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83-422: The island's agrarian economy has been driven primarily by cattle ranching, pineapple production, sugarcane production and small-scale farming. Tourism comprises a small fraction of the island's economy, and much of the infrastructure related to tourism was closed and barricaded in the early 2000s when the primary landowner, Molokai Ranch, ceased operations due to substantial revenue losses. In Kalawao County , on

166-606: A tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands . They cover an area of 6,700 km (2,600 sq mi) in the windward lowlands and montane regions of the islands. Coastal mesic forests are found at elevations from sea level to 300 m (980 ft). Mixed mesic forests occur at elevations of 750 to 1,250 m (2,460 to 4,100 ft), while wet forests are found from 1,250 to 1,700 m (4,100 to 5,580 ft). Moist bogs and shrublands exist on montane plateaus and depressions . For

249-620: A 3 mi (4.8 km) beach) in the portion within Maui County. Today Kalawao County is preserved by the Kalaupapa National Historical Park (accessible by guided mule or hiking tour). The island can be traversed by a two-lane highway running east to west (highways 450 and 460). Highway 470 is a spur up to the barrier mountains of Kalawao County and the Kalaupapa peninsula. By land this area (Kalaupapa) can only be reached by

332-538: A cover for narcotrafficking , and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the Maquenque , Corredor Fronterizo , Barra del Colorado and Caño Negro wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have

415-586: A debris field scattered northward across the bottom of the Pacific Ocean . What remains of the volcano on the island include the highest sea cliffs in the world. The south shore of Molokai boasts the longest fringing reef in the U.S. and its holdings—nearly 25 mi (40 km) long. Molokai is part of the state of Hawaii and located in Maui County, Hawaii , except for the Kalaupapa Peninsula, which

498-412: A hiking trail. Mule rides on the trail were suspended in 2018 when the trail temporarily closed due to a landslide and bridge damage. Most access to the Kalaupapa peninsula is by sea. Maui Economic Opportunity operates public transportation on Molokai. Pineapple The pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in

581-537: A huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723. In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. In Russia, Peter the Great imported de la Court's method into St. Petersburg in the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at Empress Anna 's new Moscow palace. Because of

664-540: A meat marinade and tenderizer . Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin -based desserts or gel capsules , their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning . The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing. Many cultivars are known. The leaves of

747-598: A missionary for 16 years in the communities of sufferers of leprosy. Joseph Dutton , who served in the 13th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and converted to Roman Catholicism in 1883, came to Molokai in 1886 to help Pater Damiaan and the rest of the population who suffered from leprosy. Pater Damiaan died at Kalaupapa in 1889 while Joseph Dutton died in Honolulu in 1931 at

830-474: A panel of 522 experts in sustainable tourism and destination stewardship reviewed 111 selected human-inhabited islands and archipelagos around the world. Molokai ranked 10th among the 111 destination locales. The survey cited Molokai's undeveloped tropical landscape, environmental stewardship, and rich, deep Hawaiian traditions (the island's mana ). The neighbor islands of Hawaii , Kauai , Maui and Oahu , ranked 50, 61, 81 and 104, respectively. Molokai

913-562: A snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including the Hawaiian pizza , or as a grilled ring on a hamburger . Traditional dishes that use pineapple include hamonado , afritada , kaeng som pla , and Hawaiian haystack . Crushed pineapple

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996-580: A thick stem ; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds . Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats . Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination

1079-401: A variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups. Other diseases include citrus pink disease , bacterial heart rot, anthracnose , fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus. Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease)

1162-431: Is a rich source of manganese (40% Daily Value , DV) and vitamin C (53% DV), but otherwise contains no micronutrients in significant amounts (table). Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse phytochemicals , among which are polyphenols , including gallic acid , syringic acid , vanillin , ferulic acid , sinapic acid , coumaric acid , chlorogenic acid , epicatechin , and arbutin . Present in all parts of

1245-466: Is also a community college. The island has one private middle/high school. The island contains many parks and other protected areas, but most parks do not have service staff, potable water, or restroom facilities. Parks within the Maui County parks jurisdiction include Palaʻau State Park, Kiowea Beach Park, Kakahaiʻa National Wildlife Refuge, Molokaʻi Forest Reserve, Pelekunu Preserve, George Murphy Beach Park, Hālawa Beach Park, and Papohaku Beach Park (with

1328-451: Is an ingredient found in both Honduran and Filipino cuisine , where it is produced locally. In Mexico , it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, in Taiwanese cuisine , it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. The European Union consumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. The Netherlands was

1411-524: Is believed to be the birthplace of the hula . The annual Molokaʻi Ka Hula Piko festival is held on this island. Molokai can be reached by plane. Planes fly into Molokaʻi daily from other Hawaiian islands including Oʻahu (Honolulu and Kalaeloa), Maui (Kahului) and Hawaii (Kona), operated by Mokulele Airlines , Paragon Air and Hawaiian Airlines . A ferry that formerly sailed between Molokai and Lāhainā Harbor, Maui closed operations on October 27, 2016. Sea Link President and Senior Capt. Dave Jung attributed

1494-453: Is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. parasitica , fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. Hawaii wet forests The Hawaiian tropical rainforests are

1577-457: Is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti , Gluconobacter oxydans , Pantoea citrea and Tatumella ptyseos . Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips , mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids . Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease

1660-474: Is covered with lush wet forests that get more than 300 in (7,600 mm) of rain per year. The high-elevation forests are populated by native ʻōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) trees and an extremely diverse endemic flora and fauna in the understory . Much of the summit area is protected by the Nature Conservancy's Kamakou and Pelekunu valley preserves. Below 4,000 ft (1,200 m),

1743-428: Is known under several names by the local population: Molokaʻi ʻĀina Momona (land of abundance), Molokaʻi Pule Oʻo (powerful prayer), and Molokaʻi Nui A Hina (of the goddess Hina). Both the form Molokai (without an ʻokina ) and Moloka ʻ i (with) have long been used by native speakers of Hawaiian, and there is debate as to which is the original form, with conflicting claims as to which the elders used. The USGS uses

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1826-553: Is not without challenges, however, and many live below the federal poverty line. One third of its residents use food stamps . As of 2014, the largest industry on the island is seed production for Monsanto and Mycogen Seeds , including GMO seeds. The tourism industry on Molokai is relatively small, compared to the other islands in Hawaiʻi. Only 64,767 tourists visited Molokai in 2015. For decades, residents of Molokai have resisted private developers' attempts to increase tourism because of

1909-421: Is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding . In Hawaii , where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout the 20th century, importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop into berries , which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlocking helices , often with 8 in one direction and 13 in

1992-504: Is separately administered as Kalawao County . Maui County encompasses Maui, Lanai , and Kahoolawe in addition to Molokai. The largest town on the island is Kaunakakai , which is one of two small ports on the island. Molokai Airport is located on the central plains of Molokai. The United States Census Bureau divides the island into three census tracts , Census Tract 317 and Census Tract 318 of Maui County and Census Tract 319 of Kalawao County. The total 2010 census population of these

2075-1491: Is the dominant canopy species in wet forests, but koa ( Acacia koa ) is also very common. Other trees include kāwaʻu ( Ilex anomala ), ʻalani ( Melicope clusiifolia ), ʻōhiʻa ha ( Syzygium sandwicensis ), kōlea lau nui ( Myrsine lessertiana ), ʻohe ( Tetraplasandra spp.), and olomea ( Perrottetia sandwicensis ) as well as hāpuʻu ( Cibotium tree ferns ). ʻApeʻape ( Gunnera petaloidea ), ʻoha wai ( Clermontia spp.), hāhā ( Cyanea spp.), kāmakahala ( Geniostoma hirtellum ), kanawao ( Broussaisia arguta ), Phyllostegia spp., ʻākala ( Rubus hawaiensis ), kāmanamana ( Adenostemma lavenia ), Pilea peploides , māmaki ( Pipturus albidus ), olonā ( Touchardia latifolia ), and ʻalaʻala wai nui ( Peperomia spp.) are common understory plants. Vines include maile ( Alyxia oliviformis ) and hoi kuahiwi ( Smilax melastomifolia ). ʻIeʻi.e. ( Freycinetia arborea ), puaʻakuhinia ( Astelia menziesiana ) and ʻōlapa ( Cheirodendron trigynum ) are epiphytic flowering plants found in wet forests. Epiphytic ferns , such as Adenophorus spp., ohiaku ( Hymenophyllum recurvum ), Ophioglossum pendulum , ʻākaha ( Asplenium nidus ), ʻēkaha ( Elaphoglossum hirtum ), and makue lau lii ( Grammitis hookeri ), cover trees. Epyphytic mosses include Acroporium fuscoflavum , Rhizogonium spiniforme , and Macromitrium owahiense . Loulu fan palms ( Pritchardia spp.) may tower over

2158-452: Is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene , which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative. A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a non-climacteric fruit . Like most modern fruit production , pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly,

2241-506: Is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache . In the Philippines , a traditional jelly-like dessert called nata de piña has also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteria Komagataeibacter xylinus . Pineapple vinegar

2324-491: The Kalaupapa Peninsula on the north coast, settlements were established in 1866 for quarantined treatment of persons with leprosy ; these operated until 1969. The Kalaupapa National Historical Park now preserves this entire county and area. Several other islands are visible from the shores of Molokai, including Oahu from the west shores; Lanai from the south shores, and Maui from the south and east shores. The island

2407-646: The Maui Pineapple Company began cultivation on Maui in 1909. James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii. In 2009,

2490-647: The Paraná – Paraguay River drainages between southern Brazil and Paraguay . Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs . By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple

2573-455: The Philippines . The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditional piña fibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted from abacá . These were woven into lustrous lace-like nipis fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as calado and sombrado . The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during

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2656-1139: The windward slopes of the large islands in addition to the summit of Mount Lānaʻihale on Lānaʻi , receive 1,000 to 2,500 mm (39 to 98 in) of rainfall annually and thus may not be true rainforests . The forest canopy , dominated by koa ( Acacia koa ) and ʻōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha ), is somewhat open, but tree density is rather high. Other trees and shrubs include pāpala ( Charpentiera obovata ), olopua ( Nestegis sandwicensis ), hame ( Antidesma platyphyllum ), mēhame ( A. pulvinatum ), kōpiko ( Psychotria mariniana ), ʻōpiko ( P. mauiensis ), ʻiliahi ( Santalum freycinetianum ), hōlei ( Ochrosia spp.), poʻolā ( Claoxylon sandwicense ), kōlea lau nui ( Myrsine lessertiana ), kauila ( Alphitonia ponderosa ), nioi ( Eugenia reinwardtiana ), aʻiaʻi ( Paratrophis pendulina ), and hōʻawa ( Pittosporum spp.). Wet forests generally occur from 1,250 to 1,700 m (4,100 to 5,580 ft), but may be as low as 200 m (660 ft). They receive 3,000 to 11,250 mm (118 to 443 in) of rain per year. ʻŌhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha )

2739-607: The 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it piña de Indes , meaning "pine of the Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's Decades of the New World (1516) and Antonio Pigafetta 's Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in Oviedo's Historia General de Las Indias (1535). While

2822-491: The 18th century where it is known as the hala kahiki ("foreign hala "), but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was James Dole , who moved to Hawaii in 1899 and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into the Dole Food Company . Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and

2905-521: The 28 million years of existence of the Hawaiian Islands, they have been isolated from the rest of the world by vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean , and this isolation has resulted in the evolution of an incredible diversity of endemic species, including fungi , mosses , snails , birds , and other wildlife . In the lush, moist forests high in the mountains, trees are draped with vines , orchids , ferns , and mosses. This ecoregion includes one of

2988-455: The Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes of Haleakala . In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 million tonnes , led by Indonesia , the Philippines , and Costa Rica , each producing about 3 million tonnes. The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as

3071-553: The Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui, and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production. Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii. Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne"

3154-514: The Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditional barong tagalog , baro't saya , and traje de mestiza clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's kerchiefs ( pañuelo ). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of

3237-563: The West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices. Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in

3320-512: The age of 87. Mother Marianne Cope of the Sisters of Saint Francis of Syracuse, New York , brought six of her Sisters to work in Hawaiʻi with leprosy sufferers in the late 19th century, also serving on Molokai. Both Father Damiaan and Mother Marianne have been canonized as Saints by the Roman Catholic Church for their charitable work and devotion to sufferers of leprosy. In December 2015,

3403-477: The cause of Joseph Dutton was formally opened, obtaining him the title Servant of God . In the 1920s, people confined in the leper colony were treated with a new method devised by Alice Ball and involving chaulmoogra oil . In the 1940s, sulfonamide drugs were developed and provided a more effective treatment. Antibiotic Dapsone has been used for leprosy since 1945. Modern Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after

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3486-421: The closure to competition from federally subsidized commuter air travel and declining ridership. The island of Molokai is served by Molokaʻi General Hospital, which operates all day, every day. It is also serviced by Molokai Community Health Center and Molokai Family Health Center. The island public school system includes four elementary schools, one charter school, one middle school, and one high school . There

3569-635: The commonly grown "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar and its various clones are smooth, and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil , and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia. Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute

3652-408: The company that owns Molokai Ranch, Singapore-based Guoco Leisure Ltd, put this 55,575 acres (22,490 ha) property, encompassing 35% of the island of Molokai, on the market for $ 260 million. Due to the fight against development and tourism, Molokai has Hawaii's highest unemployment rate. The residents have fought hard to maintain a lifestyle based on indigenous subsistence practices. This lifestyle

3735-474: The container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon ,

3818-444: The destruction of 5 mi (8.0 km) of Ranch water pipes in 1996. In 2007, community residents organized the "Save Laʻau Point" movement to oppose Molokai Ranch's attempt to expand its resort operation. As a result, on March 24, 2008, Molokai Ranch, then the island's largest employer, decided to shut down all resort operations, including hotels, movie theater, restaurants, and golf course, and dismiss 120 workers. In September 2017

3901-460: The entire section is covered in non-native kiawe ( Prosopis pallida ) trees. One of the few natural areas remaining almost intact are the coastal dunes of Moʻomomi , which are part of a Nature Conservancy preserve. The eastern half of the island is a high plateau rising up to an elevation of 4,900 ft (1,500 m) on Kamakou peak and includes the 2,774 acres (11.23 km; 4.334 sq mi) Molokai Forest Reserve. The eastern half

3984-431: The expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries", pineapple became a symbol of wealth . They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot. In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became

4067-410: The family Bromeliaceae . The pineapple is indigenous to South America , where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of

4150-685: The first European sailor to visit the island was Captain George Dixon of the British Royal Navy in 1786. The first significant European influence came in 1832 when a Protestant mission was established at Kaluaʻaha on the East End of the island by the Reverend Harvey Hitchcock . The first farmer on Molokai to grow, produce and mill sugar and coffee commercially was Rudolph Wilhelm Meyer , an immigrant from Germany who arrived in 1850. He built

4233-644: The first and only sugar mill on the island in 1878, which is now a museum. Ranching began on Molokai in the first half of the 19th century when King Kamehameha V set up a country estate on the island, which was managed by Meyer and became what is now the Molokai Ranch. In the late 1800s, Kamehameha V built a vacation home in Kaunakakai and ordered the planting of over 1,000 coconut trees in Kapuaiwa Coconut Grove. Leprosy (also known as Hansen's disease)

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4316-432: The first monthly dose. In 1969, the century-old laws of forced quarantine were abolished. Former patients living in Kalaupapa today have chosen to remain here, most for the rest of their lives. In the 21st century, there are no persons on the island with active cases of leprosy, which has been controlled through medication, but some former patients chose to continue to live in the settlement after its official closure. Over

4399-607: The forest canopy. Bogs are found in montane regions where rainfall exceeds drainage. Dominant vegetation in bogs are shrubs , sedges , and grasses . Larger shrubs and small trees grow on bog perimeters or on raised hummocks. Carex spp., Oreobolus furcatus , and Rhynchospora rugosa are common sedges, shrubs include ʻōhelo kau laʻau ( Vaccinium calycinum ) and ʻōhelo ( V. dentatum ), while grasses are represented by Dichanthelium spp. and Deschampsia nubigena . Dwarf varieties of ʻōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha vars. incana and glabriofolia ) are

4482-505: The form with the ʻokina. Molokai developed from two distinct shield volcanoes known as East Molokai and the much smaller West Molokai . The highest point is Kamakou on East Molokai, at 4,970 ft (1,510 m). Today, East Molokai volcano, like the Koʻolau Range on Oʻahu , is what remains of the southern half of the original mountain. The northern half suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago and now lies as

4565-420: The government to take action to control the spread of leprosy. The legislature passed a control act requiring quarantine of people with leprosy. The government established Kalawao located on the isolated Kalaupapa peninsula on the northern side of Molokai, followed by Kalaupapa as the sites of a leper colony that operated from 1866 to 1969. Because Kalaupapa had a better climate and sea access, it developed as

4648-526: The individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a multiple fruit . After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are 30 to 100 cm (1 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) long, surrounding

4731-492: The international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13% carbohydrates , 0.5% protein , and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) of food energy , and

4814-502: The irreparable changes to community and culture that are associated with a tourism industry. Accommodations are limited; as of 2014, only one hotel was open on the island. Most tourists find lodgings at rental condos and houses. National Geographic Traveler magazine and the National Geographic Center for Sustainable Destinations conduct annual Destination Scorecard surveys, aided by George Washington University . In 2007,

4897-555: The islands. The industry was destroyed in the Second World War and is only starting to be revived. The variety A. comosus 'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until

4980-708: The largest importer of pineapple juice in Europe . Thailand , Costa Rica and the Netherlands are the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016. Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 were Thailand , Indonesia and the Philippines , having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice in China and India is low compared to their populations. The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in

5063-467: The main community. A research hospital was developed at Kalawao. The population of these settlements reached a peak of 1,100 shortly after the beginning of the 20th century. In total over the decades, more than 8,500 men, women and children living throughout the Hawaiian islands and diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the colony by the Hawaiian government and legally declared dead. This public health measure

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5146-503: The other, each being a Fibonacci number . The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis , fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate , then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species. The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor variety bracteatus , have been sequenced. The first reference in English to

5229-483: The past 1,000–2,000 years. The Polynesian-introduced noni ( Morinda citrifolia ), pia ( Tacca leontopetaloides ), and kī ( Cordyline fruticosa ) are also common in this zone. Other native species include pololei ( Ophioglossum concinnum ), ʻākia ( Wikstroemia spp.), loulu fan palms ( Pritchardia spp.), ʻōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha ), and lama ( Diospyros sandwicensis ). Mixed mesic forests, at 750 to 1,250 m (2,460 to 4,100 ft) on

5312-562: The pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism, it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until Pieter de la Court (1664–1739) developed greenhouse horticulture near Leiden. Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730. In England, the first pineapple was grown at Dorney Court , Dorney in Buckinghamshire, and

5395-583: The pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of André Thevet 's The New Found World, or Antarctike where he refers to a Hoyriri , a fruit cultivated and eaten by the Tupinambá people , living near modern Rio de Janeiro , and now believed to be a pineapple. Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another Tupi word nanas , meaning 'excellent fruit'. This usage

5478-611: The pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often Nicaraguan . Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called " banana republics ". Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as

5561-492: The pineapple plant, bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes . It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself. Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body. Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy , allergies , or anticoagulation therapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as

5644-451: The proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pineapples are subject to

5727-576: The subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats. John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore , built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple . In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar

5810-529: The summit of Kamakou is the unique Pēpēʻōpae bog , where dwarf ʻōhiʻa and other plants cover the soggy ground. Molokai is home to a great number of endemic plant and animal species. However, many of its species, including the olomaʻo ( Myadestes lanaiensis ), kākāwahie ( Paroreomyza flammea ), and the Bishop's ‘ō‘ō ( Moho bishopi ) have become extinct . Molokai is home to a wingless fly among many other endemic insects. It used to be thought that Molokai

5893-577: The unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit . The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial , which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers,

5976-426: The vegetation is dominated by introduced and invasive flora, including strawberry guava ( Psidium littorale ), eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus spp.), and cypress ( Cupressus spp.). Introduced axis deer ( Axis axis ) and feral pigs ( Sus scrofa ) roam native forests, destroying native plants, expanding spreading invasive plants through disturbance and distribution of their seeds, and threatening endemic insects . Near

6059-563: The world's wettest places, the slopes of Mount Waiʻaleʻale , which average 373 in (9,500 mm) of rainfall per year. 20°N 157°W  /  20°N 157°W  / 20; -157 Coastal mesic forests are found on the windward slopes of the major islands from sea level to 300 m (980 ft). These forests have been dominated by the native hala ( Pandanus tectorius ) and hau ( Hibiscus tiliaceus ) and naturalized ( Polynesian introductions ) kukui ( Aleurites moluccana ) and milo ( Thespesia populnea ) for

6142-565: The years Molokai Ranch has also acted as a developer, establishing hotels and related amenities for resort tourists on their property. The local indigenous community fought for many decades to inhibit the development by Molokai Ranch in order to preserve their community and unique way of life. In some cases, protests have become violent, such as fence cutting, poisoning of the Ranch's exotic African Safari animals in 1994, an arson attack in Kaupoa in 1995, and

6225-465: Was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the United Kingdom in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via Hawaii to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today. Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from

6308-720: Was 7,345, living on a land area of 260.02 sq mi (673.45 km). Molokai is separated from Oahu to the northwest by the Molokai Channel , from Maui to the southeast by the Pailolo Channel and from Lanai to the south by the Kalohi Channel . The Kauhako Crater Lake is a soda lake . Molokai is split into two main geographical areas. The low western half is very dry and the soil is heavily denuded due to poor land management practices, which allowed over-grazing by deer and goats. It lacks significant ground cover and virtually

6391-474: Was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific binomial Ananas comosus , where comosus 'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as Ananas , but the Oxford English Dictionary 's first record of the word pineapple itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. The wild plant originates from

6474-439: Was among Eurasian diseases introduced to the Hawaiian islands by traders, sailors, workers and others who lived in societies where these diseases were endemic . Because of the islanders' lack of immunity to the new diseases, they suffered high rates of infection and death from smallpox , cholera , measles and whooping cough , as well as leprosy. Sugar planters were worried about the effects on their labor force and pressured

6557-576: Was continued after the Kingdom became a U.S. territory. Patients were not allowed to leave the settlement nor have visitors and had to live out their days here. Arthur Albert St. Mouritz served as a physician to the leper settlement from 1884 to 1887. He explained how leprosy was spread. Pater Damiaan de Veuster , a Belgian priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary served as

6640-523: Was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple . Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'. The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold. The successor company to MPC,

6723-929: Was first settled around AD 650 by indigenous peoples most likely from the Marquesas Islands . However, a 2010 study using revised, high-precision radiocarbon dating based on more reliable samples has established that the period of eastern Polynesian colonization of the Marquesas Islands took place much later, in a shorter time frame of two waves: the "earliest in the Society Islands c. 1025–1120, four centuries later than previously assumed; then after 70–265 years, dispersal continued in one major pulse to all remaining islands c. 1190–1290." Later migrants likely came from Tahiti and other south Pacific islands. Although Captain James Cook recorded sighting Molokai in 1778,

6806-576: Was introduced in the early 1900s by the US Bureau of Agriculture during the American colonial period . Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of Mindanao in the 1920s; in the provinces of Cotabato and Bukidnon , respectively. Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by World War II , and Hawaii dominated

6889-589: Was widely distributed and a staple food of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was Christopher Columbus , in Guadeloupe on 4 November 1493. The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550. The ' Red Spanish  [ es ] ' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the Philippines , and it was grown to produce piña fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least

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