view of how Australians viewed global warming and their support for action. In the previous 2013 poll, 86 per cent agreed with the statement that climate change was occurring and only 7.6 per cent disagreed. On 11 February 2016, Dr Larry Marshall – a former venture capitalist with Southern Cross Venture Holdings, who had been appointed CEO of

3055-747: The priorities and structure of CSIRO, and the teams and facilities that implement its research, have changed as Australia's scientific challenges have evolved. Numerous CSIRO scientists have gone onto distinguished careers in the university sector. Several have been appointed to the role of Vice-Chancellor/President. They include: Sir George Currie (UNZ 1952–62, Western Australia 1945–52), Paul Wellings CBE (Wollongong 2012–21, Lancaster 2002–12), Michael Barber AO (Flinders 2008–14), Mark Smith CBE (Southampton 2019–ff, Lancaster 2012–19), Annabelle Duncan (UNE 2014–19), Attila Brungs (UNSW 2021–ff, UTS 2014–21), Alex Zelinsky AO (Newcastle (2018–ff), Andrew Parfitt (UTS 2021–ff), Chris Moran (UNE 2023–ff). In 2005

3120-612: The provisions of the 1949 Act in a wide range of scientific inquiry. Participation by women in CSIRO research was severely limited by the Australian government policy, in place until 1966, forcing women public servants out of their jobs when they married. Even unmarried women were considered a poor investment because they might eventually marry. Single women such as Helen Newton Turner nevertheless made major contributions. Since 1949, CSIRO has expanded its activities to almost every field of primary, secondary and tertiary industry, including

3185-452: The renaming of the organisation as Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Notable developments by CSIRO have included the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy , essential components of the early Wi-Fi technology, development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote , the invention of the insect repellent in Aerogard and the introduction of

3250-399: The rest of the industry becoming the first to reach a settlement of its dispute with CSIRO. This agreement was followed quickly by settlements with Microsoft, Fujitsu and Asus and then Dell, Intel, Nintendo , Toshiba , Netgear, Buffalo, D-Link , Belkin , SMC , Accton , and 3Com . The controversy grew after CSIRO sued US carriers AT&T , Verizon and T-Mobile in 2010, with

3315-480: The roles and responsibilities of the chair and chief executive have changed many times. From 1927 to 1986 the head of CSIR (and from 1949, CSIRO) was the chairman, who was responsible for the management of the organisation, supported by the chief executive. From 1 July 1959 to 4 December 1986 CSIRO had no chief executive; the chairman undertook both functions. In 1986, when the Australian Government changed

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3380-530: The seagrass. Coral reefs remain close by at Peel Island . Research at the station evolved from the study of oyster and sea mullet fisheries in Moreton Bay, to more general marine research. CSIRO abandoned the station in 1959, and it was taken over by the University of Queensland. Prof. William Stephenson , a biologist at the university, had used the station regularly as a teaching destination for undergraduate and postgraduate student field trips. He petitioned

3445-447: The standard on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. In 1999, Cisco Systems , Inc. and Broadcom Corporation each invested A$ 4 million in Radiata, representing an 11% stake for each investor and valuing the company at around A$ 36 million. In September 2000, Radiata demonstrated a chip set complying with the recently finalised IEEE 802.11a Wi-Fi standard, and capable of handling transmission rates of up to 54 Mbit/s, at

3510-427: The streets and foreshore, and students had easy access to Rainbow Channel. In the 1990s, the facilities were showing wear and tear and needed to be upgraded for teaching purposes. Funding was sought from the university in 1997 to demolish the old buildings, and construct a modern, purpose-designed teaching and research facility. This would accommodate 96 students and researchers and provide high-speed internet access and

3575-515: The structure of CSIRO to include a board of non-executive members plus the chief executive to lead CSIRO, the roles changed. The chief executive is now responsible for management of the organisation in accordance with the strategy, plans and policies approved by the CSIRO Board which, led by the chair of the board, is responsible to the Australian Government for the overall strategy, governance and performance of CSIRO. As with its governance structure,

3640-475: The subject of U.S. patent 5,487,069 , which was granted on 23 January 1996. In 1997 Macquarie University professor David Skellern and his colleague Neil Weste established the company Radiata, Inc., which took a nonexclusive licence to the CSIRO patent for the purpose of developing commercially viable integrated circuit devices implementing the patented technology. During this period, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group

3705-608: The switch back from polymer to paper banknotes, saying there were "significant difficulties associated with the processing and destruction of the polymer banknotes" which had "constrained the realisation of the benefits expected from polymer banknotes over paper notes". However, President Goodluck Jonathan halted the process in September 2012. The polymer notes in the Republic of Mauritius are available in values of ₨  25, ₨  50, ₨  500 and ₨  2,000. The Fiji FJ$ 5

3770-661: The world's first solar radiospectrograph, and from 1967 the 3-kilometre-diameter (1.9 mi) radioheliograph at Culgoora in New South Wales. For three decades, the Division of Radiophysics had a world-leading role in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world. CSIRO owned the first computer in Australia, CSIRAC , built as part of a project began in the Sydney Radiophysics Laboratory in 1947. The CSIR Mk 1 ran its first program in 1949,

3835-509: Was being suppressed. At the time, the Labor government was trying to get such a scheme through the Senate. After the debate, the Science Minister, Kim Carr, was forced to release the paper, but when doing so in the Senate he also delivered a letter from the CEO of the CSIRO, Megan Clark , which attacked the report's author and threatened him with unspecified punishment. The author of the paper, Clive Spash,

3900-453: Was cited in the press as having been bullied and harassed, and later gave a radio interview about this. In the midst of the affair, CSIRO management had considered releasing the paper with edits that Nature reported would be "tiny". Spash claimed the changes actually demanded amounted to censorship and resigned. He later posted on his website a document detailing the text that CSIRO management demanded be deleted; by itself, this document forms

3965-568: Was developing the 802.11a wireless LAN standard. CSIRO did not participate directly in the standards process, however David Skellern was an active participant as secretary of the Working Group, and representative of Radiata. In 1998 it became apparent that the CSIRO patent would be pertinent to the standard. In response to a request from Victor Hayes of Lucent Technologies, who was chair of the 802.11 Working Group, CSIRO confirmed its commitment to make non-exclusive licenses available to implementers of

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4030-448: Was done with the knowledge of key CSIRO personnel. CSIRO has since conducted a full review of the allegations and found no evidence to support them. Around 2008–2012, CSIRO fell under the spotlight for allegedly exhibiting a culture of workplace bullying and harassment. Former CSIRO employees started to surface with experiences of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour by current and former CSIRO staff members. CSIRO took

4095-471: Was forced to pay reparations to CSIRO of $ 280,000 for the criminal damage, and were accused by the sentencing judge, Justice Hilary Penfold , of cynically using junior members of the organisation with good standing to avoid custodial sentences, while the offenders were given 9-month suspended sentences. Following the attack Greenpeace criticised CSIRO for a close relationship with industry that had led to an increase in genetically modified crops , even though

4160-836: Was issued in April 2013. In the United Kingdom , the first polymer banknotes were issued by the Northern Bank in Northern Ireland in 2000; these were a special commemorative issue bearing an image of the Space Shuttle . In March 2015, the Clydesdale Bank in Scotland began to issue polymer Sterling £5 notes marking the 125th anniversary of the building of the Forth Bridge . These were

4225-475: Was the first Australian organisation to start using the Internet and was able to register the second-level domain csiro.au (as opposed to csiro.org.au or csiro.com.au). Guidelines were introduced in 1996 to regulate the use of the .au domain. When CSIR was formed in 1926, it was led initially by an executive committee of three people, two of whom were designated as the chairman and the chief executive. Since then

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