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50-613: The tomb of Zhuge Liang near Mount Dingjun is located in the county. Mian County is served by the Yangpingguan–Ankang Railway . Mian County has 19 subordinate towns : 33°9′N 106°40′E  /  33.150°N 106.667°E  / 33.150; 106.667 This Shaanxi location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zhuge Liang Zhuge Liang ( pronunciation ) (181 – September or October 234), also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming ,

100-419: A carefree life and took his time to do things. He often sat down with his arms around his knees, sighing to himself from time to time while in deep thought. He once told his three friends that they would become commandery administrators or provincial governors if they served in the government. When they asked him what his ambition was, he only laughed and did not give an answer. At the time, the warlord Liu Bei

150-462: A crucial moment, it will be no time until you meet with disaster! When Sun Quan asked him why Liu Bei did not surrender to Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang replied: Tian Heng was nothing more than a mere warrior from Qi , yet he remained faithful and refused to surrender. Shouldn't we expect more from Liu Bei, scion of the royal house of Han? His heroism and talents are renowned throughout the world. Gentlemen and commoners alike honour and admire him. Like

200-412: A defeat at Changban, but now many of his men who were scattered during the battle are returning to him, along with 10,000 elite marine troops under Guan Yu , combining forces with Liu Qi 's army of at least 10,000 from Jiangxia. Cao Cao and his forces have come a great distance and are exhausted. I have heard that his light cavalry travelled over 300 li in twenty-four hours in pursuit of Liu Bei. This fits

250-541: A few, namely Cui Zhouping ( 崔州平 ), Xu Shu , Shi Tao ( 石韜 ) and Meng Jian ( 孟建 ), got along well with him and agreed that he was comparable to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. Between the late 190s and early 200s, Zhuge Liang often studied and travelled with Xu Shu, Shi Guangyuan and Meng Gongwei. Whenever he read, he only picked up the key points and moved on. His three friends, in contrast, focused on details and sometimes even memorised them. Throughout his time in Longzhong, he led

300-504: A journey to Xiakou ( 夏口 ; in present-day Wuhan , Hubei) to join Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi . Along the way, Cao Cao's forces caught up with them and defeated them at the Battle of Changban . Along with only a handful of close followers, Liu Bei managed to escape, and upon reaching Xiakou sent Zhuge Liang as his representative to meet Sun Quan and discuss an alliance against Cao Cao. Around

350-551: A preface by Zhang Zhu, Zhuge Liang's biography from the Sanguozhi , Zhuge Liang's writings, imperial edicts issued to Zhuge Liang, and appraisals of Zhuge Liang. In 1960, Duan Xizhong ( 段熙仲 ) and Wen Xuchu ( 聞旭初 ) annotated and reorganised Zhang Zhu's original collection, and had it published by the Zhonghua Book Company under the title Zhuge Liang Ji ( 諸葛亮集 ; Collected Works of Zhuge Liang ). Zhuge Liang's ancestral home

400-461: A ruler. He compared himself with Guan Zhong , developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power. He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei , refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages. Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name . In 760, when Emperor Suzong of

450-524: A similar example of how Guan Yu , during his brief service under Cao Cao, maintained unwavering loyalty to Liu Bei even though Cao Cao treated him very generously. After initial advisement against Zhuge Liang's plan for a Sun–Liu alliance, further consultation with his generals Lu Su and Zhou Yu convinced Sun Quan to move forward with it. He ordered Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu , Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 troops to join Liu Bei in resisting Cao Cao's invasion. In

500-558: A southern campaign to conquer Jing Province. When Cao Cao's forces reached Jing Province's capital Xiangyang , Liu Biao's younger son Liu Cong , who had succeeded his father as the Governor of Jing Province, surrendered to Cao Cao. Upon receiving news of Liu Cong's surrender, Liu Bei immediately evacuated his base in Fancheng ( 樊城 ; present-day Fancheng District , Xiangyang, Hubei) and led thousands of his followers, both military and civilian, on

550-405: A spiritual transcendent. The original Chinese text in the novel mentions that Zhuge Liang wore a guanjin (綸巾; a type of hat) and a hechang (鶴氅; a robe commonly worn by Daoists). As Zhuge Liang was orphaned at a young age, he was raised by Zhuge Xuan , one of his father's cousins. He accompanied Zhuge Xuan to Yuzhang Commandery ( 豫章郡 ; around present-day Nanchang , Jiangxi ) when the latter

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600-435: A younger brother, and two elder sisters. His elder brother was Zhuge Jin and his younger brother was Zhuge Jun ( 諸葛均 ). The elder of Zhuge Liang's two sisters married Kuai Qi ( 蒯祺 ), a nephew of Kuai Yue and Kuai Liang . While the younger one married Pang Shanmin ( 龐山民 ), a cousin of Pang Tong . The only known historical description of Zhuge Liang's physical appearance comes from the Sanguozhi , which recorded that he

650-517: Is a good leader of men. However, from what I observe about his character, he will make good use of my abilities but not to their fullest extent. That is why I don't want to serve under him." Pei Songzhi noted how differently this episode portrayed Zhuge Liang's special and sui generis relationship with Liu Bei, and pointed out that his loyalty to Liu Bei was so firm that nothing would make him switch allegiance to Sun Quan— not even if Sun Quan could make full use of his abilities. Pei Songzhi then cited

700-490: Is ambiguous. Chen Shou commented that Liu Bei wholeheartly trusted Zhuge Liang and was permitting him to assume leadership. Yi Zhongtian in his "Analysis of the Three Kingdoms" presented several interpretations of Liu Bei's message. Some argued that Liu Bei said that only to test Zhuge Liang's loyalty as his brother, Zhuge Jin , was working for Eastern Wu . Others commented that the ambiguous phrase did not mean Zhuge Liang

750-513: Is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon"). Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism as well as Confucianism . He was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang , and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being

800-493: Is the Crouching Dragon. General, don't you want to meet him?" When Liu Bei asked Xu Shu if he could bring Zhuge Liang to meet him, Xu Shu advised him to personally visit Zhuge Liang instead of asking Zhuge Liang to come to him. The Sanguozhi recorded in just one sentence that Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang three times and met him. The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that the meeting(s) took place in 207. Chen Shou also mentions

850-603: The Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ), which was written by the historian Chen Shou (233–297) in the third century. Chen Shou had worked in the historical offices of the Shu Han government, and had previously collated Zhuge Liang's writings into an anthology. The scope of this collection may have been limited to official government documents. In the fifth century, the Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) annotated

900-583: The Dazexiang uprising against the Qin dynasty . Chen Sheng later executed Ge Ying. During the early Western Han dynasty , Emperor Wen considered that Ge Ying was unjustly put to death so he enfeoffed Ge Ying's grandson as the Marquis of Zhu County to honour Ge Ying. Over time, Ge Ying's descendants adopted Zhuge as their family name by combining Zhu (County) and Ge . The earliest known ancestor of Zhuge Liang who bore

950-556: The Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to the Sanguozhi include: During the Qing dynasty , the historian Zhang Zhu (張澍; 1776–1847) compiled and arranged multiple pieces of literature on Zhuge Liang into an 11-volume collection called Zhuge Zhongwu Hou Wen Ji (諸葛忠武侯文集; Literature Collection of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu ). The collection contained, among other things,

1000-495: The Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya , he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi , Han Xin , Li Jing , Li Shiji , Zhang Liang , Sima Rangju , Sun Tzu , Wu Qi , and Yue Yi . The authoritative historical source on Zhuge Liang's life is his biography in Volume 35 of

1050-502: The Wu and Yue regions to resist the Central States , you should quickly break ties [with Cao Cao]. If you can't resist him, why don't you put down your weapons, remove your armour, position yourself as subordinate, and serve him? General, although by appearances you seem ready to pledge allegiance to Cao Cao, in your heart you still harbour thoughts of freedom. If you can't be decisive at such

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1100-814: The humanities , especially classical Chinese works. Currently it has split into a few separate companies. The main headquarters is in Beijing , while Chung Hwa Book (Hong Kong) is headquartered in Hong Kong. The Taiwan branch is headquartered in Taipei. The company was founded in Shanghai on 1 January 1912 as the Chung Hwa Book Co., Ltd. ( 上海中華書局有限公司 ) by Lufei Kui , a former manager of the Commercial Press , another Shanghai-based publisher that had been established in 1897. From

1150-846: The Empire and accomplish our great mission. If my heir can be assisted, then assist him; if he turns out to be incompetent, then you may make your own decision." With tears in his eyes, Zhuge replied: "I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death!" Liu Bei then instructed Liu Shan , his son and heir apparent, as follows: "When you work together with the Imperial Chancellor, you must treat him like your father." Liu Bei then named Zhuge Liang as regent for Liu Shan, and Li Yan as deputy regent. He died on 10 June 223 in Yong'an County. The last command of Liu Bei to Zhuge Liang, translated literally above as "you may make your own decision" ( 君可自取 )

1200-735: The additional appointment of Lu Shangshu Shi ( 錄尚書事 ), the Supervisor of the Imperial Secretariat, and had full acting imperial authority. After Zhang Fei 's death in mid 221, Zhuge Liang took on an additional appointment as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ), which Zhang Fei previously held. Following his defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an County ( 永安縣 ; present-day Fengjie County , Chongqing) and became critically ill in early 223. He summoned Zhuge from Chengdu, and told him: "Sir, you're ten times more talented than Cao Pi. You'll definitely bring peace to

1250-543: The capital of Jing Province . In Longzhong, he lived the life of a peasant and spent his free time reading and travelling. He enjoyed reciting Liangfu Yin ( 梁父吟 ), a folk song popular in the area around his ancestral home in Shandong. Zhuge Liang maintained close relations with well-known intellectuals such as Sima Hui , Pang Degong and Huang Chengyan . However, other local literati scorned him when they learnt that he often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Yue Yi . Only

1300-670: The city was well-stocked with supplies and well-defended. In late 220, some months after Cao Cao's death, his son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian , ended the Eastern Han dynasty , and established the state of Wei with himself as the new emperor. This event marks the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. In the following year, Liu Bei's followers urged him to declare himself emperor to challenge Cao Pi's legitimacy, but Liu Bei refused. Zhuge said: In

1350-507: The defeat of Cao Cao's army is certain. Once defeated, Cao Cao will be forced to return north, and Jing Province and Wu will be sturdy as the legs of a bronze cauldron. The trigger for victory or defeat is your decision today. Yuan Zhun's Yuanzi recorded that when Zhuge Liang was in Chaisang, Zhang Zhao recommended he switch allegiance from Liu Bei to Sun Quan, but Zhuge Liang refused. When Zhang Zhao asked him why, Zhuge Liang said, "[Sun Quan]

1400-548: The family name Zhuge was Zhuge Feng ( 諸葛豐 ), a Western Han dynasty official who served as Colonel-Director of Retainers ( 司隷校尉 ) under Emperor Yuan ( r.   48–33 BCE). Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui ( 諸葛珪 ), whose courtesy name was Jungong ( 君貢 ), served as an assistant official in Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an , Shandong) during the late Eastern Han dynasty under Emperor Ling ( r.   168–189 CE). Zhuge Liang had an elder brother,

1450-854: The final call on all policy decisions. When rebellions broke out in the Nanzhong region of southern Shu, Zhuge Liang did not immediately take military action to suppress the rebellions because he thought it was not appropriate to do so in light of the recent death of Liu Bei. In late 223, he sent Deng Zhi as Shu's ambassador to Eastern Wu to make peace and rebuild the Wu–Shu alliance against Cao Wei. Zhonghua Book Company Zhonghua Book Company ( simplified Chinese : 中华书局有限公司 ; traditional Chinese : 中華書局有限公司 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Shūjú Yoǔxìan Gōngsī ), formerly spelled Chunghwa or Chung-hua Shu-chü , and sometimes translated as Zhonghua Publishing House , are Chinese publishing houses that focuses on

1500-648: The four commanderies surrendered to him. After Liu Qi died in 209, acting on Lu Su 's advice, Sun Quan agreed to "lend" the territories in Jing Province to Liu Bei and nominate him to succeed Liu Qi as the Governor of Jing Province. After assuming governorship of southern Jing Province in 209, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as Military Adviser General of the Household ( 軍師中郎將 ) and put him in charge of collecting tax revenue from Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha commanderies for his military forces. During this time, Zhuge Liang

1550-490: The past, when Wu Han , Geng Yan and others first urged Emperor Guangwu to assume the imperial throne, Emperor Guangwu declined a total of four times. Geng Chun then told him: "The world's valiant heroes are gasping for air, hoping there is anything worth hoping for. If you don't heed everyone's advice, your associates will go back to seeking a sovereign, and no one will want to follow you anymore." Emperor Guangwu felt Geng Chun's words were profound and correct, so he accepted

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1600-430: The plan, Liu Bei should seize control of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) and Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ) from their respective governors, Liu Biao and Liu Zhang , and establish a solid foothold in southern and western China. Liu Bei would then form an alliance with Sun Quan, who ruled eastern China, and wage war against Cao Cao, who controlled northern China and

1650-515: The political centre of the Han dynasty in central China. After the meeting, Liu Bei became very close to Zhuge Liang and spent much time with him – much to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei 's chagrin. Liu Bei explained to them, "Now that I have Kongming, I am like a fish that has found water. I hope you'll stop making unpleasant remarks." Guan Yu and Zhang Fei then stopped complaining. In the autumn of 208, shortly before Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao led his forces on

1700-446: The rivers returning to the sea; like the upheavals in the affairs of our time, this is Heaven's doing. How could he turn his back on that and serve Cao Cao? An enraged Sun Quan then said that he would not allow anyone but himself to rule the territories and people in Wu . When he asked Zhuge Liang how Liu Bei could expect to resist Cao Cao, given his recent defeat at Changban, Zhuge Liang replied: Liu Bei's forces may have suffered

1750-556: The saying: "even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a piece of Lu silk cloth." Such a battle should be avoided according to military strategy, which says that it "will definitely result in defeat for the commander". The northerners are also not familiar with naval warfare. Although the people in Jing Province have surrendered to Cao Cao, they were forced to submit, and are not truly loyal to him. Now, General, if you are able to send your fierce officers to lead your vast hosts to align goals and combine might with Liu Bei,

1800-633: The state of Shu Han . He appointed Zhuge Liang as his Imperial Chancellor ( 丞相 ) as follows: From the misfortune of our insolvent family, we have been lofted to an office of great authority. Cautiously we approach this great enterprise, never daring to assume ease or tranquility, thinking foremost of the needs of the people, yet we fear ourselves unable to bring them peace. Alas! Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang will understand our intents, tirelessly redress our deficiencies, and assist in spreading our benevolent light, that it may illuminate all of China. Sir, you are thus enjoined to do so! Zhuge Liang also held

1850-432: The three visits in his biographical sketch of Zhuge Liang appended to the memoirs Chen Shou compiled. During their private meeting, Liu Bei sought Zhuge Liang's advice on how to compete with the powerful warlords and revive the declining Han dynasty. In response, Zhuge Liang presented his Longzhong Plan , which envisaged a tripartite division of China between the domains of Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan . According to

1900-520: The throne. Now the Cao family have usurped the Han, and China has no sovereign. Your Highness, from the great royal clan of Liu, you have risen to overcome the times. The appropriate action is for you to take position as emperor. Your associates who have followed your Highness at length through great effort and hardship because they too hoped for some small success, are just like the ones Geng Chun spoke of. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established

1950-857: The time, Sun Quan was in Chaisang ( 柴桑 ; southwest of present-day Jiujiang , Jiangxi) and had been closely observing the developments in Jing Province. When Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan, he said: The land is in chaos. General, you raised an army and occupied Jiangdong , while Liu Bei is gathering forces at the south of the Han River . Both of you are preparing to compete with Cao Cao for control over China. As of now, Cao Cao has eliminated internal threats, more or less pacified his lands, and led his forces south to occupy Jing Province. The Empire trembles at his might. A hero without opportunity to display his prowess, Liu Bei has retreated here. I hope that you, General, will carefully assess your strengths and decide your next course of action. If you decide to lead your forces from

2000-576: The way and eventually joined Liu Bei in surrounding Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province. After Liu Zhang surrendered and relinquished control over Yi Province to Liu Bei in 214, Zhuge Liang was appointed as Military Adviser General ( 軍師將軍 ) and made a staff member of the office of the General of the Left ( 左將軍 ), the nominal appointment Liu Bei held at the time. Whenever Liu Bei went on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained behind to guard Chengdu and ensured that

2050-663: The winter of 208, the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Red Cliffs . Cao Cao retreated to Ye ( 鄴 ; in present-day Handan , Hebei) after his defeat. Following the Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei nominated Liu Qi as the Inspector of Jing Province and sent his forces to conquer the four commanderies in southern Jing Province: Wuling ( 武陵 ; near Changde , Hunan), Changsha , Guiyang ( 桂陽 ; near Chenzhou , Hunan) and Lingling ( 零陵 ; near Yongzhou , Hunan). The administrators of

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2100-569: The year of its foundation to the birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it published about 5,700 titles, excluding reprints. The Chung Hwa Book Co., Ltd. was one of the companies that printed banknotes for the Central Bank of China from 1931 to 1949. Zhonghua's punctuated editions of the Twenty-Four Histories have become standard. The publishing project, which started in 1959 on

2150-582: Was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty ( c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234. He

2200-563: Was allowed take the throne for himself, but he was permitted to, when the situation demanded, replace Liu Shan with other of Liu Bei's living sons such as Liu Yong and Liu Li . Following Liu Bei's death, Liu Shan ascended the throne and succeeded his father as the emperor of Shu. After his coronation, Liu Shan enfeoffed Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wu District ( 武鄉侯 ) and created a personal staff to assist him. Later, Zhuge Liang assumed an additional appointment as Governor of Yi Province ( 益州牧 ). He personally oversaw all state affairs and made

2250-515: Was already another Ge family in Yangdu County before they came, the locals referred to the newcomers as the Zhuge – combining Zhu (County) and Ge – to distinguish them from the other Ge family. Over time, Zhuge Liang's ancestors adopted Zhuge as their family name. The Fengsu Tongyi recorded that Zhuge Liang's ancestor was Ge Ying ( zh:葛嬰 ), who served under Chen Sheng , a rebel leader who led

2300-684: Was appointed as the Commandery Administrator sometime in the mid-190s. Later, after the Han central government designated Zhu Hao as the new Administrator, Zhuge Xuan left Yuzhang Commandery and brought Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ) to live with the provincial governor Liu Biao , whom he was an old friend of. After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang moved to Deng County ( 鄧縣 ) in Nanyang Commandery ( 南陽郡 ), and settled down in Longzhong ( 隆中 ), an area about 20 li west of Xiangyang ,

2350-399: Was eight chi tall (approximately 1.84 metres) with "a magnificent appearance". In Moss Roberts' translation of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Zhuge Liang's appearance is described as follows: Kongming appeared singularly tall, with a face like gleaming jade and a plaited silken band around his head. Cloaked in crane down, he had the buoyant air of

2400-512: Was in Yangdu County ( 陽都縣 ), Langya Commandery ( 琅邪郡 ), near present-day Yinan County or Yishui County , Shandong . There are two other accounts of his ancestral origins in the Wu Shu ( 吳書 ) and Fengsu Tongyi ( 風俗同意 ). The Wu Shu recorded that his ancestral family name was actually Ge ( 葛 ) and his ancestors were originally from Zhu County ( 諸縣 ; southwest of present-day Zhucheng , Shandong) before they settled in Yangdu County. As there

2450-709: Was living in Xinye County as a guest of Liu Biao , the governor of Jing Province . During this time, he met the hermit Sima Hui and consulted him on the affairs of their time. Sima Hui said, "What do Confucian academics and common scholars know about current affairs? Only outstanding talents have the best understanding of current affairs. In this region, there are two of such talents: Crouching Dragon and Young Phoenix." When Liu Bei asked him who "Crouching Dragon" and "Young Phoenix" were, Sima Hui replied, "Zhuge Kongming and Pang Shiyuan ." Xu Shu , whom Liu Bei regarded highly, also recommended Zhuge Liang by saying, "Zhuge Kongming

2500-948: Was stationed in Linzheng County ( 臨烝縣 ; present-day Hengyang , Hunan) in Changsha Commandery. In 211, Liu Zhang , the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), invited Liu Bei to lead troops into Yi Province to assist him in countering his rival, Zhang Lu , in Hanzhong Commandery . While Liu Bei was away in Jing Province, Zhuge Liang remained behind with Guan Yu and others to guard Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province . When Liu Bei decided to take over Liu Zhang's lands in 212, Zhuge Liang, along with Zhang Fei , Zhao Yun and others, led troops from Jing Province into Yi Province to reinforce Liu Bei. They conquered many counties and commanderies along

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