48-838: The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries' Garden in London, England, in 1673 by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries to grow plants to be used as medicines. This four acre physic garden , the term here referring to the science of healing, is among the oldest botanical gardens in Britain, after the University of Oxford Botanic Garden . Its rock garden is the oldest in Europe devoted to alpine plants and Mediterranean plants. The garden has high brick walls which trap heat, giving it
96-437: A 9-metre-high (30 ft) portion of the walls, now incorporated into the north range of the hall courtyard. A new hall was built on the same site and completed in 1672 to the design of Edward Jerman; an "elaboratory" was included at this time for the first-ever large-scale manufacture of drugs . From then until 1922, the society manufactured medicinal and pharmaceutical products at their hall, and sold some of their products from
144-570: A Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA) include the poet John Keats (1816), Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1865, thereby becoming the first openly female recipient of a UK medical qualification) and Nobel Prize winner Sir Ronald Ross KCB FRS (1881). Between the Apothecaries Act 1815 and 1998, the society also set the qualifying examination for Apothecaries' Assistants or Dispensers. Agatha Christie sat this exam in 1917, studying for which
192-602: A member of HM Diplomatic Service , and the eldest son of Sir Charles Troughton , chairman of W H Smith . They have a son and two daughters. Her grandson, Nicholas Barclay, son of her daughter Rose, was a page of honour at the coronation of King Charles III . Her husband was later a director of the Lowland Investment Company PLC in the City of London , a trustee of the Royal Collection and Pro-Chancellor of
240-659: A member of the United Examining Board until 1999; the Society could license doctors thereafter, but did so rarely since the dissolution of the United Examining Board. Amongst the notable people who qualified in medicine as a Licentiate of the Society (LSA) were the poet John Keats (1816), Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1865, thereby becoming the first openly female recipient of a UK medical qualification) and Nobel Prize winner Sir Ronald Ross KCB FRS (1881). The Society throughout its history has been
288-554: A peer. This is specific and unusual, although it is not unique (peers' helmets are also borne with some apparent authority by the Fishmongers' , Goldsmiths' and Clockmakers' companies). The use of the term society rather than the usual company is purely traditional, though – the charter and grant themselves use both terms, as do grants to other City companies (including the Bowyers , Framework Knitters and Fanmakers ). The Society
336-486: A pioneer in the nurturing of medical specialist knowledge, including for general medical practice, obstetrics, occupational medicine, public health medicine, legal & forensic medicine and GU medicine, through its qualifications and educational programmes. The Apothecaries' Garden, established in 1673 by the Society to grow plants to be used as medicines, still exists as the Chelsea Physic Garden . The society
384-523: A retail outlet opening onto Water Lane (now Blackfriars Lane). Many were to supply clients who included the navy, army, the East India Company and the Crown Colonies. A major restoration and building programme was carried out in the 1780s, which included the stucco facing in the courtyard and new west and south ranges. The Hall's appearance has altered little since even though it saw renovation in
432-581: A total of 2,000 plants. That initiated the golden age of the Chelsea Physic Garden under the direction of Philip Miller (1722–1770), when it became the world's most richly stocked botanic garden. Its seed-exchange programme was established following a visit in 1682 from Paul Hermann , a Dutch botanist connected with the Hortus Botanicus Leiden and has lasted until the present day. The seed exchange programme's most notable act may have been
480-593: A trustee of the Community Foundation for Wiltshire and Swindon, a role in which she still serves, and is also President of Community First/Youth Action Wiltshire. She became a Deputy Lieutenant of Wiltshire in 2006. In December 2011, with effect from February 2012, she was promoted to the Lord Lieutenancy. Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice, 9th Marquess of Lansdowne , was her Vice-Lord-Lieutenant until 2016, and William Wyldbore-Smith now has that role. In 2011, she
528-463: A warm micro-climate, and it claims the largest fruiting olive tree in Britain and the world's northernmost grapefruit growing outdoors. Jealously guarded during the tenure of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries , the garden became a registered charity in 1983 and was opened to the general public for the first time. The garden is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine . It
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#1732847521958576-564: Is also Grade I listed in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England by English Heritage . The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries initially established the garden on a leased site of Sir John Danvers ' well-established garden in Chelsea, London . This house, called Danvers House, adjoined the mansion that had once been the house of Sir Thomas More . Danvers House
624-618: Is based at Apothecaries' Hall in Blackfriars, London . The building, originally part of the Dominican priory of Black Friars , was called Cobham House prior to its purchase by the society in 1632. Much of the original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, including the Friary guesthouse, which constituted most of it, although part of the 13th-century buildings remain, including
672-570: Is likely to have served her well in her description of more than 80 poisonings in her books. Since 1928, when the society instituted the first postgraduate qualification in Midwifery (the Mastery of Midwifery, MMSA), the Apothecaries have pioneered 15 further such diplomas in specialist subjects not offered by the universities, medical royal colleges or any other medical body. This includes the diploma in
720-466: Is my invention, throughout the world I am called the bringer of help, and the power of herbs is under my control [but] alas for me, love cannot be cured by herbs, so the skills which help everyone else do not benefit their master. The society's supporters are golden unicorns, and its crest is a rhinoceros. The unicorns may have been a compliment to James I, and the horns of unicorns and of the rhinoceros are reputed to be of medical use. The illustration of
768-535: Is one of the livery companies of the City of London . It is one of the largest livery companies (with over 1,600 members in 2012) and ranks 58th in their order of precedence . The society is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine and its guild church is the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe . The Society's modern roles include educational, charitable and social activities, in addition to supporting
816-451: Is perhaps best known generally for its foundation in 1673 of the Chelsea Physic Garden , London, one of Europe's oldest botanical gardens and the second oldest in Britain. After Sir Hans Sloane granted the society rights to the manor of Chelsea , the four-acre (16,000 m²) garden became the richest collection of medicinal plants in Europe under the direction of Philip Miller . Its seed exchange programme, originally initiated with
864-462: Is the Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire , appointed with effect from February 2012. She is the first woman to hold the position since it was created in the 16th century. A second cousin of King Charles III , for ten years she was lady-in-waiting to Katharine, Duchess of Kent . In 2022, she became one of the six women appointed "Queen's companions" to Queen Camilla . Troughton was born in London. She
912-454: Is the eldest of the five children of Sir Timothy Colman KG , a past Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk , and Lady Mary Cecilia Bowes-Lyon , a granddaughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne . Her maternal grandfather Michael Bowes-Lyon , who died two days before her birth, was a brother of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother , so that she is a second cousin once removed of
960-516: The Apothecaries Act 1815 ( 55 Geo. 3 . c. 194), followed by further acts of Parliament. The title of the original licence was Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA). When the General Medical Council was established by statute in 1858, the LSA became a registrable qualification. From 1885, the examination included surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, which were required by law following
1008-605: The City of London , its governance and the Lord Mayor of the City of London . Prior to the foundation of the Society in 1617, London apothecaries were in the Grocers' Company (founded 1345, and whose trade was described in 1365 as the "Mistery of Grossers, Pepperers and Apothecaries"). In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Grocers, Pepperers, Spicers and Apothecaries were the trades constituting
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#17328475219581056-589: The House of Lords overturned a ruling of the Queen's Bench in the Rose case , which effectively gave apothecaries the right to practice medicine , meaning that apothecaries may be viewed as forerunners of present-day general (medical) practitioners or family physicians . The Apothecaries Act 1815 gave the Society the power to license and regulate medical practitioners throughout England and Wales. The Society retained this role as
1104-767: The Leiden Botanical Garden , led to cotton being planted for the first time in the Colony of Georgia . Jealously guarded during the Society's tenure, in 1983 the garden became a charity and opened to the public for the first time. The garden is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine . It is also Grade I listed in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England by English Heritage . 51°30′46″N 0°06′12″W / 51.5128°N 0.1032°W / 51.5128; -0.1032 Sarah Troughton Sarah Rose Troughton DStJ ( née Colman ; born 3 May 1953)
1152-466: The Medical Act 1886 ( 49 & 50 Vict. c. 48), and in 1907 the title was altered by act of Parliament to LMSSA to reflect this. The society ceased to be recognised by the General Medical Council as a provider of primary medical qualifications in 2008, although it had rarely issued any licences since 1999, the year the United Examining Board was abolished. Notable people who qualified in medicine as
1200-565: The "Court" which is the governing body of the Society. Members of the Court wear dark-blue gowns with gold facings. The Master and Wardens have chains of office and particular traditional robes – the Master's trimmed with musquash, the wardens' trimmed with fitch. Liverymen are "clothed" upon attaining that rank (modernly with a solicitor's-type black robe and a blue/cream epitoge). The Society's only truly academic dress were: The chief operating officer of
1248-458: The 1980s. The hall is the oldest standing livery hall of the city, with the first-floor structure and arrangement of the Great Hall, Court Room and Parlour remaining as rebuilt between 1668 and 1670. In addition to providing qualifications in, and regulation of, the trade of the apothecary and dispensing, the Apothecaries' Society offered primary medical qualifications until 1999. This began after
1296-619: The Archive received Heritage Lottery funding. Today the Archive is active with a "Friends of the Archives" group and a number of events throughout the year. Many people use it to make enquiries regarding family history, the history of the Apothecaries' Society and other historical activities. Due to its historical holdings, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries is a member of The London Museums of Health & Medicine group. At least 80% of
1344-730: The Forensic and Clinical Aspects of Sexual Assault (2009–14), the administration of which was taken up by the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine in 2014. Thus, the society's innovation may be seen to have nurtured the recognition and establishment in the UK of pharmacy and medical specialisms (and the subsequent founding of their specialist royal colleges and faculties) including for General Practice, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Occupational Medicine, Public Health Medicine, and Forensic & Legal Medicine. The Society currently awards postgraduate diplomas in
1392-573: The Fraternity of St Anthony. Before that, apothecaries had been Spicer-Apothecaries or Spicers since the 12th century. Having sought autonomy for many years, the apothecaries finally separated from the Grocers' Company on 6 December 1617 when they were granted a royal charter by James I. During the remainder of the 17th century its members (including Nicholas Culpeper ) challenged the College of Physicians members' monopoly of practising medicine. In 1704,
1440-744: The Society is its Clerk and the hall is managed by the Beadle. The Clerk wears a black solicitor's gown trimmed with blue ribbons, and the Beadle's robe is decorated with miniature hanging rosettes. Other roles in the society include the Dean (a senior member who oversees the educational functions), the Registrar (who directs the examinations' department), the Curator, and the Presidents of the Faculties. The Society of Apothecaries
1488-476: The crest in the Grant is based on Dürer's 1515 depiction of a rhinoceros, an animal which he had never seen but which he drew from a description, the dorsal horn may have been intended to be on the dorsum of its nose, rather than on the animal's back. The illustration in the original grant of arms accords the society the helmet of a peer (noble), and the text specifies the red/white mantling usually associated with
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1536-558: The first book of Metamorphoses (Daphne and Apollo), which describes what Apollo says when he and Daphne are struck by Cupid's arrows but Daphne flees from him (Cupid – whose power had been doubted by Apollo – shot a golden arrow at Apollo but a leaden one at Daphne). This puts the motto in context and makes it particularly relevant to apothecaries: Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem dicor, et herbarum subiecta potentia nobis. Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis; nec prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes! Medicine
1584-573: The following fields (with year of establishment): In addition to this professional qualifications role, the present-day Society also sponsors students and lecturers at UK Medical and Pharmacy Schools, and organises courses and public lectures through two faculties: the Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy and the Faculty of Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine . The Apothecaries have active event calendars for members, friends and
1632-515: The healing process) and Aglaea (the goddess of beauty, splendor, glory, magnificence and adornment). His usual attributes are a bow and arrow. The society motto – which, unusually, is specified in the blazon of the Grant of Arms and is therefore immutable – is Opiferque Per Orbem Dicor , a Latin part-quotation from Ovid referring to the Greek deity Apollo , meaning: "and throughout the world [I am] called [the bringer of] help". The full quotation, from
1680-533: The introduction of cotton into the colony of Georgia and more recently, the worldwide spread of the Madagascar periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus ). Isaac Rand , a member and a fellow of the Royal Society, published a condensed catalogue of the garden in 1730, Index plantarum officinalium, quas ad materiae medicae scientiam promovendam, in horto Chelseiano. Elizabeth Blackwell's A Curious Herbal (1737–1739)
1728-738: The local magistracy as chairman of the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Justices of the Peace ; and advising on nominations for national honours . In January 2013, Troughton was made a Commander of the Order of St John by the Queen, and raised to Dame of the order in 2021. In 2022, she was one of the first six women appointed as "Queen's companions" (replacing the traditional ladies-in-waiting) to Queen Camilla . A BBC News article described Troughton as one of Camilla's longstanding personal friends. In 1977 she married Peter Troughton (born 1948),
1776-405: The majority of the twentieth century, it was used for scientific research and was not open to the public. In 1983, the garden became a charity and was run by a private board of trustees, and a few years later in 1987, it was open to the general public for the first time. In 2001 the then director Rosie Atkins led changes that improved the educational role of the garden. As of 2020, the chairman of
1824-486: The membership of the Society are required to be medical practitioners, and at least 85% must be medically qualified or registered pharmacists. In fact, the membership is predominantly made up of prominent physicians (rather than surgeons who, for historical reasons, are more likely to be members of the Barbers' Company ). The members of the Society are (in descending rank): The Master, Wardens and Assistants together constitute
1872-466: The present Earl of Strathmore and a first cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth II . Her ancestor Jeremiah Colman (1777–1851) made a fortune from Colman's mustard, a business which eventually grew into Reckitt & Colman , of which her father was a director until 1989. From 1990 to 2000, Troughton was lady-in-waiting to the Duchess of Kent . Living at Wanborough , near Swindon , she became
1920-612: The public. The Apothecaries' building is open each year to the public during Open House Day. The Apothecaries host lectures and dinners organised for the Society or for the Faculties. The Faculty of Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine hold two lectures each year which are open to the public: the Audrey Few Lecture and the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Lecture. The Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy hosts several eponymous lectures throughout
1968-477: The society's grant of arms of 1617 as "the inventor of physic" (i.e. medicine), Apollo is depicted in the coat of arms with his head radiant, overcoming pestilence which is represented pictorially by a wyvern (a "serpent" in the blazon). Apollo was the father of Asclepius and therefore grandfather of Hygeia (goddess of health, cleanliness, and sanitation), Panacea (goddess of universal health), Iaso (goddess of recuperation from illness), Aceso (goddess of
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2016-420: The trust that manages the garden is Michael Prideaux . His predecessor was Sarah Troughton . The garden director is Sue Medway. As of 2020 the garden is raising funds to restore the historic glasshouses on the site. As of October 2017, the garden included 5,000 plants, in areas such as: Notes Further reading Worshipful Society of Apothecaries The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
2064-605: The world. Parts of the garden have been lost to road development – the river bank during 1874 construction of the Chelsea Embankment on the north bank of the River Thames , and a strip of the garden to allow widening of Royal Hospital Road . What remains is a 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) patch in the heart of London . The Trustees of the London Parochial Charities took over management of the garden in 1899 and for
2112-423: The year. The lectures in this series are named after persons significant to the Apothecaries' Society and medicine in general: Monckton Copeman, Geoffrey Flavell, John Locke, Osler, Sydenham, Sir Hans Sloane, and Gideon de Laune. The Livery Committee organises regular events for members of the Society. The Society of Apothecaries operates an Archive which is referred to as 'The Collection' on their website. In 2002,
2160-627: Was chairman of the Chelsea Physic Garden , but retired from that role in 2020. As Lord Lieutenant, Troughton's public duties include overseeing arrangements for visits to Wiltshire by members of the Royal Family and escorting royal visitors; representing the King at events and presenting awards and medals on his behalf; liaising with the Wiltshire units of the Royal Navy , Army and Royal Air Force ; leading
2208-403: Was granted Arms by William Camden ( Clarenceux ) on 12 December 1617, less than a week after receiving its royal charter; the efficiency possibly indicating some planning of the break from the Grocers' Company. The society was not as speedy in settling its bill from the College of Arms however, as payment for the grant was not directed by the court until April 1620. Described in the blazon of
2256-753: Was illustrated partly from specimens taken from the Chelsea Physic Garden. In 1781, the collection of specimens was donated by the Royal Society to the British Museum in Bloomsbury, then moved in 1881 to the Department of Botany of the British Museum in Kensington, now the Natural History Museum . Sir Joseph Banks worked with the head gardener and curator John Fairbairn during the 1780–1814 period. Fairbairn specialized in growing and cultivating plants from around
2304-523: Was pulled down in 1696 to make room for Danvers Street. In 1713, Sir Hans Sloane purchased from Charles Cheyne the adjacent Manor of Chelsea , about 4 acres (1.6 ha), which he leased in 1722 to the Society of Apothecaries for £ 5 a year in perpetuity, requiring in the Deed of Conveyance that the garden supply the Royal Society , of which he was a principal, with 50 good herbarium samples per year, up to
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