54-554: The Monthly Chosun ( Korean : 월간조선 ; Hanja : 月刊朝鮮 ) is a monthly Korean -language magazine published in South Korea. As of 2023, it is owned by Chosun News Press, which in turn is owned by ChosunMedia. ChosunMedia also owns the Chosun Ilbo newspaper. It primarily publishes on topics relating to current events, politics , economics , history , and culture . Each month, it publishes multiple articles on
108-405: A "citadel of conservatism" in South Korea. The southeastern region of the country, once collectively known as Gyeongsang , is where Daegu is found and this entire region is known for being particularly conservative, as can be seen in modern election results. Following the success of Lee Myung-bak in the 2007 presidential election , some viewed it as a return to conservatism in South Korea after
162-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
216-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
270-457: A decade of rule under progressive presidents, although an analysis by David C. Kang let him to argue that it was a turn towards centrism among the populace, given Lee's pragmatic business-minded tendencies, rather than traditional "arch-conservatism" of candidate Lee Hoi-chang . For instance, Lee pursued a more constructive and realistic foreign policy relationship with China in contrast to what more strident anti-communists would prefer, indicating
324-597: A guest essay by Ho Jong , the 6th prime minister of South Korea . After the acquisition, the staff made an effort to change the magazine's reputation of being a stiff academic publication to that of a current events publication with more general appeal. To this end, beginning in April 1981, they made an effort to include more color and black-and-white images in the magazine. Beginning in 1982, reporters like Cho Gab-je and Oh Hyo-jin [ ko ] produced investigative reports on South Korean government scandals. Beginning with
378-541: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,
432-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
486-577: A reputation for being rigorous in its research. It has a target audience of 30 to 40 year-olds who are interested in academic-quality publications. The magazine was first published in June 1963 as Sedae ( 세대 ; 世代 ; lit. Generation). Its first editor-in-chief was Oh Jong-sik [ ko ] , although the position changed hands a number of times. The magazine contained 350 pages of A5 size paper. It compiled essays from various writers on topics relating to South Korean current issues. It had
540-470: A reputation of being a mostly academic publication, although the magazine's stated target audience was people in their 20s. Chosun Ilbo Company had wanted to publish a monthly magazine for some time, and decided to acquire Sedae to do so. They then renamed the magazine to the Monthly Chosun . The first issue of the Monthly Chosun was published in April 1980. The issue uses vertical type and features
594-471: A selected theme. The magazine has been known since the late 1980s for its investigative journalism on major political scandals in South Korea. While the magazine primarily focuses on South Korean issues, it also publishes on international issues. For example, it published an interview with a member of the Islamic State in 2015. The magazine is frequently cited in academic publications in South Korea, and has
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#1732852784965648-459: A strong conservative bias reacting against North Korea's political ideologies, similar to political views seen in 1950. The term liberal democracy as used by South Korean conservatives has a different connotation than in the Anglosphere , as its reflects the anti-communism and state-guided economic develop of the pre-1987 era. In 2020, People Power Party 's leader Kim Chong-in apologized for
702-459: Is a split between moderates and hardliners among conservatives, with the former emphasizing issues related to North Korean defectors and identifying themselves as liberals , while the latter takes up the traditional aggressive emphasis on anti-communism and pro-Americanism . Before democratisation in 1987, South Korean conservatives were characterised not only by anti-communism, but also authoritarianism and developmentalism . After 1987, there
756-603: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from
810-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
864-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
918-556: Is fervently anti-communist . South Korean conservatives oppose warming relations with North Korea , and therefore wish to strengthen the US-ROK alliance in order to improve South Korean security, in contrast to South Korean progressives who prefer détente with North Korea through the Sunshine Policy along with either maintaining the US-ROK alliance as is or softening it. However, there
972-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
1026-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1080-534: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by
1134-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
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#17328527849651188-511: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which
1242-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By
1296-784: The Gwangju Uprising . But some conservative citizen groups such as the Korean Council for Restoration National Identity and American and Korean Friendship National Council protested at UNESCO headquarters in Paris in May 2011 to prevent inscribing the records of the Gwangju Uprising in the Memory of the World Register , and to petition for "reconsidering identifying North Korean Special Forces as
1350-488: The Monthly Chosun (2005–2009) and then Vice Mayor of Seoul , for questioning. Lee was accused of accepting bribes of tens of millions of won between 2006 and 2007 to quash the publication of articles on a scandal relating to businessman Park Yeon-cha [ ko ] and President Roh Moo-hyun . The investigation ceased after Roh's suicide on May 23, 2009. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )
1404-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and
1458-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
1512-402: The " X-file Scandal ". Both journalists had published extensively about bribes Samsung had engaged in around the 1997 South Korean presidential election. The courts ruled against Kim and Lee because their evidence of Samsung's bribes were acquired via illegal wiretapping. On June 2, 2009, prosecutors summoned Lee Sang-cheol ( 이상철 ; 李相哲 ), former managing editor (2004–2005) and president of
1566-814: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
1620-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )
1674-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
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1728-403: The dictatorship of Syngman Rhee , South Korean conservatism has been influenced from the military dictatorships of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan . In domestic policy , South Korean conservatism has a strong elitist streak and promotes rapid modernization and social stability. Since the mid-to-late 2010s, conservatives with right-wing populist tendencies have become more prominent in
1782-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
1836-546: The first to publish the contents of a phone call that led to the arrests of former Presidents Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo in the aftermath of the Coup d'état of December Twelfth . Bae Jin-yeong ( 배진영 ), current editor-in-chief of the magazine, alleged in 2021 that the magazine's publications during the late 1990s and early 2000s influenced government policies of the United States, South Korea, and Japan towards North Korea. Until
1890-406: The former shifted from radical politics to supporting the likes of social democracy and welfare expansion , whereas the latter emphasised neoliberal values such as "freedom, capabilities, and competition of individuals". The large city of Daegu , although a site of radical politics in the earlier postwar era, was transformed under the rule of Daegu-born Park Chung-hee and today has been called
1944-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
1998-890: The influence of the Park Chung-hee era on conservative's thinking, they also advocate for certain forms of economic interventionism which they think critical to maintain this system. They are also more likely to support upholding the National Security Act . Because of this, conservatives are less likely to solely prioritise ethnic nationalism , with their nationalism being a mixture of it with civic nationalism , making them more receptive to multiculturalism and immigration than liberals. Modern conservatives are generally against LGBT rights and feminist activism . The anti-communist tendencies of South Korean conservatives has led to perceptions by progressives and liberals that conservatives foster McCarthyist -like red scares among
2052-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
2106-618: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
2160-466: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until
2214-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
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2268-423: The late 1980s, most newspapers and magazines in South Korea used vertical writing . However, after the publication of The Hankyoreh in 1988, which only used horizontal type, most newspapers changed to horizontal. The Monthly Chosun resisted this trend until it finally switched in April 1999. In 2004, Cho Gab-je stepped down as editor-in-chief but maintained his role of president of the company. His replacement
2322-499: The magazine's third anniversary in April 1983, the editors began using computerized typesetting . This reduced the time it took to produce the magazine, and contributed to its ability to include more recent stories in each issue. The above changes led to a massive increase in popularity for the magazine. An article on the Kim Dae-jung kidnapping scandal from their October 1987 edition was printed over 405,000 times. The magazine became
2376-441: The modern unpracticality of demonising China, even among conservative heads of state. During the campaigning seasons, Lee's aides also worked to present his approach as being "neither left nor right". Jeong Tae-heon, a professor of Korean history at Korea University has expressed concerns that disputes over the term Jayuminjujuui ( Korean : 자유민주주의 ; lit. "liberal democracy" or "free and democracy") reflect
2430-507: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by
2484-605: The public sphere. Unlike conservatives in the United States, conservatives in South Korea often define themselves as liberals . Both groups fervently denounce socialism and refer to themselves as anti-socialists . They are distinct from the general liberals in South Korea . South Korea's conservative philosophy is derived in part from the traditional East Asian values of communitarianism and Confucian social conservatism , along with modern influences such as economic neoliberalism , leading to support for economic liberalism and opposition to welfare states . However, given
2538-610: The public. This includes an incident before the 1996 Legislative elections, where conservative lawmakers were arrested for secretly meeting with North Korean agents in Beijing to seek North's help in manipulating the outcome of the election in exchange for payoffs. The North fired artillery into the Join Security Zone on the DMZ, which caused panic among South Korean electorates, benefiting the conservative party. Conservatism in South Korea
2592-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
2646-816: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Conservatism in South Korea Defunct Conservatism ( Korean : 보수주의 ; Hanja : 保守主義 ; RR : bosujuui ) in South Korea is a political and social philosophy characterized by Korean culture and from Confucianism . South Korean conservative parties largely believe in stances such as a developmental state , pro- business , opposition to trade unions , strong national defense , anti-communism , pro- communitarianism , pro-United States and pro-European in foreign relations, pay attention on North Korean defectors, sanctions and human rights, and recently free trade , economic liberalism , and neoliberalism . Starting from
2700-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
2754-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
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#17328527849652808-580: Was Kim Yeon-gwang ( 김연광 ; 金演光 ). The reception to Kim's ascension was lukewarm; it was seen as relatively sudden and surprising, as Kim was in a relatively junior position at the time. Cho and Kim released statements saying that they had prepared for the transition for some time, and that the style of the magazine would not change significantly. In 2021, it published its 500th edition. The magazine has been characterized as right-wing and anti-communist . In 2005, Kim and reporter for MBC Lee Sang-ho [ ko ] were sued by Samsung as part of
2862-561: Was a trend in conservatism towards rebranding as the New Right and focusing on economic neoliberalism . In addition, conservatives adapted to the new democratic environment by increasing the number of conservative activist groups and online presence. Following 1987, the South Korean public became less interested in issues such as class and politics than in the past, and thus, overall, both progressives and conservatives shifted their messaging;
2916-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of
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