Misplaced Pages

#336663

35-664: Monte Bolca is a lagerstätte near Verona , Italy that was one of the first fossil sites with high quality preservation known to Europeans, and is still an important source of fossils from the Eocene . Monte Bolca was uplifted from the Tethys Ocean floor during the formation of the Alps , in two stages: one 24 million years ago, and one between 30 and 50 million years ago. The entire formation consists of 19 metres (62 ft) of limestone, all of which contain fossils, but interspersed in which are

70-549: A death mask . It is a part of the larger Buen Formation , and has a fauna similar to the Maotianshan shales. Sinsk Algal Lens 518 Ma Yakutia , Russia One of the oldest known Cambrian lagerstätten . The fauna of this site is unique, as it seems that they were adapted to living in dysaerobic conditions. Lager Lager ( / ˈ l ɑː ɡ ər / ) is a style of beer brewed and conditioned at low temperature. Lagers can be pale , amber , or dark . Pale lager

105-622: A cellar to mature his beer under cold conditions, a process that is called "lagering". The resulting beer was clean-tasting and relatively pale for the time thanks to the use of smoke-free "English" hot air kilns, resulting in a pale amber colour. The beer style became well-known internationally, in particular due to the Dreher brewery's restaurant and beer hall at the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris, and started getting copied by many of

140-771: A fossil site as a Konservat-Lagerstätte may be based on a number of different factors which constitute "exceptional preservation". These may include the completeness of specimens, soft tissue preservation, fine-scale detail, taxonomic richness, distinctive taphonomic pathways (often multiple at the same site), the extent of the fossil layer in time and space, and particular sediment facies encouraging preservation. The world's major Lagerstätten include: Lakhanda Lagerstätte 1030-1000 Ma Uchur-Maya Depression, Russia Bitter Springs 1000–850 Ma South Australia Preserved fossils include cyanobacteria microfossils . Chichkan Lagerstätte 775 Ma Kazakhstan Doushantuo Formation 600–555 Ma Guizhou Province, China Spans

175-425: A large quantity of sugar, and thereby increase ABV , at a lower price than a formulation using an all-malt grain bill. There are, however, cases in which adjunct usage actually increases the cost of manufacture. It is possible to use lager yeast in a warm fermentation process, such as with American steam beer ; while German Altbier and Kölsch are brewed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae top-fermenting yeast at

210-439: A warm temperature, but with a cold-storage finishing stage, and classified as obergäriges lagerbier (top-fermented lager beer). Lagers range in colour from extremely pale, through amber beers such as Vienna lager, to dark brown and black Dunkel and Schwarzbier. The depth of colour comes from the specific grain bill used in the beers; paler lagers use unroasted barley and may even add other grains such as rice or corn to lighten

245-649: A well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness. The brewing process for this beer developed in the mid 19th century when Gabriel Sedlmayr took pale ale brewing techniques back to the Spaten Brewery in Germany and applied it to existing lagering brewing methods. This approach was picked up by other breweries, most notably Pilsner Urquell Brewery in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic ) where Josef Groll produced

280-610: Is Saccharomyces pastorianus . It is a close relative of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used for warm fermented ales. While prohibited by the German Reinheitsgebot tradition, lagers in some countries may include a proportion of adjuncts , usually rice or maize. Adjuncts entered United States brewing as a means of thinning out the body of beers, balancing the large quantities of protein introduced by six-row barley . Adjuncts are often used now in beermaking to introduce

315-445: Is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues. These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria, thus delaying the decomposition of both gross and fine biological features until long after a durable impression was created in the surrounding matrix. Fossil-Lagerstätten span geological time from

350-458: Is responsible for creating the hybrid yeast used to make lager. Based on the numbers of breweries, lager brewing became the main form of brewing in the Kingdom of Bohemia between 1860 and 1870, as shown in the following table: In the 19th century, before the advent of refrigeration, German brewers would dig cellars for lagering and fill them with ice from nearby lakes and rivers, which would cool

385-412: Is rich in fish: 250 species (140 genera, 90 families and 19 orders). Additionally a cephalopod, crustaceans, jellyfish and polychaete worms have been found whole, but foraminifera, molluscs, and corals are found in fragments and may have been transported. Bird feathers and tortoise shell plates have been found, as well as many insects, freshwater and land plants. Fossil animal species include One of

SECTION 10

#1732858956337

420-486: Is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer. The term " lager " comes from the German word for "storage", as the beer was stored before drinking, traditionally in the same cool caves in which it was fermented. As well as maturation in cold storage , most lagers are distinguished by the use of Saccharomyces pastorianus , a "bottom-fermenting" yeast that ferments at relatively cold temperatures. Until

455-606: Is used interchangeably to refer to the one, original site, or to all the sites collectively. The fossils at Monte Bolca have been known since at least the 16th century, though the first extensive research was conducted on them by Giovanni Serafino Volta in the late 18th century. They were studied intensively in the 19th century once it was definitively proven that fossils were the remnants of dead animals. Fossils from Monte Bolca are commonly available for sale by commercial fossil dealers, and due to their popularity and preservation regularly sell for several hundred dollars. Monte Bolca

490-917: The Cretaceous Yixian , Santana , & Agua Nueva formations and the Tanis Fossil Site , the Eocene Fur Formation , Green River Formation , Messel Formation & Monte Bolca , the Miocene Foulden Maar and Ashfall Fossil Beds , the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site , and the Pleistocene Naracoorte Caves & La Brea Tar Pits . Palaeontologists distinguish two kinds: Konservat-Lagerstätten preserve lightly sclerotized and soft-bodied organisms or traces of organisms that are not otherwise preserved in

525-934: The Neoproterozoic era to the present . Worldwide, some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale , the Ordovician Soom Shale , the Silurian Waukesha Biota , the Devonian Hunsrück Slates and Gogo Formation , the Carboniferous Mazon Creek , the Triassic Madygen Formation , the Jurassic Posidonia Shale and Solnhofen Limestone ,

560-509: The United Kingdom , the term commonly refers to pale lagers derived from the Pilsner style. While cold storage of beer, "lagering", in caves for example, was a common practice throughout the medieval period, bottom-fermenting yeast seems to have emerged from a hybridization in the early fifteenth century. In 2011, a team of researchers claimed to have discovered that Saccharomyces eubayanus

595-481: The 19th century, the German word Lagerbier ( de ) referred to all types of bottom-fermented , cool-conditioned beer in normal strengths. In Germany today, it mainly refers to beers from southern Germany , either " Helles " (pale) or " Dunkles " (dark). Pilsner , a more heavily hopped pale lager, is most often known as "Pilsner", "Pilsener", or "Pils". Other lagers are Bock , Märzen , and Schwarzbier . In

630-515: The American craft beer movement, Vienna lager can again be found in Europe, including traditional Austrian breweries like Ottakringer and Schwechater who have made this pale amber beer style part of their range of beers again. A Vienna lager typically has a copper to reddish-brown colour , low bitterness, low hop profile, a malty aroma, and 4.8–5.4% alcohol by volume . Pale lagers were not common until

665-465: The Maotianshan shale the world's most important for understanding the evolution of early multi-cellular life. Qingjiang biota 518 Ma Hubei , China This site is particularly notable due to both the large proportion of new taxa represented (approximately 53% of the specimens), and the notable volume of soft-body tissue preservation. Sirius Passet 523-518 Ma Greenland A site known for its fauna, and that they were most likely preserved by

700-520: The US-American lager breweries founded by German immigrants. The first amber-coloured Oktoberfest-Märzen brewed by Franziskaner-Leistbräu in 1872 was also a Vienna-style beer brewed to a higher strength. The Vienna lager style has survived to this day, mostly thanks to the emerging microbrewing, home-brewing and craft beer scene in the United States of the 1980s and 1990s. Due to the influence of

735-710: The associated soft tissues were discovered near Edinburgh, Scotland, in the Granton Lower Oil Shale of the Carboniferous . Information from the broader range of organisms found in Lagerstätten have contributed to recent phylogenetic reconstructions of some major metazoan groups. Lagerstätten seem to be temporally autocorrelated, perhaps because global environmental factors such as climate might affect their deposition. A number of taphonomic pathways may produce Konservat-Lagerstätten : The identification of

SECTION 20

#1732858956337

770-435: The beer during the summer months. To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant chestnut trees , which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern beer garden . The rise of lager was entwined with the development of refrigeration , as it made it possible to brew lager year-round (brewing in

805-578: The celebration of Oktoberfest , Bock , a higher alcohol-content amber lager originating in Einbeck in central Germany, and the widely distributed Vienna lager. The Vienna lager style was developed by Anton Dreher in the late 1830s. While on a trip to England and Scotland in 1833 with Gabriel Sedlmayr, Dreher gained knowledge of the pale malt making process. Dreher combined the pale malt making techniques with cold bottom fermentation, using yeast given to him by Sedlmayr. In late 1840, Anton Dreher started renting

840-423: The color and provide a crisp, bright finish to the flavour. Darker lagers use roasted grains and malts to produce a more roasted, even slightly burnt, flavour profile. The most common lagers in worldwide production are pale lagers . The flavour of these lighter lagers is usually mild, and the producers often recommend that the beers be served refrigerated. Pale lager is a very pale to golden -coloured lager with

875-499: The first Pilsner beer. The resulting pale coloured, lean and stable beers were very successful and gradually spread around the globe to become the most common form of beer consumed in the world today. Another pale lager variety is Helles , native to Munich. Amber lagers are generally darker in color than pale lagers, often a deep tan or amber color. Among the common styles of amber lager are Märzen , traditionally brewed in Munich for

910-414: The fronds hang vertically when the tide is in but flop over the stipe when exposed by low tide. Curiously, other specimens from this deposit collected and described by Massalongo in 1855 were actually trace fossils, only this one was a plant. Lagerst%C3%A4tte A Fossil-Lagerstätte ( German: [ˈlaːɡɐˌʃtɛtə] , from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten )

945-509: The genus Postelsia , now with only one living species, which was described by its discoverer Franz Josef Ruprecht in 1852 as Postelsia palmaeformis . His type-specimen is from Bodega Bay, California , but the species is found along the Pacific coast. The appearance of the plant is a holdfast on the bottom, with a stem-like stipe between there and the fronds which are about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 10 centimetres (3.9 in). In life,

980-408: The lagerstätte layers that contain the highly preserved specimens. Within these layers, the fish and other specimens are so highly preserved that their organs are often completely intact in fossil form, and even the skin color can sometimes be determined. The normal rearrangement of the specimens caused by mud-dwelling organisms in the layer before it turned to stone has been avoided—it is assumed that

1015-431: The later part of the 19th century when the use of lighter roasted malts spread. Dark lagers may be called Dunkel , tmavé or Schwarzbier depending on region, colour or brewing method. Tmavé is Czech for "dark" – beers which are so dark as to be black are termed černé pivo , "black beer". Dunkel is German for "dark". At 4.5% to 6% abv , Dunkel is weaker than Doppelbock , a stronger dark Bavarian beer. Dunkel

1050-499: The more interesting puzzles in ichnotaxonomy, pertains to fossils from Monte Bolca, originally named Zoophycos caput-medusae , previously thought to be trace fossils , were found to be plants instead and given the name Algarum by French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards in 1866. The type specimen collected by Italian paleobotanist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo before 1855 is at the Natural History Museum of Verona and

1085-634: The mud in question was low in oxygen, preventing both decay and the mixing action of scavengers. Strictly speaking, the Monte Bolca site is one specific spot near the village of Bolca in Italy, known as the Pesciara ("The Fishbowl") due to its many extraordinarily well preserved Eocene fish fossils . However, there are several other related outcroppings in the general vicinity that also carry similar fossils, such as Monte Postale and Monte Vegroni. The term Monte Bolca

Monte Bolca - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-786: The poorly understood interval between the end of the Cryogenian period and the late Ediacaran Avalon explosion . Mistaken Point 565 Ma Newfoundland, Canada This site contains one of the most diverse and well-preserved collections of Precambrian fossils . Ediacara Hills 555 Ma South Australia The type location the Ediacaran period, and has preserved a significant amount of fossils from that time. Khatyspyt Lagerstätte 544 Ma Yakutia , Russia A Late Ediacaran lagerstätte preserving an Avalon-type biota. Maotianshan Shales (Chengjiang) 518 Ma Yunnan , China The preservation of an extremely diverse faunal assemblage renders

1155-515: The summer had previously been banned in many locations across Germany), and efficient refrigeration also made it possible to brew lager in more places and keep it cold until serving. The first large-scale refrigerated lagering tanks were developed for Gabriel Sedelmayr's Spaten Brewery in Munich by Carl von Linde in 1870. Lager uses a process of cool fermentation , followed by maturation in cold storage. The German word "Lager" means storeroom or warehouse. The yeast generally used with lager brewing

1190-469: The usual shelly and bony fossil record; thus, they offer more complete records of ancient biodiversity and behavior and enable some reconstruction of the palaeoecology of ancient aquatic communities. In 1986, Simon Conway Morris calculated only about 14% of genera in the Burgess Shale had possessed biomineralized tissues in life. The affinities of the shelly elements of conodonts were mysterious until

1225-467: Was preserved in a lithographic limestone upper and lower slab. When Italian botanist Achille Forti (28 November 1878 Verona -11 February 1937 Verona) worked on the specimens in 1926, they were reinterpreted as close relatives of the sea palm, now known to be a brown algae , which had lived in the coastal waters of the Eocene sea. He renamed the species Postelsia caput-medusae which makes it related to

#336663