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50-674: Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi Crowningburg Kamai (c. 1839–1899) was a Hawaiian high chiefess ( aliʻi ) during the Hawaiian Kingdom . She was a cousin of King Lunalilo and namesake of his mother Kekāuluohi who ruled as Kuhina Nui (premier) under Kamehameha III . A collateral relation of the House of Kamehameha , she was connected to the ruling family of the Hawaiian Kingdom from her cousin to King Lunalilo to his successors King Kalakaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani . She married firstly German-American Jesse Crowningburg and later Paul Kamai. Auhea became

100-459: A U.S. territory and Dole became its first Governor . The republic's Legislature consisted of a senate and a house of representatives. Each had fifteen members with the former having six-year terms and the latter only two with the exception of the first legislature which was constitutionally granted a three-year term. Appropriation bills originated from the Minister of Finance and were delivered to

150-592: A majority vote in both houses. Most of the support came from Republicans. It passed the house by a vote of 209 to 91. It was approved on July 4, 1898, and signed on July 7 by McKinley. The transfer of sovereignty over the Hawaiian islands took place on August 12, 1898, with the lowering of the Flag of Hawaii and hoisting of the " Stars and Stripes " flag of the United States over the former royal Iolani Palace in its place. It

200-405: A role in the governance of the Hawaiian islands until 1893, when Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown by a coup d'état backed by the United States government. Aliʻi nui were ruling chiefs (in Hawaiian , nui means grand, great, or supreme. ). The nui title could be passed on by right of birth. Historians David Malo , Samuel M. Kamakau and Abraham Fornander wrote extensively about

250-546: A series of columns written for The Honolulu Advertiser , which accounts much of the genealogy of Hawaii's aliʻi families including his ancestress Auhea. Ali%CA%BBi Cognates of the word aliʻi have a similar meaning in other Polynesian languages; in Māori it is pronounced " ariki " and in Tahitian ari'i . In ancient Hawaiian society, the aliʻi were hereditary nobles (a social class or caste ). The aliʻi consisted of

300-572: A son named Albert Edward Kameeiamoku Kamai or Charles Harold Kameeiamoku-Kaiheekai, who died young. Auhea's descendants survive today through her first two children. Her maternal grandson William Edward Bishop Kaiheʻekai Taylor (1882–1956), who Bernice Pauahi Bishop unsuccessful attempted to hānai (adopt), would later serve as a trustee for the Lunalilo Home . Taylor would succeed the Kaheas', descendants of Auhea's aunt Kahinu-o-Kekuaokalani Beckley, as

350-462: The 1894 and 1897 elections . There was also a property requirement of $ 1500 net worth to vote for Senators, kept from the 1887 constitution , which ran counter to the prevailing trends of that period. The 1897 election had the lowest turnout in Hawaii's history with less than one percent of the population going to the polls. The new Republic Constitution allowed only men that were natural born citizens of

400-837: The House of Kalākaua . In later life, Auhea became the kahu (caretaker or guardian) of the Lunalilo Mausoleum , her cousin's personal family tomb on the grounds of the Kawaiahaʻo Church . The aging chiefess witnessed the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom with Queen Liliʻuokalani , the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and finally Hawaii's annexation to the United States in 1898. Auhea died in Honolulu on May 16, 1899. In acknowledgement of her chiefly status, she

450-611: The Morgan Report , which undermined the Blount Report's claims. Public opinion in the United States favored annexation. In May 1894 the U.S. Senate unanimously passed a resolution opposing restoration of the Queen, opposing intrusion into the affairs of the Dole government, and opposing American action that could lead immediately to annexation. President Cleveland thereupon dropped the issue, leaving

500-477: The United States ; however, President Grover Cleveland , a Democrat opposed to imperialism , refused. A new constitution was subsequently written while Hawaii was being prepared for annexation. The leaders of the Republic, such as Sanford B. Dole and Lorrin A. Thurston , were Hawaii-born descendants of American settlers who spoke the Hawaiian language but had strong financial, political, and family ties to

550-401: The kahu (caretaker or guardian) of the Lunalilo Mausoleum , her cousin's personal family tomb on the grounds of the Kawaiahaʻo Church . She witnessed the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893, the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and finally Hawaii's annexation to the United States in 1898. Auhea died on May 16, 1899, and was buried next to her cousin on the grounds of

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600-470: The kahu (caretaker) of the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla in 1947, serving till his death. All subsequent kahu of Mauna ʻAla have been descendants of Auhea and her ancestor Hoʻolulu except for Taylor's widow and Hawaiian kumu hula ʻIolani Luahine . Her most controversial descendant is her great-great-great-grandson Sammy Amalu (1917–1986), a longtime columnist at The Honolulu Advertiser . Amalu

650-566: The Constitution of 1864. The Constitution of 1887, also called the Bayonet Constitution for the threats used to secure the King's approval, was enacted without legislative approval, leaving the monarch as a figurehead. In 1893, a coup d'état against the monarch was carried out by more than 1,000 armed local men who were led by wealthy sugar planters and businessmen. There was no bloodshed as

700-577: The Hawaiian Islands. Hoʻolulu and his brother Hoapili were chosen to conceal the bones of King Kamehameha I in a secret hiding place after his death and her family have become the traditional kahu (guardians) of the royal burial sites. Kaiheʻekai's mother was Charlotte Halaki Cox, whose father lent his name to Keʻeaumoku II , the Governor of Maui . Through her great-grandfather Captain Harold Cox, Auhea

750-589: The Hawaiian Kingdom, or naturalized Citizens of the Kingdom to vote in the new Republic. This eliminated most all Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, and European immigrants from voting. As a result, Native Hawaiians had a two-thirds majority voting block and were the highest represented group in the Republic Legislature. The Speaker of the House of the Republic was also a Hawaiian, John Lot Kaulukoʻu . Robert William Wilcox

800-463: The Legislature. If the presidency became vacant, the Minister of Foreign Affairs could serve as Acting President until the Legislature voted to elect a successor. Article 23 of the constitution of 1894 specifically named Sanford B. Dole as the republic's first President . He would also be the nation's only President, as it was annexed by the United States in 1898. Upon annexation, Hawaii became

850-551: The Lunalilo Mausoleum. Her descendants have traditionally held the position of kahu of the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla . Born in 1839, Auhea's parents were the High Chief John Harold Kaiheʻekai and High Chiefess Namahana, from the aliʻi (nobility) class. Kaiheʻekai was the son of Hoʻolulu , son of Kameʻeiamoku , one of the royal twins (with Kamanawa ) who advised Kamehameha I in his conquest of

900-500: The Philippines. Historian Henry Graff says that in the mid-1890s, "Public opinion at home seemed to indicate acquiescence.... Unmistakably, the sentiment at home was maturing with immense force for the United States to join the great powers of the world in a quest for overseas colonies." President Cleveland's biographer Alyn Brodsky argues his position was a deeply personal conviction that would not tolerate an immoral action against

950-541: The Queen herself took up residence in Washington to lobby for her restoration. President Cleveland sent an investigator who wrote the Blount Report , which concluded that Minister Stevens had manipulated and orchestrated the revolt. Cleveland decided that the United States should restore the Queen; he asked for Dole's resignation; however, Dole ignored the request. The U.S. Senate held hearings regarding another report called

1000-500: The Republic of Hawaii to effectively fend for itself. The Provisional Government convened a constitutional convention, limited to Hawaiians, and taxpayers of American or European origins, not including Asians. The President of Hawaii was the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Hawaii. The constitution provided that the presidential term of office would be six years and specified that individuals could not be elected to consecutive terms in office. The President had

1050-541: The Senate. The Senate also held the right to confirm presidential appointments and ratify treaties which made it more powerful in every aspect over the lower house. It was possible for legislators to concurrently serve as president, Cabinet minister, or Supreme Court justice. As royalists had boycotted the republic and refused to take the oath of allegiance to run for office, the American Union Party won every seat in

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1100-645: The United States. They intended the Republic to become a territory of the United States. Dole was a former member of the Royal Legislature from Koloa, Kauai , and Justice of the Kingdom's Supreme Court , and he appointed Thurston—who had served as Minister of the Interior under King Kalākaua —to lead a lobbying effort in Washington, D.C. , to secure Hawaii's annexation by the United States. The issue of overseas imperialism

1150-429: The authority to veto legislation, which could be overridden by two-thirds majority in both houses of the legislature, and he was also commander-in-chief of the military. The President appointed, subject to the confirmation of the Senate, members of his Cabinet. Cabinet members were considered users of both houses of the Legislature, they could participate in proceedings, but could not vote as they were not elected members of

1200-642: The different aliʻi lines and their importance to Hawaiian history. The distinctions between the aliʻi ranks and lines comes from their writings. One kaukaualiʻi line descended from Moana Kāne , son of Keākealanikāne , became secondary aliʻi to the Kamehameha rulers of the kingdom and were responsible for various hana lawelawe (service tasks). Members of this line married into the Kamehamehas, including Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa . Some bore Kāhili , royal standards made of feathers , and were attendants of

1250-422: The even more energetic forces of imperialism. They were led by Secretary of State John Hay , naval strategist Alfred T. Mahan , Republican congressman Henry Cabot Lodge , Secretary of War Elihu Root , and young politician Theodore Roosevelt . These expansionists had vigorous support from newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , whipping up popular excitement. Mahan and Roosevelt took

1300-414: The following week resulting in the capture of the leading conspirators and their followers. The government found arms and ammunition and some potentially evidential documents on the premises of Washington Place , Liliuokalani's private residence, outlining in her own handwriting who she would select for her cabinet after the counter revolution, further implicating her in the plot. The Republic of Hawaii put

1350-412: The forging a global strategy calling for a competitive modern navy, Pacific bases, an isthmian canal through Nicaragua or Panama, and, above all, an assertive role for America as the largest industrial power. President McKinley's position was that Hawaii could never survive on its own. It would quickly be gobbled up by Japan—already a fourth of the islands' population was Japanese. Japan would then dominate

1400-459: The former Queen on trial. The prosecution asserted that Liliuokalani had committed misprision of treason , because she allegedly knew that guns and bombs for the Wilcox attempted counter-revolution had been hidden in the flower bed of her personal residence at Washington Place. Liliuokalani denied these accusations. She was sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment at hard labor and a fine of $ 10,000. However,

1450-504: The fundamental principle that just republican government must derive from " consent of the governed ." The League argued that such activity would necessitate the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and non-intervention —ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence, George Washington's Farewell Address and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address . However, the Antis could not stop

1500-487: The higher and lesser chiefs of the various levels on the islands. The noho aliʻi were the ruling chiefs . The aliʻi were believed to be descended from the deities. There were eleven classes of aliʻi , of both men and women. These included the kahuna (priestesses and priests, experts, craftsmen, and canoe makers) as part of four professions practiced by the nobility. Each island had its own aliʻi nui, who governed their individual systems. Aliʻi continued to play

1550-458: The higher-ranking aliʻi . During the monarchy some of these chiefs were elevated to positions within the primary political bodies of the Hawaiian legislature and the king's Privy Council. All Hawaiian monarchs after Kamehameha III were the children of Kaukaualiʻi fathers who married higher ranking wives. Republic of Hawaii The Republic of Hawaii ( Hawaiian : Lepupalika o Hawaiʻi )

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1600-416: The imprisonment was served in a large bedroom with a piano, bathroom with hot and cold running water bathtub and sink at Iolani Palace where she was allowed two maids in waiting while under guard by military personnel at all times. After eight months she was allowed to go to her Washington Place home and kept under house arrest by President Sanford B. Dole. A year later she was granted a full pardon, including

1650-755: The inability of the Asiatics to govern themselves. Instead, Blount opposed imperialism, and called for the U.S. military to restore Queen Liliuokalani. He argued that the Hawaii natives should be allowed to continue their "Asiatic ways." A vigorous nationwide anti-expansionist movement, organized as the American Anti-Imperialist League , emerged that listened to Cleveland and Carl Schurz , as well as Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Andrew Carnegie , author Mark Twain , and sociologist William Graham Sumner . The anti-imperialists opposed expansion, believing that imperialism violated

1700-489: The landing of U.S. Marines under a false or exaggerated pretext, to support the anti-royalist conspirators; that these actions were instrumental to the success of the revolution; and that the revolution was carried out against the wishes of a majority of the population of Hawaii. In 1887, members of the Reform Party of Hawaii forced the King to accept a new constitution limiting the monarch's constitutional power as defined by

1750-470: The lawful, peaceful government of Hawaii." American officials immediately recognized the new government and troops from the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) were sent by the U.S. Minister to aid in the overthrow. The Queen's supporters claimed that the Marines presence frightened the Queen and thus enabled the revolution. Blount concluded that the United States had carried out unauthorized partisan activities, including

1800-483: The little kingdom: Cleveland had to mobilize support from Southern Democrats to fight the treaty. He sent former Georgia Congressman James H. Blount as a special representative to Hawaii to investigate and provide a solution. Blount was well known for his opposition to imperialism. Blount was also a leader in the white supremacy movement that in the 1890s was ending the right to vote by southern Blacks . Some observers speculated he would support annexation on grounds of

1850-410: The location on January 6, 1895, a company of royalists met to draft plans to capture the government buildings by surprise. A premature encounter with a squad of police alarmed Honolulu and the plans were abandoned as the royalists were quickly routed. Wilcox spent several days in hiding in the mountains before being captured. The son of one annexationist was killed. Several other skirmishes occurred during

1900-399: The right to travel, and President Dole gave her a passport to travel to Washington D.C. to visit her friends and in-laws. However, she used that opportunity to lobby the U.S. Senate in 1897 against annexation. Upon the inauguration of William McKinley as the 25th President of the United States on March 4, 1897, the Republic of Hawaii resumed negotiations for annexation, which continued into

1950-632: The royal armed forces did not resist. A temporary Provisional Government of Hawaii was formed by the Committee of Safety . The leaders of the coup, who had strong economic ties with the United States, wanted Hawaii to join the United States, lest the Japanese Empire take control. Annexation was delayed by two petitions with over 20,000 signatures representing over half of the Native Hawaiian population. Because U.S. President Cleveland opposed annexation,

2000-479: The summer of 1898. In April 1898, the United States went to war with Spain, and Republic of Hawaii declared its neutrality. In practice, it gave enormous support to the United States, demonstrating its value as a naval base in wartime, and winning widespread American approval for its non-neutral behavior. With the opposition weakened, Hawaii was annexed by means of the Newlands Resolution , which required only

2050-501: The tax collector for Lahaina and Wailuku on Maui . They had three children: William Charles Keʻeaumoku Crowningburg (died 1881) and Elizabeth Keomailani Crowningburg (1859–1887). Another daughter Lydia Kalola died at Lahaina on November 21, 1859, at the age of eight months and twenty-seven days. Their marriage ended in divorce. On January 20, 1873, she remarried to Paul Kamai, a maternal uncle of Helen Manaiula Lewis Isenberg and her half-sister Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell . They had

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2100-413: Was a Hawaiian native revolutionary. In 1889, he led an army of 150 Hawaiians, Europeans and Chinese in rebellion against the Hawaiian Kingdom . In 1895, Wilcox participated in another attempt, this time to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii and to restore Queen Liliuokalani to power. Royalist supporters landed a cargo of arms and ammunition from San Francisco, California in a secret Honolulu location. At

2150-597: Was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended , and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an unincorporated and unorganized territory . In 1893, the Committee of Public Safety overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani , the monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi , after she rejected the 1887 Bayonet Constitution . The Committee of Public Safety intended for Hawaii to be annexed by

2200-589: Was betrothed to Lunalilo but eloped instead with Jesse Crowningburg. After Lunalilo's death during his short reign as King, Auhea was considered to have a claim to the throne herself. In fact, her descent from a collateral line of the House of Kamehameha made her granddaughters possible claimants to the Crown Lands of Hawaii during the Hawaiian Territorial days. After the death of her cousin Lunalilo, Kalākaua

2250-691: Was buried in the lot outside the vault of Lunalilo's Mausoleum. Her grandson William Bishop Taylor is also buried near the mausoleum. After her death, her cousin High Chiefess Maria Beckley Kahea , the kahu of Mauna ʻAla since 1893 and another scion of the Hoʻolulu line, replaced her as kahu of the Lunalilo Mausoleum. Hoʻolulu Street, near Kapahulu, Honolulu, was named by Auhea after her ancestor. Auhea married Jesse Crowningburg (a German-American settler in Hawaii), sometime before 1859. He served as

2300-471: Was controversial in the United States due to its colonial origins. Hawaii was annexed under Republican President William McKinley on 12 August 1898, during the Spanish–American War . The Territory of Hawaii was formally established as part of the U.S. on June 14, 1900. The Blount Report "first provided evidence that officially identified the United States' complicity in the lawless overthrow of

2350-481: Was described as a con man by Craig Gima of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin editorial staff. A self-proclaimed royal, who titled himself High Chief Kapiikauinamoku, Prince of Keawe and Duke of Konigsberg, he attempted to buy up several Waikiki hotels with phony checks in the 1940s and ended up in jail. Under the alias Kapiikauinamoku, he later wrote "The Story of Hawaiian Royalty" and "The Story of Maui Royalty," in

2400-411: Was either one-eighth English or American descent. Her mother Namahana was the daughter of Peleuli, daughter of High Chief Kalaʻimamahu , half-brother of Kamehameha I. Her grandmother was the half-sister of Miriam Auhea Kekāuluohi , who ruled as Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Kingdom under Kamehameha III from 1839 to 1845, making the younger Auhea a second cousin of King Lunalilo . It was alleged that she

2450-542: Was elected as the new Hawaiian monarch in 1874. The new king and Auhea shared a common ancestor in Kameʻeiamoku. However, from the start, Kalākaua and his siblings were openly challenged by Hawaiians loyal to Queen Emma , the widow of Kamehameha IV and a collateral descendant of the Kamehamehas in her own right. Wishing to quiet oppositions in the Hawaiian community to the new reigning family in regards to their genealogy, Auhea along with Ruth Keʻelikōlani openly acknowledged

2500-466: Was renamed from the Republic of Hawaii to the Territory of Hawaii , which was formally organized as an organized incorporated territory of the United States two years later. The issue of annexation became a major political issue heatedly debated across the United States, which carried over into the 1900 presidential election. By then the national consensus was in favor of the annexation of both Hawaii and

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