58-478: Model C may refer to: Model C, a semi-private structure used in the governance of whites-only government schools in South Africa Model C, a John Deere tractor model Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Model C . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
116-430: A matriculation certificate , which enables them to transition to tertiary level education. The DBE officially groups grades into two "bands" called General Education and Training (GET), which includes Grade R (South Africa's equivalent of Kindergarten ) plus Grades 1 to 9, and Further Education and Training (FET), which includes Grades 10 to 12 as well as non-higher education vocational training facilities. The GET band
174-575: A "No Fee" school; 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools. Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly, and many schools are secretive about it, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa: Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school. Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay
232-687: A boarding school in Matatiele . Motshekga studied at the University of the North , where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Education. From the University of the Witwatersrand , Motshekga obtained a Bachelor of Educational Science degree and a master's degree. In 1981, Motshekga was employed as a teacher at Orlando High School. She worked at the school until 1983, when she resigned following her appointment as
290-405: A few secondary schools in larger cities. But during the last decades of that century, all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools. African children attended mission schools, for the most part, and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance. Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe, but in 1829
348-501: A grade 13 yet, but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes followed by private schools in South Africa. The DBE's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R, for "reception". Grade R is compulsory, but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 00 and grade 000 (although
406-575: A grant from the state, depending on the community served and fees charged. For university entrance, a " Matriculation Endorsement " is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country's universities, colleges and universities of technology. All the universities are autonomous, reporting to their own councils rather than government. The National Qualifications Framework (NQF) system of administering higher education broadly in
464-738: A lecturer at the Soweto College of Education. Motshekga became a lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1985. She lectured at the university until 1994. During the 1980s, Motshekga was a member of the Soweto Education Crisis Committee that later formed part of the National Education Coordinating Committee. She held membership of the United Democratic Front . She was also a member of
522-411: A limited basis in 2007. The DHET department deals with further education and training (FET) colleges now known as Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges, adult basic education and training (ABET) centres, and higher education (HE) institutions. The nine provinces of South Africa also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing the policies of
580-414: A stand demanded to be taught in their mother tongue. Many were killed and injured that day due to police intervention. They are remembered as martyrs. Schools were vandalized and teachers left unable to teach and students were unable to come to school. The National Policy for General Affairs Act (No. 76) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by
638-472: A variety of sports and cultural activities, which require money to maintain. Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well. The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated, as well as unemployment rate and the general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood. Consequently, schools in more affluent areas must raise more money from other sources to maintain
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#1733117039421696-486: Is governed by two national departments, namely the Department of Basic Education (DBE), which is responsible for primary and secondary schools , and the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), which is responsible for tertiary education and vocational training . Prior to 2009, both departments were represented in a single Department of Education . Among sub-Saharan African countries, South Africa has one of
754-465: Is headed by the director-general, Gwebs Qonde, and its policy is made by the minister Blade Nzimande and the deputy minister Buti Manamela . Both departments are funded from central government taxes . The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in government schools, but independent schools are funded privately. Government schools may, under certain circumstances, supplement their funds through parent contributions. Normally
812-546: Is roughly the same in all provinces, but the ratio of learners per school varies by province. For example, in Gauteng, there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school, whereas in the Eastern Cape, there are 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school. Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) are available. Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs, such as maintaining
870-642: Is subdivided further into "phases" called the Foundation Phase (Grades R to 3), the Intermediate Phase (Grades 4 to 6), and the Senior Phase (Grades 7 to 9). On an international level, the Foundation and Intermediate phases correspond to elementary education, while the Senior Phase corresponds to lower secondary education. The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect
928-571: The 2004 general election , Motshekga returned to the legislature for her second term. Shilowa moved her to the Education portfolio. Motshekga was elected the national president of the ANC women's league in 2008, defeating the league's secretary-general Bathabile Dlamini . She received 1,826 votes. Motshekga was elected to the National Assembly in April 2009. Newly elected president Jacob Zuma unbundled
986-691: The Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely. The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity. Although CNE advanced principles of racial inferiority , it promoted teaching of cultural diversity and enforced mother-tongue instruction in
1044-986: The Southern African Development Community in Harare , Zimbabwe . Motshekga also served as the Minister of Basic Education from May 2009 to 2024. She was previously a Member of the Executive Council in the Gauteng provincial government . Motshekga is a member of the African National Congress . She is a former president of the party's women's league . Motshekga was born on 19 June 1955 in Soweto , Transvaal Province . She received her primary school education from different schools in Soweto. She matriculated from
1102-686: The University of the Orange Free State —in Bloemfontein in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The Grey Institute was established in Port Elizabeth in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. The Christian College was founded at Potchefstroom in 1869 and was later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education . Following
1160-449: The 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"), particularly in previously white schools, where the usage was once common. According to the DBE's 2010 statistics report (published in 2012), there are, on average, 30 learners per teacher, 480 learners per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher
1218-474: The 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks. In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans medium decree" in which the use of both English and Afrikaans
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#17331170394211276-550: The Bantu education system. Angie Motshekga Matsie Angelina "Angie" Motshekga (born 19 June 1955) is a South African politician and educator who is currently serving as the Minister of Defense and Military Veterans since 3 July 2024. She served as the acting president of the Republic of South Africa from the 17th August 2024, while President Cyril Ramaphosa attended the 44th Ordinary Summit of Heads of State and Government of
1334-709: The British victory in the South African War , the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Alfred Milner , brought thousands of teachers from across the British Empire to instil the English language and British cultural values, especially in the two former Boer Republics . To counter the British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program, Christian National Education, to serve as
1392-602: The Education portfolio into two new, separate ministries. Motshekga was appointed Minister of Basic Education . She took office on 11 May 2009. During her first term, textbooks were not delivered to impoverished Limpopo schools between December 2011 and June 2012. She faced calls to resign or be removed, but she remained in the position. Following the 2014 general election , Zuma retained Motshekga in her position. Bathabile Dlamini unseated her as women's league president in August 2015. In 2017, she ran for ANC national president under
1450-669: The National Education Union of South Africa. Motshekga was active in the Pimville Civic Association. Motshekga was the National Convenor of Teacher Unity talks that led to the formation of South African Democratic Teachers Union . She was the regional chair of the African National Congress Women's League in the party's former Kyalami region. From 1994 to 1997, she worked as a director in
1508-578: The No Fee school program, and most of them were in the Eastern Cape , KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo Provinces . Not all schools that qualify for the incentive make use of it. Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by a trust, church or community, or by a for-profit company . Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive
1566-592: The School Governing Body (SGB) is responsible for fundraising in schools. The School Governing Body in primary schools consists of parents, teachers and the support staff. In high school, it consists of parents, teachers, support staff and learners. The Department of Basic Education Acts: Basic Education in South Africa takes place in primary and secondary level from Grade 1 (6 - 7-year-olds) to Grade 12 (18 - 20-year-olds). Students who succeed in Grade 12 graduate with
1624-572: The core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program, but Jan C. Smuts , the Transvaal leader who later became Prime Minister , was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers; he favoured local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites. The National Party (NP)
1682-580: The country is run by the South African Qualifications Authority . Graduate unemployment and underemployment are continuing problems, since most students continue to enroll for the humanities, arts, and social sciences . Too few students are choosing to study high-demand subjects such as education , health care , business , STEM subjects , and the skilled trades . The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition,
1740-417: The division of bands and phases, however. For historical reasons, most schools are either "primary" schools (grade R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high schools (grades 8 to 12). Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as grade 13 or "post-matric". The South African governmental school system does not have
1798-717: The first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony. Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the British Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among some members of the Dutch-speaking community , who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and their values. Throughout
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1856-476: The first years of primary school. The government gave strong management control to the school boards , who were elected by the parents in each district. In 1959, the Extension of University Education Act prohibited established universities from accepting most black students, although the government did create universities for black, coloured, and Indian students. The number of schools for blacks increased during
1914-608: The government established the multiracial South African College , which later split into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools . Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852 the independent South African Republic and in 1854 the Orange Free State established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch. The government established Grey College—later
1972-458: The government of the Union agreed to the use of Afrikaans in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education. By the late nineteenth century, three types of schools were receiving government assistance—ward schools, or small rural schools generally employing one teacher; district schools, providing primary-level education to several towns in an area; and
2030-437: The grounds, administrative costs, salaries, books and educational materials, and extramural activities. Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income, such as school fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools. There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set. Parents may apply to
2088-666: The highest literacy rates. According to The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency as of 2019, 95% of the population aged from 15 and over can read and write in South Africa were respectively literate. The DBE department deals with public schools , private schools (also referred to by the department as independent schools ), early childhood development (ECD) centres, and special needs schools . The public schools and private schools are collectively known as ordinary schools, which are roughly 97% of schools in South Africa. Unlike in most countries, many public schools charge tuition (referred to as fees). No-fee schools were introduced on
2146-440: The independent homelands were given universities of their own. After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands, there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa, often in close proximity and offering the same courses. In 1994, the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations. This was completed by January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from
2204-529: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_C&oldid=1151852239 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Education in South Africa#1990 to 1993 Education in South Africa
2262-538: The most part, to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony. After their arrival, these parents placed a high priority on education. Throughout this time, most religious schools in the Eastern Cape accepted Xhosa children who applied for admission; in Natal many other Nguni -speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed teacher training classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout
2320-433: The nation is achieving 70.8% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 80.9% for secondary education, but 19.6% in general for education quality. The Department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general, Hubert Mathanzima Mweli, and its policy is made by the minister Angie Motshekga and the deputy minister Reginah Mhaule . The department of Higher Education and Training
2378-467: The national budget on education. Some 10% of the education budget is for higher education. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that South Africa is fulfilling only 57.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration South Africa's income level,
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2436-515: The national department and dealing with local issues. In 2010, the basic education system comprised 12,644,208 learners, 30,586 schools, and 439,394 teachers. In 2009, the higher education and training system comprised 837,779 students in HE institutions, 420,475 students in state-controlled FET institutions and 297,900 in state-controlled ABET centres. In 2013, the South African government spent 21% of
2494-549: The nineteenth century, Dutch farmers resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values , and many educated their children at home or in the churches. After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the Cape Colony in 1820, the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications. They selected educated families, for
2552-544: The nineteenth century. By 1877 some 60 percent of white school-age children in Natal were enrolled in school, as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the Boer War (ended 1902) in the former Afrikaner republics, however, enrolments remained low—only 12 percent in the Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal —primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education. Enrolments in these republics increased after
2610-580: The office of the presidency. She was elected Deputy Provincial Secretary of the ANCWL in 1997. After the 1999 general election , Motshekga was sworn in as a member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature . She was named the chairperson of the legislature's education committee. In 2000, premier Mbhazima Shilowa appointed her to the Social Development portfolio of the Executive Council. After
2668-497: The previous 36. Ten of the universities got new names. The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Dutch Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation . In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when
2726-526: The same quality that white children received in state schools. This changed after the Eiselen Commission recommended establishing a separate education system for blacks under the Ministry of Native Affairs. Minister of Native Affairs and future Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd designed Bantu education to teach African culture and educate Africans "in accordance with their opportunities in life." Following
2784-555: The same standard of education, but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway. The size of the government grant per child depends on the "quintille" of the school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, respectively, and as schools in quintille 4 and quintile 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per year. Schools in quintile 1-3 may apply for classification as
2842-468: The school charges no school fees, the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees. It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest 60% of schools by 2009. The incentive applies only to children in the GED band, and children who wish to complete grade 10-12 must still pay the full fee. In 2008, some 5 million learners in 14,264 schools benefited from
2900-477: The school fee, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, those regulations help only very poor families, not working-class and middle-income families. Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty-linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees. Since 2006, the Education Department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40% of schools. If
2958-427: The school fees, but schools are permitted to sue parents for nonpayment of school fees. Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows. If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt. If the income is more than ten times the school fee but less than thirty times
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#17331170394213016-415: The school for full or partial reduction of school fees. Many affluent schools provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parents are alumni), but it is not a legal requirement. Children at South African schools are usually required to purchase and wear school uniforms although it is often possible to buy them second-hand. Most schools offer extramural activities such as
3074-531: The women's league banner without asking for permission. The league criticised Motshekga and later endorsed Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma for the ANC presidency. Zuma resigned as South African president in February 2018 and deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa was designated as his successor. Ramaphosa kept Motshekga in her position. In 2019, she became the longest-serving education minister in South African history. She
3132-558: Was able to capitalise on the fear of racial integration in the schools to build its support. The NP's narrow election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans new standing in the schools and, after that, all high-school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English. The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding philosophy of education. Before 1953, many black people attended schools set up by religious organizations. These schools provided schooling of
3190-412: Was given to learners. In 2022 a mathematics examination paper included a problem that was unsolvable due to a typing error. The error was not picked up before the paper was given and Motshekga's department will decide whether an upward mark adjustment of 1% or 2% is necessary. She was appointed as acting president of the Republic of South Africa on 2 July 2021, as President Cyril Ramaphosa attended
3248-458: Was made compulsory in black secondary schools. In this decree, physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English, mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans, and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner's native language. The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people. This decree
3306-533: Was re-elected as an MP in that year's general election . She remained as minister of basic education. On 15 February 2021, Motshekga said to pupils at Prospectus High School in Pretoria that an "educated man won't rape". Her comment caused outrage. She responded by saying that her comment was taken out of context. In 2014, Motshekga claimed that the standard of question papers had increased after an English exam paper riddled with basic spelling and grammar errors
3364-521: Was unpopular with learners and teachers alike, particularly in towns like the Johannesburg township of Soweto , where practically no one spoke Afrikaans. Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976, when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country. This is known as the Soweto Uprising , when students and those able to take
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