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52-447: While microphotography precedes microprint, microprint was significantly influenced by Albert Boni in 1934 when he was inspired by his friend, writer and editor Manuel Komroff , who was showing his experimentations related to the enlarging of photographs. It occurred to Boni that if he could reduce rather than enlarge photographs, this technology might enable publication companies and libraries to access much greater quantities of data at

104-493: A 1975 Super Bowl commercial for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring Brother Dominic, a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying. Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing. Dominic, portrayed by Jack Eagle , became

156-422: A 40- micron nozzle that outputs more than 100,000 drops per second of ink. While these printers make microprinting faster and easier to produce digitally, they still have not reached the true sub-pixel size of less than 1 point. The smallest scale microtext a laser printer can produce is 0.5 pt. Using gold nanoparticle inks on a glass substrate, scientists concluded that it was possible for them to control

208-462: A 50.1% controlling stake in the company for US$ 6.1 billion, which was to be combined into their existing joint venture Fuji Xerox (having a value of $ 18 billion post-acquisition). On May 1, 2018, it was announced that chairman Robert Keegan and CEO Jeff Jacobson and four other directors would resign as part of a deal with investors Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason, who had mounted a proxy fight to oppose

260-471: A Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the Memorywriter , which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM. In 1980, Xerox acquired Kurzweil Computer Products,

312-524: A backer, later spreading the company throughout North America. In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the Xerox 9200 Duplicating System. Originally designed to be sold to print shops to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control. In

364-583: A complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. To reinforce this image, the company introduced a corporate signature in 1994, The Document Company, above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds. In April 1999, Allaire was succeeded by Richard Thoman , who had been brought in from IBM in 1997 as president. The first "outsider" to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000. After Thoman's resignation, Allaire again resumed

416-456: A copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later, in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer. Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted

468-570: A joint venture in the UK with Rank Organisation whose Rank Precision Industries Ltd. subsidiary was charged with anglicising the US products. Rank's Precision Industries went on to develop the Xeronic computer printer and Rank Data Systems Ltd was set up to bring the product to market. It used cathode-ray tubes to generate the characters and forms that could be overlaid from microfilm images. Initially, they planned for

520-401: A large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies. On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations, essentially those operations acquired with the purchase of Affiliated Computer Services, into a new publicly traded company, Conduent . Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business, and traded on

572-415: A minimum cost of material and storage space. Over the following decade, Boni worked to develop microprint, a micro-opaque process in which pages were photographed using 35mm microfilm and printed on cards using offset lithography . ( U.S. patent 2260551A , U.S. patent 2260552A ) This process proved to produce a 6" by 9" index card that stored 100 pages of text from the normal-sized publications he

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624-462: A modified 813 copier to a CRT based scanner using a special service (TELPAK) of the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964, followed in 1966 by the Magnafax Telecopier, a much smaller, slower and less expensive version that acoustically coupled to a desk phone. However, fax machines would not become

676-510: A personal hobby, and did not document his procedures. The idea that microphotography could be no more than a novelty was an opinion shared by the 1858 Dictionary of Photography , which called the process "somewhat trifling and childish." Novelty viewing devices such as Stanhopes were once a popular way to carry and view microphotographs. An important application of microphotography is in microforms. Xerox Xerox Holdings Corporation ( / ˈ z ɪər ɒ k s / , ZEER -ocks )

728-452: A physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum . Joseph C. Wilson , credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father. He saw

780-427: A pioneering manufacturer of flatbed scanners from Ray Kurzweil . It later acquired Datacopy , another pioneer in the image scanner market, for $ 35 million in 1986. In 1983, Xerox bought Crum & Forster , an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984. In 1985, Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R. R. Bowker. The 6500 color copier

832-512: A share for the company. In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum. In December 2013, Xerox sold its Wilsonville, Oregon solid ink product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from Tektronix to 3D Systems for $ 32.5 million in cash. In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from Affiliated Computer Services to Atos for $ 1.05 billion. This move

884-457: A supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share. The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer that could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce

936-524: A truly mainstream device until the 1980s. In 1968, C. Peter McColough , a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO. The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown Rochester, New York , with its 30-story Xerox Tower . Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased University Microfilms International in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963, and R. R. Bowker in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired Scientific Data Systems (SDS), which it renamed

988-623: Is an American corporation that sells print and digital document products and services in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (having moved from Stamford, Connecticut , in October 2007), though it is incorporated in New York with its largest group of employees based around Rochester, New York , the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $ 6.4 billion in early 2010. As

1040-637: Is only producible by hand using engraved offset printing plates or some other method of intaglio (printmaking) . Digital microtext printers utilize specially designed fonts and ink for the purpose. The ink used is most commonly MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) toner particles but may also be polyester based toners and styrene acrylate polymer based toners. The ink is not limited to grayscale only, but may also use color toners or even more specialized toners containing dyes sensitive to ultraviolet or infrared radiation and producing fluorescence when exposed to those radiations. Microprint of

1092-612: Is the art of making such images. Applications of microphotography include espionage such as in the Hollow Nickel Case , where they are known as microfilm . Using the daguerreotype process, John Benjamin Dancer was one of the first to produce microphotographs, in 1839. He achieved a reduction ratio of 160:1. Dancer perfected his reduction procedures with Frederick Scott Archer 's wet collodion process , developed in 1850–51, but he dismissed his decades-long work on microphotographs as

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1144-604: The Toronto Star newspaper. On July 1, 2009, Ursula Burns succeeded Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. Burns was the first African American woman to head a company of that size. On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services , a services and outsourcing company, for $ 6.4 billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $ 18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $ 6.4 billion, or $ 63.11

1196-489: The DocuTech Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as multi-function machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing

1248-468: The Ferranti and AEI computer companies to sell the Xeronic as an on-line peripheral, but due to interface problems, Rank switched to a magnetic tape off-line technique. In 1962, Lyons Computers Ltd. placed an order for use with their LEO III computer , and the printer was delivered in 1964. It printed 2,888 lines per minute, slower than the target of 5,000 lpm. In the 1960s, Xerox held a dominant position in

1300-648: The NYSE from 1961 to 2021, and the Nasdaq since 2021. Researchers at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Center invented several important elements of personal computing , such as the desktop metaphor GUI , the computer mouse and desktop computing . The concepts were adopted by Apple Inc. and later Microsoft . Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester, New York, as The Haloid Photographic Company . It manufactured photographic paper and equipment. In 1938, Chester Carlson ,

1352-631: The human eye without microscopy , there is no differentiation between microprinting at these different scales. The first US postage stamp to incorporate microprinting was the American Wildflower Series introduced by The United States Postal Service in 1992. It was also the first commemorative stamp wholly produced by offset lithography. The USPS has since issued other stamps with more complex microprinting incorporated along with dates, words, and abbreviations such as USPS and even entire stamp designs composed of microprint letters. There

1404-683: The photocopier market. In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in Webster, New York . In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1961 and on the Chicago Stock Exchange in 1990. In 1963, Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of

1456-436: The 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier. The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914, "the most successful single product of all time." The 914,

1508-528: The 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its slowness of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker for the Addressograph-Multigraph Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses in the offset lithography market. It

1560-564: The Fujifilm deal. On May 4, Xerox backed away from the deal after stipulations about ceasing litigation were not met. Icahn and Deason responded with an open letter to shareholders blaming the board and management. On May 13 a new deal was reached that additionally cancelled the Fujifilm transaction. In November 2019, Xerox began to pursue a hostile takeover of PC and printer manufacturer HP Inc. , declaring its intent to "engage directly" with shareholders after HP rejected two unsolicited bids for

1612-594: The Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the Sigma line and its successor XDS 5xx series of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s. Xerox sold XDS to Honeywell in 1975. Archie McCardell was named president of the company in 1971. During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first color copier . During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record revenues , earnings and profits in 1973, 1974, and 1975. John Carrol became

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1664-415: The acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing, was the first acquisition of Xerox to remain independent entity, as a Xerox company and not a division, and to this day is led by its original founder Jacob Aizikowitz. In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by

1716-533: The company. Xerox stated in January 2020 that it would pursue the replacement of HP's board. HP criticized the proposed purchase as a "flawed value exchange" based on "overstated synergies", and instituted a shareholder rights plan and other measures designed to quell the bid, which the company believed was being orchestrated by Icahn. In February 2020, Xerox announced the hiring of Tali Rosman as VP of Xerox's 3D business. She joined Xerox from NICE Ltd. , where she

1768-411: The consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. copier market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%. In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed Xerox Telecommunications Network (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to MCI at a loss. David T. Kearns ,

1820-483: The current Xerox Phaser line of products as well as Xerox solid ink printing technology. In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of American history as an artifact in the Smithsonian Institution . In November 2006, Xerox completed

1872-483: The face of Xerox into the 1980s. Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of Frederic M. Scherer . The Xerox consent decree resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire patent portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of

1924-443: The first plain paper photocopier , was developed by Carlson and John H. Dessauer ; it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $ 60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $ 500 million by 1965. In 1956, Haloid formed

1976-487: The new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn would appoint three members of the new company's board of directors , and he would choose a person to advise its search for a CEO . In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named Conduent . It also announced that Ashok Vemuri would serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn would control three seats on

2028-491: The new company's board. It continued to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business. In June 2016, the company announced that Jeff Jacobson would become the new CEO following the completion of the company's planned separation. This became effective in January 2017. On January 31, 2018, Xerox announced that Fujifilm had agreed to acquire

2080-446: The number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as offset printing , this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator. Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect

2132-692: The position of CEO and served until the appointment of Anne M. Mulcahy , another long-term Xerox executive. Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002. She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development. In 2000, Xerox acquired Tektronix color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$ 925 million. This led to

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2184-573: The production of print patterns to a scale of 2 microns. After printing, the nano-particle ink suspension was heated using a Gaussian laser ; as it heated, the glass would expand due to the thermal conductivity of the gold nano-ink. In further experiments, they were able to fuse the nano-particles together into a tighter formation a continuous conductive line. Such experiments did not directly include font characters but could translate to such usage. Microphotograph Microphotographs are photographs shrunk to microscopic scale. Microphotography

2236-503: The promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as chairman until his death in 1971. Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid hired a Greek scholar at Ohio State University and coined the term xerography from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing". Haloid changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961. Before releasing

2288-679: The scale capable by other printing methods cannot be produced by a digital printer regardless of the resolution of the device. Some digital fonts are designed specifically for the purpose of microprinting. These pseudo-microprint fonts are referred to as microtext. Xerox was acclaimed for developing a microtext font they claimed could produce characters 1/100 of an inch tall (equivalent to 0.72 points ). In April 2015, Videojet Technologies released their 1650 High Resolution (HR) and 1620 HR Continuous Inkjet (CIJ) printers, said to be capable of printing sub-pixel size characters as small as 0.6 mm in height (equivalent to 1.70079 points). The printers use

2340-454: The series 2004 United States $ 20 bill , microprint is hidden within the border in the lower left corner of the obverse (front) side, as well as the Twenty USA background. Bank cheques , as well as various other items of value may also commonly leverage microprinting methods, but generally not of such extreme size. For example, personal bank cheques commonly place the characters MP next to

2392-438: The signature line of the cheque; these characters represent microprint and indicate that the signature line or other cheque features are actually microprinted characters. The microprinted characters are used as an anti-counterfeiting feature due to their difficulty in being reproduced while the prominent MP serves as an overt deterrent warning that the item employs microprint. While microprinting at some scales may be readable to

2444-508: Was also introduced in 1986. The first one was sold in Philadelphia by Jack Schneider. In 1990, Paul Allaire , a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age. Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry. The development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released

2496-460: Was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal rostrum camera , complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick-developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as

2548-401: Was passing interest in microprinting as a solution to book storage in libraries in the 1940s. Librarian Fremont Rider championed microprinting over micro-film for its reduced cost. He also suggested that entire books could be printed on the backs of library catalog cards, which are generally blank, replacing the storage of full-sized books on library shelves. Microprint of the smallest scale

2600-605: Was reproducing. Boni began the Readex Microprint company to produce and license this technology. He also published an article A Guide to the Literature of Photography and Related Subjects (1943) , which appeared in a supplemental 18th issue of the Photo-Lab Index. Currency commonly exhibits the highest quality (smallest size) of microprint because it demands the highest level of counterfeiting deterrence. For example, on

2652-410: Was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units. In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder and corporate raider Carl Icahn —announced that by the end of the year it would spin off its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own publicly traded company . The name and management of

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2704-528: Was vice president and head of business operations for the Americas. She would report to CTO Naresh Shanker. On March 5, HP revealed that its board of directors had unanimously declined Xerox's $ 24 a share cash-and-stock offer. On March 13, Xerox revealed that it was putting its campaign to acquire HP on hold by postponing additional presentations, interviews with the press and meetings with HP shareholders. Xerox vice chairman and chief executive John Visentin cited

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