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30-611: Some of the Yao peoples speak Hmongic languages (Miao); these are called Bunu . A small population of Yao people in Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County (金秀瑶族自治县) in eastern Guangxi speak a Tai-Kadai language called Lakkia . Other Yao peoples speak various Sinitic (Chinese) language varieties. Mienic is one of the primary branches of the Hmong–Mien language family , with the other being Hmongic. Martha Ratliff (2010:3) proposed

60-708: A curriculum and workshop presentations on language learning in East and Southeast Asia, as well as Yao Seng Deng from Thailand . The US delegation took the new writing system to the Iu Mien community in the United States where it was adopted with a vote of 78 to 7 by a conference of Mien American community leaders. [6] This writing system based on the Latin alphabet was designed to be pan-dialectal; it distinguishes 30 syllable initials, 121 syllable finals and eight tones. For an example of how

90-528: A few practice slash-and-burn agriculture. Where the Yao live nearby forested regions, they also engage in hunting. During the Southern Song (1127–1279) , an imperial Chinese observer, Zhou Qufei, described the Yao as wearing distinctive fine blue clothing produced using indigo . The Yao celebrate their Pan Wang (King Pan) festival annually on the sixteenth day of the tenth lunar month . The festival celebrates

120-507: A good relationship with U.S. forces and were dubbed to be an "efficient friendly force". They fought in favour of the (South Vietnamese) government against the communists. This relationship caused the new communist Laotian government to target Yao tribal groups once the war was over. This triggered further immigration into Thailand , where the tribes would be put into camps along the Thailand-Laos border. After obtaining refugee status from

150-626: A man and given the emperor's daughter in marriage. The descendants of the two became the Yao people. This tale was used as a basis for their connection to the Mo Yao, a group of highlanders who were exempt from forced labour during the Tang dynasty (618-907). Between 200 BCE and 900 CE, the Yao migrated into mountainous areas to the south of the Yangtze River . The Yao were conquered by the Han Chinese between

180-481: A set a 18 gods and goddesses, mostly of Han Chinese origin. The Yao had shaman priests as part of their community who engaged in activity such as exorcism, spiritual communication, and divination using chicken bones or bamboo sticks. Taoism has historically been important to the Yao. Jinag Yingliang, in a 1948 study, argued that Yao religion was characterized by (1) a process of Han Chinese-influenced Daoisation ( Chinese : 道教化 ; pinyin : Dàojiào huà ); (2)

210-498: Is a classification for various ethnic minorities in China and Vietnam . Their majority branch is also known as Mien . They are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China and reside in the mountainous southwest and south of the country. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. They numbered 2,796,003 in the 2010 Chinese census and 891,151 in

240-826: Is disputed, because Nüshu more likely recorded local Chinese dialect which might be also known by Yao people in Hunan. Officially, illiteracy and semi-literacy among the Yao in China still stood at 40.6% in 2002. List of ethnic groups in Vietnam There are 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam as officially recognized by the Vietnamese government . Each ethnicity has their own unique language, traditions, and culture. The largest ethnic groups are: Kinh 85.32%, Tay 1.92%, Thái 1.89%, Mường 1.51%, Hmong 1.45%, Khmer 1.32%, Nùng 1.13%, Dao 0.93%, Hoa 0.78%, with all others accounting for

270-625: Is grouped with Dzao Min. Aumann & Sidwell (2004) consider the following classification by Wang & Mao to be unlikely, which is based on the voicing of voiceless sonorants, a common areal feature . Yoshihisa Taguchi's (2012) computational phylogenetic study classifies the Mienic languages as follows. Hmongic Zao Min Biao Min (Dongshan) Biao Min (Shikou) Kim Mun (Diangui) Mien (Changping, Luoxiang) Mien (Guangdian, Xiangnan) Hsiu's (2018) computational phylogenetic study classifies

300-522: The Mao Zedong 's Communist Party won the civil war in the late 1940s, the Yao benefited greatly from the ideology of equality and were able to access education, becoming part of the regional and national elite. They were often recruited as specialists to assist with the ethnic identification program within the framework of a large unified China. During the Laotian Civil War , the Yao tribes of Laos had

330-1071: The 1990 Chinese census, as given in the Hunan Province Gazetteer (1997). After 1982, the Guangxi Nationality Institute and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences together created a new Yao writing system which was unified with the research results of the Yao-American scholar Yuēsè Hòu ( Traditional Chinese : 約瑟·候/ Simplified Chinese : 约瑟·候). The writing system was finalized in 1984 in Ruyuan County (乳源瑤族自治縣), Guangdong , which included Chinese professors Pan Chengqian (盤承乾/盘承乾), Deng Fanggui (鄧方貴/邓方贵), Liu Baoyuan (劉保元/刘保元), Su Defu (蘇德富/苏德富) and Yauz Mengh Borngh; Chinese government officials; Mien Americans Sengfo Chao (Zhao Fuming), Kao Chiem Chao (Zhao Youcai), and Chua Meng Chao; David T. Lee. American linguist Herbert C. Purnell developed

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360-619: The 2019 Vietnamese census. An estimated 60,000 Yao of the Iu Mien branch reside in the United States, mostly in the Western coastal states. The origins of the Yao can be traced back two millennia to Hunan around the Dongting Lake region. According to a Yao tale, the Chinese Emperor Gao Xin was saved from an enemy chieftain by his faithful dog, Pan Hu. As a reward, Pan Hu was turned into

390-788: The 439,000 people categorised as Bunu in the 1982 census speak Bunu ; 100,000 speak the Tai–Kadai Zhuang languages , and 181,000 speak Chinese and the Tai–Kadai Bouyei language . Mao Zongwu (2004:7-8) gives a detailed list of various Yao endonyms (i.e., self-designated names) and the Chinese names of various groups and clans associated with them. Endonyms are written in the International Phonetic Alphabet with numerical Chao tones . Groups considered to be "Plains Yao" (Pingdi Yao 平地瑶) include: Tim Doling (2010:82-83) lists

420-546: The 900s and 1200s. However they were covered under a loose reign system known as the Jimi system or Tusi . The local chieftains collected tribute and taxes from their own people and paid taxes to the emperor. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, rule over the Yao was tightened. Ming and Qing authorities sent in their own bureaucrats to directly collect taxes, supplanting the role of the Yao chieftains. The Yao and Miao people were among

450-659: The Mienic languages as follows. Hsiu (2018) considers Changping Mien to have been influenced by Kim Mun lects due to geographical proximity, although it retains many unique forms that indicate it should belong in its own branch. Hsiu (2023) announced the discovery of the previously undocumented Yangchun Pai Yao , likely a sister branch to Dzao Min, or possibly belonging to its own branch outright. Some languages may be mixed Chinese and Mienic (Yao) languages, such as: Yao people The Yao people ( simplified Chinese : 瑶族 ; traditional Chinese : 瑤族 ; pinyin : Yáozú ) or Dao ( Vietnamese : người Dao )

480-788: The Mienic languages varieties of China as follows. Data points studied in Mao (2004) are also listed for each dialect. A Mienic lect called bjau2 mwan2 ("Biao Man 标曼"), related to Mien of Changping and Luoxiang, is spoken in Liuchong 六冲, Qiaoting Township 桥亭乡, Pingle County 平乐县, Guangxi (Tang 1994); another "Biao Man 标曼" dialect is spoken in Dongpingdong 东坪洞 (Tang 1994). There are about 10,000 speakers in Mengshan, Lipu, Pingle, and Zhaoping counties. The comparative vocabulary chart in Mao Zongwu (2004) consists of

510-728: The Thai government, and with the help of the United Nations , many Yao people were able to obtain sponsorship into the United States (although many remain in Thailand). Most of the Yao who have immigrated to the United States have settled along the Western part of the US, mainly in central and northern California such as Visalia, Oakland , Oroville , Redding, Richmond, Sacramento , but also in parts of Oregon like Portland , Salem, and Beaverton as well as

540-433: The Yao population. In addition to China, Yao also live in northern Vietnam (where they are called Dao ), northern Laos , and Myanmar . There are around 60,000 Yao in northern Thailand , where they are one of the six main hill tribes . The lowland-living Lanten of Laos, who speak Kim Mun , and the highland-living Iu Mien of Laos are two different Yao groups. There are also many Iu Mien Americans , mainly refugees from

570-549: The endurance of pre-Daoist folk religion ; and (3) some Buddhist beliefs . Scholar Zhang Youjun takes issue with claims of "strong Buddhist influence" on the Yao, arguing that "although Yao ritual texts contain Buddhist expression, the Yao do not believe in Buddhism at all. They are resolutely Taoist." There are several distinct groups within the Yao nationality, and they speak several different languages, The Iu Mien comprise 70% of

600-684: The following Yao (spelled Dao in the Vietnamese alphabet ) subgroups in northern Vietnam . According to Doling (2010), only Kim Mun, Kim Mien, and Lô Gang may be found outside Vietnam. Nguyen (2004:14-15, 128) lists Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Khố Bạch, and Làn Tiẻn as the 4 primary subdivisions of ethnic Yao in Vietnam. Yao peoples are distributed primarily in the provinces Hunan , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan of China. Ethnic Yao are also found in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. (Only counties or county equivalents with more than 0.1% of county population are shown.) The Yao of Guizhou are found in

630-409: The following autonyms for Yao subgroups of Jiangyong County. The Yao of Shaoyang Prefecture are found in the following locations ( Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer 1997). Population statistics are from 1990. The Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997) reports that the Yao of Shaoyang Prefecture, Hunan speak the following languages. The following population statistics of ethnic Yao in Hunan are from

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660-504: The following classification: Strecker 1987, followed (with the addition of Moxi) by Matisoff 2001, proposed the following, with some of the more divergent varieties as additional languages: Luang-Thongkum (1993:170) proposes the following classification for Mjuenic, a proposed branch consisting of the Mien , Mun , and Muen (Biao Mon) languages. The classifications of Biao Min and Dzao Min are not addressed. Mao Zongwu (2004) classifies

690-414: The following languages. Using Mao's (2004) new data, Aumann & Sidwell (2004) propose the following classification of the Mienic languages, based on innovations in rhotic consonants . This classification presents a bipartite division of the Mienic into a subgroup consisting of Iu Mien and Biao Min, and another subgroup consisting of Kim Mun and Dzao Min. Luoxiang is grouped with Kim Mun, while Changping

720-430: The following locations ( Guizhou Province Gazetteer 贵州志 2002). The Yao of Guizhou have various autonyms, such as: The Jianghua Yao Autonomous County is the only Yao-designated autonomous county in Hunan. Some subgroups of ethnic Yao in Hunan include: The Hunan Province Gazetteer (1997) gives the following autonyms for various peoples classified by the Chinese government as Yao. Tan Xiaoping (2012) also gives

750-512: The highlands of Laos . The Iu Mien do not call themselves "Yao". Not all "Yao" are Iu Mien. A group of 61,000 people on Hainan speak the Yao language Kim Mun; 139,000 speakers of Kim Mun live in other parts of China ( Yunnan and Guangxi ), and 174,500 live in Laos and Vietnam. The Bunu people call themselves Nuox [no13] , Buod nuox [po43 no13] , Dungb nuox [tuŋ33no13] , or their official name Yaof zuf [ʑau21su21] . Only 258,000 of

780-445: The mythical original story of the Yao people, and has evolved "into a happy holiday for the Yao to celebrate a good harvest and worship their ancestors ." The description of Yao religion is similar to the definition of Chinese folk religion as described by Arthur Wolf and Steve Sangren. Like the Han, the Yao engage in patrilineal ancestor worship, celebrate lunar new year, and recognize

810-635: The rebels during the Miao Rebellions against the Ming dynasty during the 1370s and 1449. Conflict drove the Yao further south into the highlands between Hunan and Guizhou to the north and Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, and stretching into Eastern Yunnan . Some left for Southeast Asia. Around 1890, the Guangdong government started taking action against Yao in Northwestern Guangdong. After

840-501: The remaining 3.7% (2019 census). The Vietnamese terms for ethnic groups are dân tộc (nation) and sắc tộc (ethnicity). The total population of Vietnam was 96,208,984 according to the 2019 census . Many of the local ethnic groups residing in mountain areas are known collectively in the West as Montagnard or Degar . One distinctive feature of highland ethnic minority groups in Vietnam is that they are colorfully attired whether at home, in

870-492: The state of Washington in Seattle and Renton. See Mien American for those identified as Mien. Yao society is traditionally patrilineal , with sons inheriting from their fathers. The Yao follow patrilocal residence . Polygyny was allowed until it was banned in China in the 1950s. Adoption was common among the wealthy The Yao people have been farmers for over a thousand years, mostly rice cultivation through plowing, although

900-690: The unified alphabet is used to write Iu Mien, a common Yao language, see Iu Mien language . There is a separate written standard for Bunu, since it is from the Hmong/Miao side, rather than the Mien/Yao side, of the Miao–Yao language family. Some people think that a variety of Yao is, or was, written in Nüshu , an indigenous script in Southern part of Hunan Province in China. But this connection between Yao language and Nüshu

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