114-631: Mississippi River Bridge may refer to: Mississippi River Bridge (I-35W) or I-35W Mississippi River bridge, a bridge in Minnesota that collapsed in 2007 Mississippi River Bridge (Vicksburg, Mississippi) or Old Vicksburg Bridge Mississippi River Bridge (La Crosse, Wisconsin) See also [ edit ] Lists of crossings of the Mississippi River New Mississippi River Bridge or Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge,
228-462: A 4% interest rate for up to a 30-year length, from the U.S. Small Business Administration . The agency's disaster declaration for Hennepin and contiguous counties came two days after Pawlenty's request to the SBA on August 20, 2007. Open for business and unsure they could repay loans, owners near the collapse in some cases lost 25% or 50% of their income. Large retailers in a mall of chain stores lost about
342-531: A biomedical complex directly north of Huntington Bank Stadium. The Armory , northeast of the Mall area, is built like a Norman castle . It features a sally-port entrance facing Church Street and a tower that was originally intended to be the professor of military science 's residence. Since it originally held the athletics department, the Armory also features a gymnasium . Today it is home to military science classes and
456-517: A bridge between St. Clair County and St. Louis Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mississippi River Bridge . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River_Bridge&oldid=1225818084 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
570-483: A college in 1869. Today, the university's Minneapolis campus is divided by the Mississippi River into an East and West Bank. The Minneapolis campus has several residence halls: 17th Avenue Hall, Centennial Hall, Frontier Hall, Territorial Hall, Pioneer Hall, Sanford Hall, Wilkins Hall, Middlebrook Hall, Yudof Hall, and Comstock Hall. The East Bank, the main portion of the campus, covers 307 acres (124 ha) and
684-550: A computer model of the bridge at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia . NTSB investigators were particularly interested in learning why a part of the bridge's southern end shifted eastward as it collapsed, but this particular phenomenon was not germane to the ultimate cause of the collapse. FHWA advised states to inspect the 700 U.S. bridges of similar construction after identifying
798-400: A concern about lack of redundancy in the main truss system, which meant the bridge had a greater risk of collapse in the event of any single structural failure. Although the report concluded that the bridge should not have any problems with fatigue cracking in the foreseeable future, regular inspection, structural health monitoring , and use of strain gauges had been suggested. In 2005,
912-430: A corn-processing byproduct to see whether either would reduce the black ice that appeared on the bridge during the winter months. In October 1999, the state embedded temperature-activated nozzles in the bridge deck to spray the bridge with potassium acetate solution to keep the area free of winter black ice. The system came into operation in 2000. Although there were no additional major multi-vehicle collisions after
1026-681: A day. The university also maintains a vigilant stance on cybersecurity, conducting annual external assessments and updating strategies for risk mitigation. Emergency preparedness is also a key focus, with updated Emergency Operations Plans and disaster recovery protocols ensuring readiness for a variety of potential threats. Minnesota Gophers football player Dominic Jones was convicted of sexual assault in 2008. In July 2009, an appeals court upheld Jones' conviction, but reduced his four-year prison sentence to one year. More than 1,000 sexual assaults on campus were reported between 2010 and 2015. No prosecutions for rape occurred, according to Katie Eichele of
1140-621: A federal disaster declaration. President Bush pledged support during a visit to the site on August 4 with Minnesota elected officials and announced that United States Secretary of Transportation (USDOT) Mary Peters would lead the rebuilding effort. Rybak and Pawlenty gave the president detailed requests for aid during a closed-door meeting. Local authorities were assisted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) evidence team, and by United States Navy divers who began arriving on August 5. Thirteen people were killed. Triage centers at
1254-533: A greener and quieter campus. It has a grassy mall of its own and can be a bit of a retreat from the more urban Minneapolis campus. Prominent on this campus is Bailey Hall, the St. Paul campus' only residence hall. Campus Connector buses run every five minutes on weekdays when school is in session, and every 20 minutes on weekends, allowing students easy access to both campuses. The Continuing Education and Conference Center, which serves over 20,000 conference attendees per year,
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#17328519466301368-464: A leader in medical innovation. In 1954, C. Walton Lillehei and F. John Lewis performed the world's first successful open-heart surgery using cross-circulation. 1955 saw Richard DeWall and Lillehei develop the bubble oxygenator, setting the stage for modern heart-lung machines. This was followed by Lillehei's performance of the first artificial heart valve implant in a human in 1958, and in the same year, Earl Bakken, co-founder of Medtronic, Inc., developed
1482-443: A level where they can kind of pick the low-hanging fruit. They can do the stuff that's easy. The bodies that are in the areas where they can sweep shore to shore, the vehicles that they can get into and search that weren't crushed. They were able to remove some of those. Now what we're looking at is the vehicles that are under the bridge deck and the structural pieces." Seventy-five local, state and federal agencies were involved in
1596-664: A multitude of social activities between the residence halls. The Athletic area is directly north of the Superblock and includes four recreation/athletic facilities: the University Recreation Center, Cooke Hall, the University Fieldhouse, and the University Aquatic Center . These facilities are all connected by tunnels and skyways, allowing students to use one locker room facility. North of this complex
1710-442: A portion of the overall $ 250 million, which was given to enable "clean-up and recovery work, including clearing debris and re-routing traffic, as well as for design work on a new bridge". "On behalf of Minnesota, we are grateful for all of this help," Pawlenty said. The National Transportation Safety Board immediately began a comprehensive investigation that was expected to take up to eighteen months. Immediately following
1824-428: A possible design flaw related to large steel sheets called gusset plates , which connect girders in the truss structure. Officials raised questions as to why such a flaw would not have been discovered in over 40 years of inspections. The flaw was first discovered by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. , an independent consulting firm hired by Mn/DOT to investigate the cause of the collapse. On January 15, 2008,
1938-462: A ride. Three light-rail stations serve the university along the Green Line : Stadium Village , East Bank , and West Bank . The university partnered with Metro to offer students, staff, and faculty members a Campus Zone Pass that enables free travel on the three stations that pass through campus, as well as a discounted unlimited pass for students. More recently, the university has instituted
2052-509: A separate measure, the I-35W bridge was rated "structurally deficient", but was deemed to have met "minimum tolerable limits to be left in place as it is". In December 2006, a steel reinforcement project was planned for the bridge. However, the project was canceled in January 2007 in favor of periodic safety inspections, after engineers realized that drilling for the retrofitting would, in fact, weaken
2166-544: A state. The university is currently classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is a member of the Association of American Universities . The National Science Foundation ranked University of Minnesota 22nd among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2022 with $ 1.202 billion. The University of Minnesota is considered a Public Ivy university. The Minnesota Golden Gophers compete in 21 intercollegiate sports in
2280-427: A van service, offers rides near and on campus. Both are free and open to all students, staff, and faculty. In addition, the campus has nearly 200 automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and 200 yellow phones for emergency-only calls. The University Police Station has 20 Code Blue phones around campus that immediately connect people to their office. There are also over 2,000 security cameras being monitored 24 hours
2394-551: A variety of functions during the rest of the year. Although the Falcon Heights area code is 651, the university telephone system trunk lines use Minneapolis exchanges and its 612 area code. Walking and riding bicycles are the most common modes of transportation among students. At times, the University Police has occasionally cited individuals for jaywalking or riding bicycles on restricted sidewalks in areas surrounding
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#17328519466302508-666: Is "St. Paul", but "Falcon Heights" is also recognized for use in the street addresses of all campus buildings. The College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences , including the University of Minnesota Food Industry Center and many other disciplines from social sciences to vocational education , are on this campus. It also includes the College of Continuing and Professional Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Biological Sciences. The extensive lawns, flowers, trees, and surrounding University research farm plots create
2622-615: Is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota , United States. The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and Falcon Heights , a suburb of St. Paul, approximately 3 mi (4.8 km) apart. The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the ninth-largest (as of
2736-507: Is a private firm that assisted local authorities. Local businesses donated wireless Internet, ice, drinks and meals for first responders. The Salvation Army canteens served food and water to rescue workers. Teams of officers were sent to hospitals to follow up with the injured, who had been transported to eight different medical facilities. The Minneapolis Police Chaplain Corps Chaplain Director, Dr. Jeffrey Stewart, arrived and
2850-504: Is also on the St. Paul campus. The St. Paul campus is home to the College of Design's Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel (DHA). Located in McNeal Hall, DHA includes the departmental disciplines of apparel design, graphic design, housing studies, interior design, and retail merchandising. McNeal Hall is also the home to the University's Goldstein Museum of Design . The St. Paul campus
2964-565: Is bordered by the Minneapolis neighborhoods of Dinkytown (on the north), Cedar-Riverside (on the west), Stadium Village (on the southeast), and Prospect Park (on the east). On regular weekdays during the school year, the Campus Connectors operate with schedule-less service as often as every five minutes during the busiest parts of the school day (between 7 am and 5:30 pm), slowing to once every 15 or 20 minutes during earlier or later hours. The estimated commute time between St. Paul and
3078-636: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mississippi River Bridge (I-35W) The I-35W Mississippi River bridge (officially known as Bridge 9340 ) was an eight-lane, steel truss arch bridge that carried Interstate 35W across the Mississippi River one-half mile (875 m) downstream from the Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States. The bridge opened in 1967, and
3192-692: Is divided into several areas: the Knoll area, the Mall area, the Health area, the Athletic area, and the Gateway area. The Knoll area, the oldest extant part of the university, is in the northwestern corner of the campus. Many buildings in this area are well over 100 years old, such as some of the 13 in the Old Campus Historic District . Today, most disciplines in this area relate to the humanities . Burton Hall
3306-501: Is home to the College of Education and Human Development . Folwell Hall and Jones Hall are primarily used by the language departments. A residence hall, Sanford Hall, and a student-apartment complex, Roy Wilkins Hall, are in this area. This area is just south of the Dinkytown neighborhood and business area. Northrop Mall is arguably the center of the Minneapolis campus. The plan for the Mall
3420-572: Is home to the University of Minnesota Law School , the Humphrey School of Public Affairs , the Carlson School of Management , various social science buildings, and the performing arts center. The West Bank Arts Quarter includes the Rarig Center , Barbara Barker Center for Dance, Ferguson Hall (School of Music), Ted Mann Concert Hall and Regis Center for Art. Due to the numerous arts departments on
3534-637: Is known to University students and staff for the Meat and Dairy Salesroom, which sells animal food products (such as ice cream, cheese, and meat) produced in the university's state-certified pilot plant by students, faculty and staff. The St. Paul campus borders the Minnesota State Fairgrounds , which hosts the largest state fair in the United States by daily attendance. The fair lasts 12 days, from late August through Labor Day. The grounds also serve
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3648-579: Is the Huntington Bank Stadium , Williams Arena , Mariucci Arena , Ridder Arena , and the Baseline Tennis Center. The Gateway area, the easternmost section of campus, is primarily composed of office buildings instead of classrooms and lecture halls. The most prominent building is McNamara Alumni Center . The university is also heavily invested in a biomedical research initiative and has built five biomedical research buildings that form
3762-563: Is the addition to the Architecture building, designed by Steven Holl and completed in 2002. It won an American Institute of Architects award for its innovative design. The Architecture building was then renamed Rapson Hall after the local modernist architect and School of Architecture Dean Ralph Rapson . The university also has a "Greek row" of historic fraternities and sororities located north of campus on University Avenue SE. The West Bank covers 53 acres (21 ha). The West Bank
3876-569: Is to the southeast of the Mall area and focuses on undergraduate buildings for biological science students, as well as the homes of the College of Pharmacy , the School of Nursing , the School of Dentistry , the Medical School , the School of Public Health , and M Health Fairview Hospitals and Clinics. This complex of buildings forms what is known as the University of Minnesota Medical Center . Part of
3990-439: The College of Biological Sciences is housed in this area. Across the street from the University of Minnesota Medical Center Fairview is an area known as the "Superblock", a four-city-block space comprising four residence halls (Pioneer, Frontier, Centennial and Territorial Halls). The Superblock is one of the most popular locations for on-campus housing because it has the largest concentration of students living on campus and has
4104-552: The Lotus Coffman administration. The Mall area is home to the College of Liberal Arts , which is Minnesota's largest public or private college, and the College of Science and Engineering . Behind CMU is another residence hall, Comstock Hall, and another student-apartment complex, Yudof Hall. The Northrop Mall Historic District was formally listed in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2018. The Health area
4218-536: The NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference and have won 29 national championships. As of March 2024, Minnesota's current and former students have won a total of 90 Olympic medals . The University of Minnesota was founded in Minneapolis in 1851 as a college preparatory school , seven years prior to Minnesota's statehood. It struggled in its early years and relied on donations to stay open from donors, including South Carolina Governor William Aiken Jr. In 1867,
4332-430: The Twin Cities freeway system, because of the almost frictionless thin layer of black ice that regularly formed when temperatures dropped below freezing. The bridge's proximity to Saint Anthony Falls contributed significantly to the icing problem and the site was noted for frequent spinouts and collisions. By January 1999, Minnesota DOT began testing magnesium chloride solutions and a mixture of magnesium chloride and
4446-460: The bystander effect . The U of M also has a SAFE-U emergency notification text messaging system that sends out a notification to all faculty, staff, and students in case of emergency. The commitment to a safe inclusive campus is also articulated through the comprehensive University of Minnesota Safety Plan, aligned with MPact 2025's Commitment 5, Action Item 5.4, emphasizing the need to assess and improve campus safety continually. The establishment of
4560-471: The honeycrisp apple. Note: The flagship University of Minnesota campus is the Twin Cities campus, which comprises grounds in St. Paul and Minneapolis, the latter divided into areas on both the east and west banks of the Mississippi River. Administratively, these are all one campus, but for purposes of simplicity, this article will apply "campus" to its component parts where necessary to avoid confusion with
4674-454: The 2022–2023 academic year) main campus student body in the United States, with 54,890 students at the start of the 2023–24 academic year. It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System and is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for the University of Minnesota as a territorial university in 1851, seven years before Minnesota became
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4788-413: The 3-nautical-mile (5.6 km) radius of the rescue and recovery. Thirty-five people lost their jobs when Aggregate Industries of Leicestershire , UK, a company that delivered construction materials by barge, cut production in the area. Small businesses in metropolitan area counties that were harmed by the bridge collapse could apply beginning August 27, 2007 for loans of up to $ 1.5 million, at
4902-476: The Aurora Center, until the conviction of Daniel Drill-Mellum in 2016, for the rapes of two fellow students. Drill-Mellum received a six-year prison sentence. It has been alleged that few sexual assaults on campus are reported to University police. Six resulted in arrest from 2010 to 2015; one was determined to be unfounded. In a study by campus police, in the years between 2005 and 2015, sexual assaults at
5016-512: The Board's investigation is still on-going and no determination of probable cause has been reached, interim findings in the investigation have revealed a safety issue that warrants attention ... During the wreckage recovery, investigators discovered that gusset plates at eight different joint locations in the main center span were fractured. The Board, with assistance from the FHWA, conducted a thorough review of
5130-466: The East Bank is 15 minutes. In 2008, the system carried 3.55 million riders. Although the shuttle service is free, it is comparatively inexpensive to operate; with an operating cost of $ 4.55 million in 2008, the operating subsidy was only $ 1.28 per passenger. Even Metro Transit 's busy Metro Blue Line light rail required a subsidy of $ 1.44 that year, and that was with many riders paying $ 1.75 or more for
5244-502: The NTSB announced it had determined that the bridge's design specified steel gusset plates that were undersized and inadequate to support the intended load of the bridge, a load that had increased over time. This assertion was based on an interim report that calculated the demand-to-capacity ratio for the gusset plates. The NTSB recommended that similar bridge designs be reviewed for this problem. NTSB Chairman Mark Rosenker said: Although
5358-583: The Strategic Safety Advisory Committee and public safety forums fosters community engagement and dialogue on safety concerns and improvements. Additionally, the university has made strides in off-campus safety through nightly patrols in Dinkytown and the introduction of blue light kiosks and mobile light trailers to enhance visibility and security. Other resources help students get home safely. Calling 624-WALK secures an escort for walks to adjacent campuses and neighborhoods, and Gopher Chauffeur,
5472-531: The Universal Transit Pass, which allows most students unlimited access to the Metro Transit light rail and bus networks as well as a number of other transit systems in the area. The Step Up campaign is a program that helps students prevent excessive drinking, as well as sexual assault and other crimes, by teaching them how to intervene and prevent in a positive way. This is done, in part, by explaining
5586-451: The University." Pillsbury Hall is named in his honor. Academic milestones began with Warren Clark Eustis and Henry Martyn Williamson graduating in 1873 as the university's first graduates. Helen Marr Ely was the first female graduate in 1875. The university progressed by awarding its first master's degree in 1880 and conferring its first Ph.D. in 1888. As the 20th century began, the university expanded its academic offerings. In 1908,
5700-575: The Weisman Art Museum is a typical example of his work with curving metallic structures. The abstract structure is considered highly significant because it was built prior to the widespread use of computer-aided design in architecture. It also ushered in a new era of architecture at the university, which continued with the completion of the McNamara Alumni Center in 2000 and Bruininks Hall (formerly STSS) in 2010. Another notable structure
5814-503: The West Bank, it is home to several annual interdisciplinary arts festivals. Wilson Library, the largest library in the university system, is also on the West Bank, as is Middlebrook Hall, the largest residence hall on campus. The St. Paul campus is in the city of Falcon Heights , about 3 mi (4.8 km) from the Minneapolis campus. The default place name for the ZIP code serving the campus
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#17328519466305928-400: The area, MFD managed the ground operations, and HCSO was in charge of the water operation. The city provided 75 firefighters and 75 law enforcement units. Rescue of victims stranded on the bridge was complete in three hours. "We had a state bridge, in a county river, between two banks of a city. ... But we didn't have one problem with any of these issues, because we knew who was in charge of
6042-562: The assets," said Rocco Forte, city Emergency Preparedness Director. City, metropolitan area, county and state employees at all levels knew their roles and had practiced them since the city received FEMA emergency management training the year following the September 11, 2001 attacks . Their rapid response time is also credited to the Minnesota and United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) investment in 800 MHz mobile radio communications that were operating in Minneapolis and three of
6156-422: The automated de-icing system was installed, it was raised as a possibility that the potassium acetate may have contributed to the collapse of the bridge by corroding the structural supports, though the NTSB's final report found that corrosion was not a contributing factor. Since 1993, the bridge was inspected annually by MnDOT , although no inspection report was completed in 2007, due to the construction work. In
6270-569: The bridge at the time of failure was also cited by the NTSB as a contributing factor. Help came immediately from mutual aid in the seven-county Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area and emergency response personnel, charities, and volunteers. Within a few days of the collapse, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) planned its replacement with the I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge . The construction of
6384-400: The bridge collapse. In August 2010, the last of the lawsuits against URS Corporation were settled for $ 52.4 million to avoid prolonged litigation. The cases were handled via a novel consortium of legal entities that worked on a pro-bono basis. The state of Minnesota brought a lawsuit against Jacobs Engineering Group , the successor of Sverdrup & Parcel , the firm that designed
6498-465: The bridge failure. The bridge, officially designated "Bridge 9340", was designed by Sverdrup & Parcel to 1961 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway Officials, now American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ) standard specifications. The construction contracts, worth in total more than $ 5.2 million at the time, were initially offered to HurCon Inc. and Industrial Construction Company. HurCon expressed concern about
6612-417: The bridge had been scheduled to be replaced in 2020. The I-35W bridge ranked near the bottom of federal inspection ratings nationwide. Bridge inspectors use a sufficiency rating that ranges from the highest score, 100, to the lowest score, zero. In 2005, they rated the bridge at 50, indicating that replacement may have been in order. Out of over 100,000 heavily used bridges, only about 4% scored below 50. On
6726-410: The bridge was again rated as "structurally deficient" and in possible need of replacement, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Bridge Inventory database. Problems were noted in two subsequent inspection reports. The inspection carried out June 15, 2006 found problems of cracking and fatigue. On August 2, 2007 (the day after the collapse) Governor Tim Pawlenty stated that
6840-409: The bridge was near a hydroelectric plant that was razed in 1988. The south abutment was in an area polluted by a coal gas processing plant and a facility for storing and processing petroleum products. These uses effectively created a toxic waste site under the bridge, leading to a lawsuit and the removal of the contaminated soil. No relationship has been claimed between these previous uses and
6954-508: The bridge. At 6:05 p.m. CDT on August 1, 2007, with rush hour bridge traffic moving slowly through the limited number of lanes, the central span of the bridge suddenly gave way, followed by the adjoining spans. The structure and deck collapsed into the river and onto the riverbanks below, the south part toppling 81 feet (25 m) eastward in the process. A total of 111 vehicles were involved, sending their occupants and 18 construction workers as far as 115 feet (35 m) down to
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#17328519466307068-597: The bridge. Jacobs argued too much time had passed since the 1960s design work, but in May 2012, the United States Supreme Court turned down its appeal, allowing the state of Minnesota suit to proceed. Jacobs paid $ 8.9 million in November 2012 to settle the suit without admitting wrongdoing. The collapse of the bridge affected river, rail, road, bicycle and pedestrian, and air transit. Pool 1 , created by Ford Dam,
7182-472: The bridge. In internal Mn/DOT documents, bridge officials talked about the possibility of the bridge collapsing, and worried that they might have to condemn it. The construction taking place in the weeks prior to the collapse included joint work and replacing lighting, concrete and guard rails . At the time of the collapse, four of the eight lanes were closed for resurfacing, and there were 575,000 pounds (261 tonnes) of construction supplies and equipment on
7296-401: The cause of the collapse on behalf of FHWA, Mn/DOT and Progressive Construction, Inc. NTSB also interviewed eyewitnesses. Peters announced that USDOT had granted Minnesota $ 5 million the day following the collapse. On August 10, Peters announced an additional $ 5 million "for Minneapolis", or "the state", "to reimburse Minneapolis for increased transit operations to serve commuters in
7410-447: The centers and ends of each of the three main spans. The roadway deck was approximately 115 feet (35 m) above the water level. On December 19, 1985, the temperature reached −30 °F (−34 °C). Vehicles coming across the bridge experienced black ice and there was a major pile-up on the bridge on the northbound side. In February and December 1996, the bridge was identified as the single most treacherous cold-weather spot in
7524-489: The collapse, Governor Pawlenty and Mn/DOT announced that the Illinois-based engineering firm of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. had also been selected to provide essential analysis that would parallel the investigation being conducted by the NTSB. One week after the collapse, workers were just beginning to move debris and vehicles to further the process of recovering victims. Cameras and motion detectors were added to
7638-436: The concrete. Structural steel was then disassembled by cranes, and the concrete piers were removed by excavators. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) officials asked demolition crews to use extreme care in removing the bridge remnants to preserve as much of the bridge materials as possible for later analysis. By the end of October 2007, the demolition operation was substantially complete, enabling construction to begin on
7752-466: The cross girders at the end of the approach spans. The main trusses connected to these cross girders and resistance to motion at the connection point bearings was leading to unanticipated out-of-plane distortion of the cross girders and subsequent stress cracking. The situation was addressed prior to the study by drilling the cracks to prevent further propagation and adding support struts to the cross girder to prevent further distortion. The report also noted
7866-415: The design of the bridge, with an emphasis on the design of the gusset plates. This review discovered that the original design process of the I-35W bridge led to a serious error in sizing some of the gusset plates in the main truss. On March 17, 2008, the NTSB announced an update on the investigation relating to load capacity, design issues, computer analysis and modeling, digital image analysis and analysis of
7980-501: The divers. After the last person's remains were removed from the wreckage on August 21, the company's crews began dismantling the bridge's remnants. Crews first removed the vehicles stranded on the bridge. By August 18, 80 of the 88 stranded cars and trucks had been moved to the MPD impound lot where owners could claim their vehicles. Then workers shifted to removing the bridge deck using cranes and excavators equipped with hoe rams to break
8094-749: The ends of the bridge routed 50 victims to area hospitals, some in trucks, as ambulances were in short supply. Many of the injured had blunt trauma injuries. Those near the south end were taken to Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) — those near the north end, to the Fairview University Medical Center and other hospitals. At least 22 children were injured. Thirteen children were treated at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota , five at HCMC and four or five at North Memorial Medical Center in Robbinsdale, Minnesota . During
8208-443: The first 40 hours, 11 area hospitals treated 98 victims. Only a few of the vehicles were submerged, but many people were stranded on the collapsed sections of the bridge. Several vehicles caught fire, including a semi-trailer truck , from which the driver's body was later recovered. When fire crews arrived, they had to route hoses from several blocks away. A school bus carrying 63 children ended up resting precariously against
8322-416: The first portable pacemaker, introduced into practice by Lillehei. The latter part of the 20th century saw the university's continued innovation in medical transplantation, including the world's first successful kidney/pancreas transplant in 1967, a bone marrow transplant in 1968, and a living donor pancreas transplant in 1998. Another notable contribution to agriculture came in 1991, with the development of
8436-554: The guardrail of the collapsed structure, near the burning semi-trailer truck. The children were returning from a field trip to a water park as part of the Waite House Neighborhood Center Day Camp based in the Phillips community . Jeremy Hernandez, a 20-year-old staff member on the bus, assisted many of the children by kicking out the rear emergency exit and escorting or carrying them to safety. One youth worker
8550-485: The heart of the university. Johnston's son, Clarence Johnston Jr, was also an architect and designed the original Bell Museum building and Coffman Memorial Union in the 1930s. The Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower , which is the tallest building on the Twin Cities campus, is a noted example of brutalist architecture . In more recent years, Frank Gehry designed the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum . Completed in 1993,
8664-602: The help of Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), North Memorial and Allina paramedics. By the next morning, they had shifted their focus to the recovery of bodies, with several vehicles known to be trapped under the debris and several people still unaccounted for. Twenty divers organized by the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office (HCSO) used side-scan sonar to locate vehicles submerged in the murky water. Their efforts were hampered by debris and challenging currents. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) lowered
8778-417: The initial rescue, Mn/DOT retained Carl Bolander & Sons, an earthworks and demolition contractor of Saint Paul, Minnesota , to remove the collapsed bridge and demolish the remaining spans that did not fall. Divers left the water briefly on August 18 while the company's crew used cranes , excavation drills and cutting torches to remove parts of the bridge deck, beams and girders, hoping to improve access for
8892-505: The last week of November, announced a "$ 1 million plan" for the victims. State law has limits that may restrict awards to below that amount. No legislative action was needed for this step. "The administration wanted approval from the Joint House–Senate Subcommittee on Claims as a sign of bipartisan support"—which it received. On May 2, 2008, the state of Minnesota reached a $ 38 million agreement to compensate victims of
9006-630: The majority of these programs and certificates at its Twin Cities campus. The university has all three branches of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). The Twin Cities campus, as well as the campuses at Crookston , Duluth , Morris , and Rochester , are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). For incoming undergraduates enrolled in fall 2023, Minnesota received more than 39,000 applications. The Class of 2027 consisted of approximately 6,700 students. For
9120-482: The most recent river crossing built on a new site in Minneapolis. After the building boom ebbed during the 1970s, infrastructure management shifted toward inspection and maintenance. The bridge's fourteen spans extended 1,907 feet (581 m) long. The three main spans were of deck truss construction while all but two of the eleven approach spans were steel multi-girder construction, the two exceptions being concrete slab construction. The piers were not built in
9234-425: The names of cities. As the largest of five campuses across the University of Minnesota system, the Twin Cities campus has more than 50,000 students; this makes it the ninth-largest campus student body in the United States overall. It also has more than 300 research, education, and outreach centers and institutes. The original Minneapolis campus overlooked the Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River , but it
9348-431: The navigation channel; instead, the center span of the bridge consisted of a single 458-foot (140 m) steel arched truss over the 390-foot (120 m) channel. The two support piers for the main trusses, each with two load-bearing concrete pylons at either side of the center main span, were located on opposite banks of the river. The center span was connected to the north and south approaches by shorter spans formed by
9462-576: The new I-35W bridge on November 1, 2007. Much of the bridge debris was temporarily stored at the nearby Bohemian Flats as part of the ongoing investigation of the collapse; it was removed to a storage facility in Afton, Minnesota , in fall 2010. Federal officials planned to bring some of the bridge steel and concrete to the NTSB Material Laboratory in Washington, D.C. , for analysis toward determining
9576-424: The other two players should be suspended for a year. The university is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units: Six university-wide interdisciplinary centers and institutes work across collegiate lines: The university (system-wide) offers 154 undergraduate degree programs, 24 undergraduate certificates, 307 graduate degree programs, and 79 graduate certificates. The university offers
9690-400: The project, reporting that one portion of the bridge, Pier 6, could not be built as planned. After failed discussions with MnDOT, HurCon backed out of the project altogether. Construction on the bridge began in 1964 and the structure was completed and opened to traffic in 1967 during an era of large-scale projects to build the Twin Cities freeway system. When the bridge fell, it was still
9804-464: The replacement bridge was completed quickly, and the new bridge officially opened on September 18, 2008. The bridge was located in Minneapolis, Minnesota's largest city, and connected the neighborhoods of Downtown East and Marcy-Holmes . The south abutment was northeast of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , and the north abutment was northwest of the University of Minnesota East Bank campus. The bridge
9918-607: The rescue and recovery including emergency personnel and volunteers from the counties of Anoka , Carver , Dakota , Hennepin , Olmsted , Ramsey , Scott , Washington , Winona , and Wright in Minnesota; and St. Croix County, Wisconsin , St. Croix EMS & Rescue Dive Team, and others standing by. Federal assistance came from the United States Department of Defense , DHS, USACE and the United States Coast Guard . Adventure Divers of Minot, North Dakota ,
10032-671: The responding counties, the city of Minneapolis collapsed-structures rescue and dive team, and the Emergency Operations Center established at 6:20 p.m. in Minneapolis City Hall . Recovery of deceased victims took over three weeks. At the request of the NTSB Chairman Mark Rosenker , the U.S. Navy sent 17 divers and a five-person command-and-control element from its Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit Two. The Navy Dive team started diving operations in
10146-501: The river at 2 a.m., within hours of arriving, and conducted operations around the clock for the next three weeks, until the recovery portion of the mission was completed. The FBI teams had planned to search with an unmanned submarine, but had to abandon this plan after they found it was too big to maneuver in the debris field and cloudy water. Minneapolis Police Captain Mike Martin stated that, "The public safety divers are trained up to
10260-576: The river level by two feet (61 cm) downriver at Ford Dam to allow easier access to vehicles in the water. The Minneapolis Fire Department (MFD) created the National Incident Management System command center in the parking lot of the American Red Cross and an adjacent printing company on the west bank. The Minneapolis Police Department (MPD), Minnesota State Patrol and the University of Minnesota Police secured
10374-490: The river or onto its banks. Northern sections fell into a rail yard , landing on three unoccupied and stationary freight cars . Sequential images of the collapse were taken by an outdoor security camera located at the parking lot entrance of the control facility for the Lower Saint Anthony Falls Lock and Dam. The immediate aftermath of the collapse was also captured by a Mn/DOT traffic camera that
10488-515: The road surface over the years, increasing the static load by 20%. Another factor was the extraordinary weight of construction equipment and material resting on the bridge just above its weakest point at the time of the collapse. That load was estimated at 578,000 pounds (262 tonnes), consisting of sand, water and vehicles. The NTSB determined that corrosion was not a significant contributor, but that inspectors did not routinely check that safety features were functional. Pawlenty and his office, during
10602-402: The same main trusses. Each was 266 feet (81 m) in length, and was connected to the approach spans by a 38-foot (12 m) cantilever . The two main trusses, one on either side, ranged in depth from 60 feet (18 m) above their pier and concrete pylon supports, to 36 feet (11 m) at midspan on the central span and 30 feet (9.1 m) deep at the outer ends of the adjoining spans. At
10716-433: The same. As of early January 2008, at least one business closed, one announced it was closing, seven of eight SBA applications had not been approved and merchants continued to explain how they are unable to shoulder more debt. Seventy percent of the traffic served by the bridge was downtown-bound. University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota )
10830-471: The site around the bridge to ward off intruders who, officials said, were hindering the investigation. Hennepin County Sheriff Richard W. Stanek stated, "We are treating this as a crime scene at this point. There's no indication there was any foul play involved, [but] it's a crime scene until we can determine what was the cause of the collapse." The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) built
10944-534: The time of construction. Buffington also designed the exterior of Burton Hall , considered one of the strongest specimens of Greek Revival architecture in Minnesota. Many of the buildings on the East Bank were designed by the prolific Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston , including the Jacobean Folwell Hall and the Beaux-Arts edifices of Northrop Auditorium and Walter Library , which he considered
11058-456: The top of the main trusses were the deck trusses, 12 feet (3.7 m) in depth and integral with the main trusses. The transverse deck beams, part of the deck truss, rested on top of the main trusses. These deck beams supported longitudinal deck stringers 27 inches (69 cm) in depth, and reinforced-concrete pavement. The deck was 113 ft 4 in (34.54 m) in breadth and was split longitudinally. It had transverse expansion joints at
11172-452: The undersized and corroded gusset plates. The investigation revealed that photos from a June 2003 inspection of the bridge showed gusset-plate bowing. On November 13, 2008, the NTSB released the findings of its investigation. The primary cause of the collapse was the undersized gusset plates, at 0.5 inches (13 mm) thick. Contributing to that design or construction error was the fact that 2 inches (51 mm) of concrete had been added to
11286-451: The university inaugurated the Program of Mortuary Science, becoming the first state university in the United States to do so. The School of Nursing was established in 1909, the first continuous nursing school on a university campus in the United States. The nursing school later opened its doors to male students in 1949. 20th-century breakthroughs at the University of Minnesota positioned it as
11400-477: The university received land grant status through the Morrill Act of 1862 . With lands taken from Dakota people , the university was able to revive itself after closing in 1858. The Dakota people have not been credited for the expropriation of their lands. An 1876 donation from flour miller John S. Pillsbury is generally credited with saving the school. Since then, Pillsbury has become known as "The Father of
11514-501: The university remained the same or increased despite six sexual assault resources and many anti-crime programs on campus. In August 2020, the University of Minnesota agreed to pay $ 500,000 to a woman who in the fall of 2016, accused several Gophers football players of sexually assaulting her. In February 2017, a University of Minnesota panel cleared four of the 10 Gopher football players the woman accused and agreed with investigators' recommendation that four other players be expelled and
11628-486: The university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps . Several buildings in the Old Campus Historic District were designed by early Minnesota architect LeRoy Buffington . One of the most notable is Pillsbury Hall , designed by Buffington and Harvey Ellis in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Pillsbury Hall's polychromatic facade incorporates several sandstone varieties that were available in Minnesota during
11742-468: The university. The Washington Avenue Bridge crossing the Mississippi River provides access between the East and West Banks in Minneapolis, on foot and via designated bike lanes and a free shuttle service. Several pedestrian tunnels ease the passage from building to building during harsh weather; they are marked with signs reading " The Gopher Way ". The Minneapolis campus is near Interstates 94 and 35W and
11856-568: The victim families, assisting them in locating family members, and providing a calm presence. On August 20, the last victim was recovered from the river. A Mayo Clinic transport helicopter was standing by at Flying Cloud Airport . The Minnesota National Guard launched a MEDEVAC helicopter and had up to 10,000 guard members ready to help. As of August 8, 2007, more than 500 Red Cross volunteers and staff persons counseled 2,000 people with grief, trauma, missing persons, and medical issues, and served 7,000 meals to first responders. Following
11970-422: The wake of last week's bridge collapse". U.S. Congress removed the $ 100 million per-incident cap on emergency appropriations. The United States House of Representatives and United States Senate each voted unanimously for $ 250 million in emergency funding for Minnesota that President Bush signed into law on August 6. On August 10, 2007, Peters announced $ 50 million in immediate emergency relief,
12084-447: The years prior to the collapse, several reports cited problems with the bridge structure. In 1990, the federal government gave the I-35W bridge a rating of "structurally deficient", citing significant corrosion in its bearings. Approximately 75,000 other U.S. bridges had this classification in 2007. According to a 2001 study by the civil engineering department of the University of Minnesota , no cracking had been previously discovered in
12198-430: Was Minnesota's third busiest, carrying 140,000 vehicles daily. After only 39 years in service, it experienced a catastrophic failure during the evening rush hour on August 1, 2007, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) cited a design flaw as the likely cause of the collapse, noting that an excessively thin gusset plate ripped along a line of rivets. Additional weight on
12312-749: Was asked to set up and manage a Family Assistance Center (FAC) for the victims' families. He coordinated site location and staffing arrangements with the city's Department of Health and Family support and relevant Hennepin County offices. When Chaplain Supervisor John LeMay and Lead Chaplain Linda Koelman arrived on the scene, they assisted in setting up the FAC at the Holiday Inn by 8 p.m. As additional Minneapolis Police Chaplains arrived, they began providing services to
12426-525: Was based on a design by Cass Gilbert , although his scheme was too extravagant to be fully implemented. Several of the campus's primary buildings surround the Mall area. Northrop Auditorium provides a northern anchor, with Coffman Memorial Union (CMU) to the south. Four of the larger buildings to the sides of the Mall are the primary mathematics , physics , and chemistry buildings (Vincent Hall, Tate Laboratory and Smith Hall, respectively) and Walter Library . Smith Hall and Walter Library were built during
12540-675: Was closed to river navigation between mile markers 847 and 854.5. A rail spur switched by the Minnesota Commercial Railway was blocked by the collapse. The Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway bike path was disrupted as well as two roads, West River Parkway and 2nd Street SE. The 10th Avenue Bridge , which parallels this bridge about a block downstream, as well as the Stone Arch Bridge , located upstream, were closed to both vehicle and pedestrian traffic until August 31. The Federal Aviation Administration restricted pilots in
12654-562: Was facing away from the bridge during the collapse itself. Mayor R. T. Rybak and Governor Tim Pawlenty declared a state of emergency for the city of Minneapolis and for the State of Minnesota on August 2. Rybak's declaration was approved and extended indefinitely by the Minneapolis City Council the next day. As of the morning following the collapse, according to White House Press Secretary Tony Snow , Minnesota had not requested
12768-472: Was later moved about a mile (1.6 km) downstream to its current location. The original site is now marked by a small park known as Chute Square at the intersection of University and Central Avenues. The school shut down following a financial crisis during the American Civil War, but reopened in 1867 with considerable financial help from John S. Pillsbury . It was upgraded from a preparatory school to
12882-407: Was severely injured. Civilians immediately took part in the rescue efforts. Minneapolis and Hennepin County received mutual aid from neighboring cities and counties throughout the metropolitan area. The Minneapolis Fire Department (MFD) arrived in six minutes and responded quickly, helping people who were trapped in their vehicles. They took 81 minutes to triage and transport 145 patients with
12996-604: Was the southeastern boundary of the "Mississippi Mile" downtown riverfront parkland. Downstream is the 10th Avenue Bridge , once known as the Cedar Avenue Bridge. Immediately upstream is the Saint Anthony Falls lower lock and dam. The first bridge upstream is the historic Stone Arch Bridge , built for the Great Northern Railway and now used for bicycle and pedestrian traffic. The north foundation pier of
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