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46-400: Monte Miletto is a mountain of Molise , Italy . It has an elevation of 2,050 metres above sea level. This Campanian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Molise The region is split into two provinces, named after their capitals: Campobasso and Isernia . Campobasso also serves as the regional capital. Molise is bordered by Abruzzo to

92-461: A palatalized voiced velar plosive [ɡʲ] and a palatalized voiceless velar plosive [kʲ] , rather than a voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] and a voiceless palatal plosive [c] as in standard Albanian. E.g. the word gjith ('all') is pronounced [ɡʲiθ] rather than [ɟiθ] , qiell ('heaven') is pronounced [kʲiɛx] rather than [ciɛɫ] , and shqip ('Albanian') is pronounced [ʃkʲɪp] . GL, KL In some words, Arbëresh has preserved

138-512: A voiced velar fricative [ɣ] . The vast majority of these words originate in Sicilian, but the sound also occurs in words of Albanian origin. Often ⟨G⟩ when pronounced [ɣ] is replaced by ⟨GH⟩ in the Arbëresh orthography, with ⟨G⟩ in theory reserved for /g/ (although in practice it is inconsistent). This feature is very strong that it is carried over into

184-538: A negative trend until 2001. Between 1991 (330,900 inhabitants) and 2001 (320,601 inhabitants), the population of the region decreased by 3.1%; since 2001 the population remained stable. The region is home to two main ethnic minorities: the Molisan Croats (20,000 people who speak an old Dalmatian dialect of Croatian alongside Italian), and those who speak the Arbëresh dialect of Albanian in five towns of "basso Molise" in

230-735: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The density of the population in Molise is well below the national average. In 2008, Molise registered 72.3 inhabitants per km , compared to a national figure of 198.8. The region is subdivided into two provinces: Campobasso and Isernia, which together cover 1.5% of Italy's territory and less than 1% of its population. The larger province in terms of area

276-867: A second contingent of Albanians was rewarded with land east of Taranto , in Apulia , where they founded 15 villages. After the death of Skanderbeg (1468), resistance to the Ottomans in Albania came to an end. Subsequently, many Albanians fled to neighbouring countries and some settled in villages in Calabria. There was a constant flow of ethnic Albanians into Italy into the 16th century, and other Albanian villages were formed on Italian soil. The new immigrants often took up work as mercenaries with Italian armies. For instance, between 1500 and 1534, Albanians from central Greece were employed as mercenaries by Venice , to evacuate its colonies in

322-574: A similar evolutionary pattern to Arvanitika , the Albanian linguistic varieties spoken in Greece. Arbëresh varieties are spoken in Southern Italy in the regions of Abruzzi , Basilicata , Calabria , Campania , Molise , Apulia and Sicily . The varieties of Arbëresh are closely related to each other but are not always entirely mutually intelligible. Arbëresh retains many features of medieval Albanian from

368-594: A simple but tasty sauce of aromatic herbs. Zuppa di pesce, a fish stew, is a specialty of Termoli . The cheeses produced in Molise are not very different from those produced in Abruzzo. The more common ones are Burrino and Manteca, soft, buttery cow's-milk cheeses; Pecorino, sheep's-milk cheese, served young and soft or aged and hard, called also "Maciuocco" in Molise; Scamorza, bland cow's-milk cheese, often served grilled; and Caciocavallo , sheep's-milk cheese. Sweets and desserts have an ancient tradition here and are linked to

414-454: A variety of ham is available, such as smoked prosciutto . Frequently, the sausages are enjoyed with polenta . Main dishes of the region include: Common second dishes (often meat and vegetable dishes) are: Typical vegetable dishes may include: Fish dishes include red mullet soup, and spaghetti with cuttlefish . Trout from the Biferno river is notable for its flavor, and is cooked with

460-433: Is Campobasso at 2,909 km , while the smaller is Isernia at 1,529 km . The province of Campobasso is the more densely populated of the two provinces, with 79.4 inhabitants per km , whereas Isernia registers 58.9 inhabitants per km . At the end of 2008 the most populous towns were Campobasso (51,247 inhabitants), Termoli (32,420) and Isernia (21,811). In the period 1951–71, large-scale emigration to other countries of

506-682: Is Standard Albanian, constituting an issue for the Arbëresh communities' preservation of their native idiom, wich has remained separated from the main Albanian-speaking compact area for around 500 years. Alongside the fact that Arbëresh is rarely written, another issue for the language attrition is the differentiation between the Albanian varieties used in Italy: the Arbëresh local idioms in some areas are so different from each other that Arbëresh people of those areas use Italian or Standard Albanian as lingua franca to communicate with each other. Between

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552-504: Is a dialect or a separate variant of the same language group. The varieties of Arbëresh largely correspond with the regions where they are spoken, while some settlements have distinctive features that result in greater or lesser degrees of mutual intelligibility. The Siculo -Arbëresh variety is spoken exclusively in the Province of Palermo and in three villages: Piana degli Albanesi , Santa Cristina Gela and Contessa Entellina ; while

598-739: Is also a Molisan -Arbëresh and an Apulio -Arbëresh. Within the Cosenza Calabrian varieties of Arbëresh, the dialect of Vaccarizzo Albanese is particularly distinct. Spoken in the villages of Vaccarizzo Albanese and San Giorgio Albanese in Calabria by approximately 3,000 people, Vaccarizzo Albanian has retained many archaic features of both Gheg and Tosk dialects. Some features of Arbëresh distinguish it considerably from standard Albanian while also maintaining features still used in other Tosk Albanian dialects. In some cases these are retentions of older pronunciations. The letter ⟨Ë⟩

644-406: Is also descended from Arvanitika which evolved separately from other forms of Albanian since the 13th century when its first speakers emigrated to Morea from Southern Albania and Epirus. A dialect is defined linguistically as closely related and, despite their differences, by mutual intelligibility. In the absence of rigorous linguistic intelligibility tests, the claim cannot be made whether one

690-407: Is currently offering high-quality products. The agricultural holdings produce wine, cereals, olive oil, vegetables, fruits and dairy products. Traditional products are Grass Pea (cicerchia) and Farro . Molise's autochthonous grape is Tintilia which has been rediscovered during the last ten years, and many other PDO (DOP) wines, both red and white. Though there is a large Fiat plant ( Termoli ),

736-476: Is experiencing contact-induced language shift . Many scholars have produced language learning materials for communities, including those by Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio , Gaetano Gerbino, Matteo Mandalà, Zef Chiaramonte. The Arbëresh local idioms in some areas are so different from each other that Arbëresh people of those areas use Italian or Standard Albanian as lingua franca to communicate with each other. Arbëresh language beside medieval mainland Tosk Albanian

782-456: Is pronounced [xɑ] , not [hɑ] . Arbëresh additionally has the palatalized counterpart, [ç] . Therefore, the word hjedh ('throw') is pronounced [çɛθ] . The letter combination ⟨HJ⟩ is present in a few standard Albanian words (without a voiceless velar fricative), but is not treated as a separate letter of the alphabet as it is in Arbëresh. LL, G, GH The letters ⟨LL⟩ and ⟨G⟩ are realised as

828-507: Is pronounced as either a mid central vowel [ə] or as a close back unrounded vowel [ɯ] . So the word Arbëresh is pronounced either [ɑɾbəˈɾɛʃ] or [ɑɾbɯˈɾɛʃ] depending on the dialect. Arbëresh lacks the close front rounded vowel [y] of Albanian, which is replaced by the close front unrounded vowel [i] . For example ty ('you') becomes tihj , and hyni ('enter') becomes hini . GJ, Q The letters ⟨GJ⟩ and ⟨Q⟩ are pronounced as

874-625: Is the earliest known Old Tosk text, a translation of a catechism book from Latin . The Arbëreshë people are trilingual, also speaking Italian and the local Italo-Romance language. Arbëresh is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . While Italian law protects the language and culture of the Albanian people in Italy, the language taught at school and university

920-451: Is uncertain, as the Italian national census does not collect data on minority language speakers. This is also further complicated by the Italian state's protection of the Albanian culture and population as a whole and not Arbëresh Albanian specifically. This law theoretically implements specific measures in various fields such as education, communication, radio, press and TV public service, but in

966-565: The ⟨d⟩ becomes [ð] . Arbëresh has retained an archaic system of final devoicing of consonants in contrast with Standard Albanian. The consonants that change when in final position or before another consonant are the voiced stops b, d, g, gj ; the voiced affricates x, xh ; and the voiced fricatives dh, ll, v, z, zh . Examples: Stress in Arbëresh is usually on the penultimate syllable, as in Italian . In Arbëresh, just like in Tosk,

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1012-652: The Peloponnese , as the Turks invaded. Afterwards these troops reinforced defences in southern Italy against the threat of Turkish invasion. They established self-contained communities, which enabled their distinct language and culture to flourish. Arbëreshë, as they became known, were often soldiers for the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice, between the 16th and 19th centuries. Despite an Arbëreshë cultural and artistic revival in

1058-669: The 11th and 14th centuries, Albanian-speaking mercenaries from the areas of medieval Albania , Epirus and Morea now Peloponesse , were often recruited by the Franks , Aragonese , Italians and Byzantines . The invasion of the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century caused large waves of emigration from the Balkans to southern Italy . In 1448, the King of Naples, Alfonso V of Aragon , asked

1104-534: The 19th century, emigration from southern Italy significantly reduced the population. In particular, migration to the Americas between 1900 and 1940 caused the total depopulation of approximately half of the Arbëreshë villages. The speech community forms part of the highly heterogenous linguistic landscape of Italy, with 12 recognised linguistic minorities Italian state law (law 482/1999). The exact Arbëresh speech population

1150-544: The Albanian noble Skanderbeg to transfer to his service ethnic Albanian mercenaries. Led by Demetrio Reres and his two sons, these men and their families were settled in twelve villages in the Catanzaro area of Calabria . The following year, some of their relatives and other Albanians were settled in four villages in Sicily . In 1459 Ferdinand I of Naples also requested assistance from Skanderbeg. After victories in two battles,

1196-471: The European Union, to other parts of Italy and overseas led to a significant decline in the population of Molise. Negative net migration persisted until 1981. Large-scale emigration has caused many of the smaller towns and villages to lose over 60% of their population, while only a small number of larger towns have recorded significant gains. From 1982 to 1994, net migration has been positive, then followed by

1242-399: The Italian speech of inhabitants of Piana degli Albanesi and Santa Cristina Gela in words such as grazie , frigorifero , gallera , magro , gamba etc. which are realised respectively as [ʁratsiɛ] , [friɣoˈrifero] , [ɣaˈlɛra] , [ˈmaɣro] , [ˈʁamba] etc. In Piana degli Albanesi the tendency is to treat Italian loanwords differently from Sicilian , which results in

1288-549: The Koine comes above all from their use in Byzantine religious practices, when the corresponding use in Albanian declined, the "courtly" one of the church was used. The Arberesh use ancient Greek in their liturgies. Thus synonyms are created, such as parkales or lutje for the word "prayer". Some Arbëresh words appear to be of Koine Greek influence. Examples: Some Arbëresh words appear to be of Albanian Arvanitika which has influenced

1334-496: The Standard Albanian language – which was unified as a mainly Gheg-based standard from 1908 to 1969, and as a mainly Tosk-based standard from 1969 – as they did not use the standard Albanian form of writing. Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language. Arbëresh has been replaced by local Romance languages and by Italian in several villages, and in others

1380-541: The case of the Arberesh community the legal construction of the language as "Albanian" and the community as the "Albanian population" effectively homogenises the language and has not led to adequate provision for the linguistic needs of the communities. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Albanian Arbëresh varieties derive from varieties of Old Tosk Albanian , which were spoken in southern Albania and Greece . They have experienced

1426-409: The consonant clusters /ɡl/ and /kl/ . In Standard Albanian these have mostly become the palatal stops gj and q, e.g. glet not gjet ('s/he looks like ... '), klumësht not qumësht ('milk'), and klisha instead of kisha ('church'). H, HJ The letter ⟨H⟩ is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative [x] . As such, the Albanian word ha ('eat')

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1472-664: The current Greek areas since the Middle Ages. Examples: On the Koine Greek elements in the Italo-Albanian dialects see T. Jochalas (1975). In the Arbëresh varieties of Sicily and Calabria there are loanwords from the Sicilian language that have crystallized into the Arberesh language matrix at some time in the past but have now mostly disappeared, or evolved in the Romance vocabulary of

1518-438: The difference between llampjun , pronounced as [ʁampˈjun] (from lampione , 'lamp post'), and lampadhin , pronounced as [lampaˈðin] (from Italian lampadina ). In the first example, the ⟨L⟩ becomes ⟨LL⟩ [ʁ] because it comes from Sicilian, whereas in the process of transference from the Italian lampadina to Arbëresh lampadhin , the ⟨l⟩ does not change but

1564-637: The difficulties encountered when marketing products on a national scale. International tourism is growing largely as a result of the recent opening of international flights from other European countries to Pescara Airport , which is not far to the north in Abruzzo and connected to Molise by the A14 highway (the only highway passing through Molise, by Termoli). The unemployment rate stood at 9.5% in 2020. Molise has many small and picturesque villages. Four of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: 'The most beautiful villages of Italy' ),

1610-464: The first person present indicative (e.g. "I work") is marked by the word ending in NJ , whereas in standard Albanian this is normally marked by J . So, 'I live' is rró nj in Arbëresh and rro j in standard Albanian. The present continuous or gerund differs from Standard Albanian; Arbëresh uses the form "jam'e bënj" instead of "po bej" (I am doing). The adoption of words of ancient Greek origin or of

1656-609: The history of the territory and to religious and family festivities. Most common are: Molise is twinned with: Arb%C3%ABresh Arbëresh ( gluha/gjuha/gjufa Arbëreshe ; also known as Arbërisht ) are the Albanian linguistic varieties spoken by the Arbëreshë people of Italy , brought there by several migratory waves of Albanians from Albania and Greece since the Late Middle Ages . Arbëresh varieties are derived from

1702-489: The industrial sector is dominated by the farming industry with small and medium-sized farms spread widely throughout the region. Another important industry is food processing: pasta, meat, milk products, oil and wine are the traditional products of the region. In the services sector the most important industries are distribution, hotels and catering, followed by transport and communications, banking and insurance. With few exceptions, in all sectors firms are small, and this explains

1748-463: The local population. This also occurs in other Arberesh varieties outside of Sicily with the local Romance varieties of their communities. Examples: Alongside the Sicilian vocabulary element in Siculo-Arbëresh, the language also includes grammatical rules for the incorporation of Sicilian-derived verbs in Arbëresh, which differs from the rules concerning Albanian lexical material. Examples: In

1794-514: The many aromatic herbs that grow there. Some of the characteristic foods include spicy salami , a variety of locally produced cheeses , dishes using lamb or goat , pasta dishes with hearty sauces, and vegetables that grow in the region. In addition to bruschetta , a typical antipasto will consist of any of several meat dishes, such as the sausages capocollo , the fennel -seasoned salsiccie al finocchio, soppressata , ventricina , frascateglie or sanguinaccio. In addition to these sausages,

1840-518: The north, Apulia to the east, Lazio to the west, and Campania to the south. It has 35 kilometres (22 miles) of sandy coastline to the northeast, lying on the Adriatic Sea looking out toward the Tremiti Islands . The countryside of Molise is mostly mountainous, with 55% covered by mountains and most of the rest by hills that go down to the sea. Agriculture, involving small and micro holdings,

1886-588: The old Tosk Albanian varieties spoken in the south-western Balkans , and throughout the centuries they have developed in Italy in contact with the neighboring Italo-Romance speaking communities. Other Tosk Albanian varieties from the Late Middle Ages referred to as Arvanitika (endonym: arbërisht ) are spoken in Greece by the Arvanites . E Mbësuame e Krështerë (1592) by Luca Matranga from Piana degli Albanesi

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1932-403: The past tense this conjugates as follows: The Arbëresh diminutive and augmentative system is calqued from Sicilian and takes the form of /-ats(-ɛ)/ = Sic. -azz(u/a); for example "kalac" (cavallone/big horse), and the diminutive takes the form of /-tʃ-ɛl(-ɛ) from Sic. /-c-edd(u/a); for example "vajziçele" (raggazzina/little girl).The Arbëresh word for "swear word" is "fjalac" and comes from

1978-433: The province of Campobasso. Molise comprises two provinces: [REDACTED] Molise has much tradition from the religious to the pagan, many museums, archeological sites, musical and food events. Tradition Arts, musical and food festivals Museums The cuisine of Molise is similar to the cuisine of Abruzzo , though there are some differences in the dishes and ingredients. The flavors of Molise are dominated by

2024-601: The time before the Ottoman invasion of Albania in the 15th century. Arbëresh varieties also retain some Greek elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation, most of which they share with Arvanitika varieties. Many of the conservative features of Arbëresh were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbëresh gluhë /ˈɡluxə/ ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/ ). Arbëresh most resembles

2070-484: The varieties of Albanian spoken in the southern region of Albania, notably Lab Albanian , as well as Cham Albanian . Arbëresh was commonly called Albanese ('Albanian' in the Italian language) in Italy until the 1990s. Until the 1980s Arbëresh was mostly a spoken language, except for its written form used in the Italo-Albanian Byzantine Church , and Arbëreshë people had no practical connection with

2116-483: The varieties of Piana and Santa Cristina Gela are similar enough to be entirely mutually intelligible, the variety of Contessa Entellina is not entirely intelligible. Therefore a further dialect within Siculo-Arbëresh known as the Palermitan -Arbëresh variety can be identified, as well as a Cosenza variety, a Basilicata variety, and a Campania variety represented by the speech of one single settlement of Greci . There

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